Human Development Across the Lifespan

by Dacey, John S.; Travers, John F.

• ISBN13: 9780072967357
• ISBN10: 0072967358
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-15
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This chronologically-organized text is less expensive and briefer than most of the Human Lifespan texts. Its numerous examples drawn from education, nursing, and psychology make the content relevant to students from a variety of majors and backgrounds, while a highly praised study guide integrated into the text promotes and reinforces conceptual understanding. The new edition includes increased material on cognitive development and expanded coverage of culture.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
part 1 Introduction
Lifespan Psychology: An Introduction	3	(30)
An Example of Development through the Lifespan	4	(1)
Colin Powell: An Amazing Journey	4	(1)
Thinking about Lifespan Development	5	(2)
Why Study the Lifespan?	5	(1)
What Is Development?	6	(1)
Changing Views of the Lifespan	7	(8)
Children through the Years	7	(3)
Adolescence: A Time of Storm, Stress, or Calm?	10	(2)
The Adult Years	12	(3)
An Applied View Chart Your Own Lifespan	15	(1)
Different Views of Lifespan Development	15	(3)
A Biological Perspective	16	(1)
A Bioecological Perspective	16	(2)
The Importance of Biopsychosocial Interactions	18	(1)
Understanding Children's Cultures	18	(1)
A Sociocultural View The Impact of the Cultural Climate	19	(2)
Contributors to Biopsychosocial Interactions	20	(1)
Issues in Lifespan Development	21	(1)
Continuity versus Discontinuity	21	(1)
Stability versus Change	21	(1)
Nature versus Nurture	22	(1)
Developmental Research	22	(1)
An Applied View When Are Research References Too Old?	23	(3)
Data Collection Techniques	23	(2)
Time Variable Designs	25	(1)
An Applied View Understanding the Research Article	26	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	28	(1)
Key Terms	29	(1)
What Do You Think?	29	(1)
Chapter Review Test	29	(4)
Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan	33	(26)
The Psychoanalytic Approach	35	(2)
Structures of the Mind	35	(1)
The Developing Personality	36	(1)
Psychosocial Crisis and Development	37	(3)
Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages	38	(2)
The Cognitive Developmental Approach	40	(2)
Jean Piaget's Theory	40	(2)
The Cultural Framework Approach	42	(2)
Lev Vygotsky's Theory	43	(1)
The Zone of Proximal Development	44	(1)
An Applied View Literary Lunches	44	(1)
A Sociocultural View Cultures and Scaffolding	45	(1)
The Behavioral Approach	46	(2)
Skinner and Operant Conditioning	47	(1)
An Applied View Who Can Find the Raisin?	48	(1)
Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning	48	(1)
Developmental Theory: Current Status, Future Direction	49	(5)
Interactions among Levels of Development	50	(1)
Developmental Contextualism	51	(3)
Conclusion & Summary	54	(1)
Key Terms	55	(1)
What Do You Think?	55	(1)
Chapter Review Test	55	(4)
part 2 Beginnings
The Biological Basis of Development	59	(24)
The Fertilization Process	60	(6)
The Beginnings	61	(1)
The Menstrual Cycle	62	(2)
Infertility	64	(1)
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)	65	(1)
An Informed View To Clone or Not to Clone	66	(2)
Adoption	67	(1)
A Sociocultural View Foreign Adoption---an Odyssey	68	(1)
Heredity at Work	69	(7)
Chromosomes and Genes	70	(1)
DNA: Structure and Function	70	(3)
How Traits Are Transmitted	73	(1)
Hereditary Disorders	74	(2)
The Human Genome Project	76	(3)
How the Human Genome Project Began	78	(1)
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications	78	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	79	(1)
Key Terms	80	(1)
What Do You Think?	80	(1)
Chapter Review Test	80	(3)
Pregnancy and Birth	83	(28)
The Prenatal World	84	(5)
The Germinal Period	85	(1)
The Embryonic Period	85	(3)
The Fetal Period	88	(1)
An Applied View Fetal Surgery	89	(2)
Influences on Prenatal Development	91	(6)
Teratogens	91	(4)
Maternal Influences	95	(2)
A Sociocultural View Different Attitudes Toward Pregnancy	97	(2)
The Birth Process	99	(4)
Stages in the Birth Process	99	(1)
Birth Complications	100	(3)
An Informed View Do Childbirth Strategies Matter?	103	(1)
The Special Case of Prematurity	103	(1)
An Applied View The Changing World of Prematures	104	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	106	(1)
Key Terms	106	(1)
What Do You Think?	107	(1)
Chapter Review Test	107	(4)
part 3 Infancy
Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy	111	(36)
Physical Development in Infancy	112	(4)
Development Milestones of Infancy	113	(1)
Brain Development	114	(2)
An Informed View Building the Brain Structure	116	(7)
Neonatal Reflexes	119	(1)
Newborn Abilities	120	(2)
Neonatal Assessment Techniques	122	(1)
An Informed View Neonates: Competent or Helpless?	123	(3)
Motor Development	123	(1)
Neonatal Problems	124	(2)
An Applied View Toilet Training---Easy or Difficult?	126	(2)
Perceptual Development	128	(3)
The Meaning of Perception	128	(1)
Visual Perception	129	(1)
Auditory Perception	130	(1)
Cognitive Development	131	(5)
Piaget's Sensorimotor Period	131	(2)
Criticisms of Piaget	133	(1)
Information Processing in Infancy	134	(2)
An Applied View Infantile Amnesia	136	(1)
Language Development	137	(1)
An Informed View Infants and Their Language Development	137	(1)
Acquiring Their Language	138	(1)
A Sociocultural View Context and Language	138	(5)
The Language Theorists	139	(1)
Key Signs of Language Development	140	(3)
Conclusion & Summary	143	(1)
Key Terms	143	(1)
What Do You Think?	144	(1)
Chapter Review Test	144	(3)
Psychosocial Development in Infancy	147	(26)
The Meaning of Relationships	148	(4)
Characteristics of the Developing Relationship	149	(1)
How Do Children Develop Relationships?	150	(1)
The Role of Reciprocal Interactions	151	(1)
Parental Roles: Expectations for a Relationship	151	(1)
A Sociocultural View Different Cultures, Different Interactions	152	(1)
Attachment	153	(4)
Bowlby's Work	154	(1)
Attachment Research	154	(2)
Continuing Attachment Research	156	(1)
An Informed View Parents, Attachment, and Future Relationships	157	(2)
Fathers and Attachment	158	(1)
Temperament	159	(4)
The Origins of Temperament	160	(1)
Goodness of Fit	161	(1)
Sensitive Responsiveness	162	(1)
Early Emotional Development	163	(4)
Emotions and Emotional Development	164	(1)
Signs of Emotional Development	165	(1)
Analyzing Emotional Expressions	166	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	167	(1)
Key Terms	168	(1)
What Do You Think?	168	(1)
Chapter Review Test	168	(5)
part 4 Early Childhood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood	173	(30)
Physical and Motor Development	174	(6)
Features of Physical Development	175	(1)
Continuing Brain Development	175	(2)
Influences on Physical Development in Early Childhood	177	(3)
Cognitive Development	180	(1)
An Informed View Children and Their Drawings	181	(5)
Piaget's Preoperational Period	181	(4)
Children's Theory of Mind	185	(1)
An Applied View Children and Their Humor	186	(2)
Early Childhood Education	188	(2)
Piaget and Montessori	188	(1)
Project Head Start	188	(2)
An Applied View Good Preschools	190	(1)
Language Development	191	(1)
Language as Rule Learning	192	(1)
An Applied View The Biological Basis of Language	192	(2)
The Pattern of Language Development	193	(1)
An Informed View Reading Aloud to Children	194	(2)
Bilingualism	195	(1)
An Applied View Meet Genie---A Child You'll Never Forget	196	(2)
A Sociocultural View Teaching Non-English-Speaking Students: Bilingual Education or ESL?	198	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	199	(1)
Key Terms	200	(1)
What Do You Think?	200	(1)
Chapter Review Test	200	(3)
Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood	203	(30)
The Family in Development	204	(3)
A Changing View of the Family	205	(1)
Parents and Their Children	206	(1)
An Informed View The Puzzling Topic of Punishment	207	(2)
Siblings and Development	208	(1)
A Sociocultural View Families in Their Cultures	209	(5)
Children of Divorce	210	(2)
Day Care	212	(2)
An Applied View Types of Day Care	214	(3)
The Self Emerges	217	(1)
The Development of Self	217	(1)
An Applied View When I and Me Are We	218	(1)
Changes in the Developing Self	218	(1)
The Role of Gender in Development	219	(4)
Definition of Terms	220	(1)
Acquiring Gender Identity	221	(2)
Gender Stereotyping	223	(1)
An Informed View The Emotional Life of Boys	223	(1)
The Importance of Play	224	(3)
The Meaning of Play	225	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Play	226	(1)
An Applied View Children and Their Toys	227	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	228	(1)
Key Terms	229	(1)
What Do You Think?	229	(1)
Chapter Review Test	229	(4)
part 5 Middle Childhood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood	233	(36)
Physical Development	235	(2)
Nutrition	235	(1)
Physical Changes in Middle Childhood	236	(1)
An Informed View The Brain and Children's Literature	237	(1)
Children Who Are Exceptional	237	(1)
An Applied View The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	238	(1)
Cognitive Development	239	(3)
Piaget and Concrete Operations	240	(2)
An Applied View Footprints in the History of Intelligence	242	(3)
New Ways of Looking at Intelligence	242	(3)
A Sociocultural View Immigrant Children and Tests	245	(1)
Thinking and Problem Solving	246	(6)
Children and Thinking Skills	246	(3)
Problem-Solving Strategies	249	(2)
The DUPE Model	251	(1)
An Applied View The Role of Memory	252	(1)
Moral Development	253	(5)
The Path of Moral Development	254	(1)
Piaget's Explanation	255	(1)
Kohlberg's Theory	256	(1)
Gilligan's In a Different Voice	256	(2)
An Applied View Moral Development at Home and in the Classroom	258	(1)
An Informed View Teaching Moral Values: In the School or in the Home?	259	(1)
Language Development	260	(4)
Changes in Usage	260	(1)
The Importance of Reading	260	(2)
Children and Their Books	262	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	264	(1)
Key Terms	265	(1)
What Do You Think?	265	(1)
Chapter Review Test	265	(4)
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood	269	(34)
The Changing Sense of Self	270	(5)
Self-Esteem and Competence	271	(2)
Children and Self-Control	273	(2)
An Applied View The Bully	275	(1)
An Informed View Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	276	(1)
The Influence of Peers	277	(3)
Interactions, Relationships, and Groups: The Middle Childhood Years	278	(1)
Peers in Middle Childhood	279	(1)
Schools and Middle Childhood	280	(3)
Are Schools Really That Important?	280	(2)
Schools and Development	282	(1)
A Sociocultural View Poverty, Culture, and Education	283	(2)
An Applied View Translating Knowledge into Practice	285	(1)
Television and Development	285	(1)
An Applied View The Extent of Television Watching	286	(2)
Television and Cognitive Development	286	(1)
Television and Violence	287	(1)
An Informed View Television and Positive Outcomes	288	(1)
Stress in Childhood	289	(8)
Types of Stress	291	(1)
Why Children React Differently to Stress	291	(1)
Abused Children	292	(1)
The Special Case of Sexual Abuse	293	(1)
Resilient Children	294	(3)
Conclusion & Summary	297	(1)
Key Terms	298	(1)
What Do You Think?	298	(1)
Chapter Review Test	298	(5)
part 6 Adolescence
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence	303	(34)
How Should We Define Adolescence?	304	(3)
When Does Adolescence Start?	305	(2)
An Applied View An Average Day in the Life of Some North American Teens	307	(1)
Theories of Adolescence	307	(1)
An Informed View Is a Bias Built into Adolescent Research?	308	(1)
Anna Freud's Psychological Theory	308	(1)
A Sociocultural View Is Adolescence a Cultural Phenomenon?	309	(4)
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory	309	(2)
John Hill's Biopsychosocial Theory	311	(2)
Physical Development	313	(3)
Your Reproductive System	313	(2)
When Does Puberty Start?	315	(1)
An Applied View Dealing with Early or Late Development	316	(5)
Attitudes Toward Menarche	317	(1)
The Secular Trend	317	(1)
Body Image and Eating Disorders	318	(2)
The Role of Stress	320	(1)
Cognitive Development	321	(4)
Variables in Cognitive Development: Piaget	322	(1)
Emotions and Brain Development	323	(1)
Adolescent Egocentrism	324	(1)
Critical Thinking	325	(1)
An Informed View What's Your View: Should Critical Thinking About Interpersonal Problems Be Taught in Our Schools?	325	(1)
An Applied View Video Games and Cognitive Development	326	(5)
Creative Thinking	326	(2)
Mental Health Issues	328	(3)
An Informed View Is the New Emphasis on Testing Helping or Hurting Students?	331	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	332	(1)
Key Terms	333	(1)
What Do You Think?	333	(1)
Chapter Review Test	333	(4)
Psychosocial Development in Adolescence	337	(32)
Changing American Families and Their Roles in Adolescent Life	338	(1)
The Loss of Functions	338	(1)
An Applied View How Well Do Parents Know What Their Teens Are Doing?	339	(4)
The Effects of Divorce	340	(2)
The Nurturing Parent	342	(1)
Peer Relations	343	(2)
Developmental Patterns of Peer Groups	343	(2)
An Applied View Internet Bullies	345	(1)
Functions of Peer Groups	345	(1)
Sexual Behavior	346	(3)
Stages of Sexuality	347	(1)
Autosexual Behavior	347	(1)
Homosexual Behavior	348	(1)
An Informed View Is Homosexuality a Matter of Choice?	349	(1)
Heterosexual Behavior	349	(1)
An Applied View How to Talk to Teens About Sex (or Anything Else, for That Matter)	350	(1)
A Sociocultural View Adolescent Sexual Activity: A Look at Risk Factors in Three Ethnic Groups	351	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Infections	352	(5)
AIDS	352	(2)
Other Sexually Transmitted Infections	354	(3)
The Teenage Parent	357	(2)
An Applied View Talking to Teens About Pregnancy	359	(1)
Illegal Behavior	359	(3)
Substance Abuse	359	(2)
Criminal Behavior	361	(1)
An Informed View Youth Violence	362	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	363	(1)
Key Terms	364	(1)
What Do You Think?	364	(1)
Chapter Review Test	364	(5)
part 7 Early Adulthood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood	369	(24)
Initiation into Adulthood	370	(2)
The Transition to Adulthood in the United States	371	(1)
Implications of the Lack of an Initiation Ceremony	372	(1)
An Applied View The Components of Maturity	372	(2)
Physical Development	374	(3)
The Peak Is Reached	374	(1)
Organ Reserve	374	(1)
The Effect of Lifestyle on Health	375	(2)
An Applied View Dealing with Adult Children of Alcoholics	377	(1)
An Informed View Can Drinking Alcohol Have Positive Effects?	378	(2)
Cognitive Development	380	(4)
Intellectual/Ethical Development	380	(2)
``Women's Ways of Knowing''	382	(2)
An Applied View Getting a Job	384	(1)
Patterns of Work	384	(1)
The Phenomenon of the Dual-Career Family	384	(1)
An Applied View Choosing a Career	385	(1)
An Informed View Working Mothers and Work--Family Conflict	386	(1)
Home-Based Work	386	(1)
A Sociocultural View Should Psychologists Pay More Attention to Culture?	387	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	389	(1)
Key Terms	389	(1)
What Do You Think?	390	(1)
Chapter Review Test	390	(3)
Psychosocial Development in Early Adulthood	393	(28)
Marriage and the Family	393	(4)
Changing American Marriages and Families	394	(3)
An Informed View Is the Increase in the Number of Working Mothers Seriously Harming the American Family?	397	(1)
Types of Marriage	397	(1)
Personal Development	398	(1)
The Adult Life Cycle: Levinson	398	(1)
An Applied View Responsibility for Self	399	(6)
Seasons of a Man's Life: Levinson	400	(3)
Intimacy versus Isolation: Erikson	403	(2)
Sexual Identity and Gender Roles	405	(5)
Aspects of Gender Role	406	(1)
The Traditionalist View	406	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology	407	(1)
Androgyny	407	(1)
Male versus Female Identity	408	(2)
Interpersonal Relations	410	(4)
Sexuality	410	(1)
Marital Practices	411	(1)
Forms and Factors of Love: Sternberg	412	(2)
An Applied View Are You a Good Lover?	414	(1)
Validation: Fromm	414	(1)
An Applied View How's Your Individuation Index?	415	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	416	(1)
Key Terms	417	(1)
What Do You Think?	417	(1)
Chapter Review Test	418	(3)
part 8 Middle Adulthood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood	421	(26)
Physical Development	421	(2)
Health	422	(1)
An Applied View Food Imbalances	423	(5)
Muscular Ability	423	(1)
Sensory Abilities	423	(2)
The Climacteric	425	(3)
Cognitive Development	428	(4)
Intelligence	428	(1)
New Views of Intelligence	429	(2)
Memory	431	(1)
The Development of Creativity	431	(1)
A Sociocultural View Cultural Bias and Cognitive Decline	432	(2)
An Informed View Do Most People Become More Creative as They Grow Older?	434	(2)
Learning Ability	435	(1)
An Applied View Obstacles and Aids to Creativity	436	(1)
An Applied View The Lifelong Learning Resource System	437	(1)
Patterns of Work	438	(4)
Special Problems of the Working Woman	438	(1)
The Midcareer Crisis	439	(2)
Some Suggestions for Dealing with the Midcareer Crisis	441	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	442	(1)
Key Terms	443	(1)
What Do You Think?	443	(1)
Chapter Review Test	443	(4)
Phychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood	447	(28)
Dealing with the Stresses of Adulthood	448	(2)
The General Adaptation Syndrome	448	(2)
An Applied View Coping with Debilitating Anxiety	450	(1)
Risk and Resilience	450	(1)
A Sociocultural View Cultural Stress: Membership in a Minority Group	451	(1)
Marriage and Family Relations	452	(1)
Marriage at Middle Age	452	(1)
An Applied View Marriage Therapy in Middle Adulthood	453	(2)
Relationships with Aging Parents	453	(2)
A Sociocultural View Sibling Relationships in Contrasting Societies	455	(4)
Relationships with Siblings	455	(1)
Friendships	456	(1)
The Middle-Aged Divorced Person	456	(3)
Sex and Love in Middle Adulthood	459	(1)
Personality Development: Continuous or Changing?	460	(6)
Continuity versus Change	460	(1)
Seasons of a Man's Life: Levinson	461	(3)
Seasons of a Woman's Life: Levinson	464	(1)
Gender Splitting	464	(2)
Generativity versus Stagnation: Erikson	466	(1)
A Sociocultural View Does Having a ``Midlife Crisis'' Depend on Your Ethnic Background?	466	(2)
Continuous Traits Theory	467	(1)
An Informed View Traits versus Stages	468	(1)
Conclusion & Summary	469	(1)
Key Terms	470	(1)
What Do You Think?	470	(1)
Chapter Review Test	471	(4)
part 9 Late Adulthood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood	475	(30)
Must We Age and Die?	476	(1)
A Sociocultural View Percentage of Elderly in Japan Higher Than Here	477	(5)
Physiological Theories of Aging	477	(3)
Genetic Theories of Aging	480	(1)
Effects of the Natural Environment on Aging	480	(1)
Other Modifiers of Aging	480	(2)
A Sociocultural View The Role of Relatives in the Health of Persons of Color	482	(1)
An Applied View The Facts on Aging Quiz	483	(1)
Physical Development	484	(2)
Reaction Time	484	(1)
Sensory Abilities	484	(2)
An Informed View When Should the Elderly Lose Their License?	486	(5)
Other Body Systems	486	(1)
Health	487	(4)
An Applied View New Research Shatters a Long-Standing Belief About Neurons	491	(1)
A Sociocultural View Gateball and the Japanese Elderly	491	(1)
Appearance	492	(1)
Cognitive Development	492	(1)
An Applied View A Comparison of Physical Abilities	493	(2)
Cognitive Ability in the Elderly: Tests versus Observations	494	(1)
Creativity	494	(1)
An Applied View Ways to Keep Memory Functioning	495	(5)
Wisdom	498	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	500	(1)
Key Terms	500	(1)
What Do You Think?	500	(1)
Chapter Review Test	501	(4)
Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood	505	(20)
Social Development	506	(1)
Gender Roles	506	(1)
An Informed View Is Role Discontinuity Inherent in Growing Old?	507	(2)
Sexuality	507	(2)
An Applied View Alternatives for Erectile Dysfunction	509	(3)
The Elderly and Their Families	510	(2)
A Sociocultural View Caregiving for the Elderly in Two Cultures	512	(1)
An Applied View Assisted Living for Older Adults	513	(2)
An Applied View Do You Know Your Grandparents?	515	(1)
The Older Worker	515	(2)
Performance	515	(1)
Retirement	516	(1)
Personal Development	517	(3)
The Committee on Human Development	518	(2)
An Applied View How Their Attitudes Can Affect the Way People Think	520	(1)
Erikson	520	(1)
An Applied View Getting Perspective on Your Thinking	520	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	522	(1)
Key Terms	522	(1)
What Do You Think?	522	(1)
Chapter Review Test	523	(2)
Dying and Spirituality	525	(26)
The Role of Death in Life	525	(4)
What Is Death?	525	(1)
The Leading Causes of Death in the United States	526	(1)
Four Types of Death	526	(2)
The Legal Definition of Death	528	(1)
Dealing Successfully with the Death of Others	528	(1)
Grief Work	529	(2)
Pathological Grieving	529	(2)
An Applied View A Personal Experience of One of the Authors with Delayed Reaction	531	(1)
The Role of Grief	531	(1)
An Applied View Dealing with Grief and Associated Anger	532	(1)
The Role of the Funeral	532	(1)
A Sociocultural View The Funeral in Other Times and Countries	533	(3)
Dealing Successfully with One's Own Death	534	(2)
Suicide: The Rejection of Life	536	(2)
The Overall Picture	536	(1)
The Influence of Gender on Suicide	536	(2)
An Applied View The Danger Signs of Suicide	538	(1)
``Successful'' Dying	538	(1)
Death with Dignity	538	(1)
An Applied View My Attempts at Suicide (by Anonymous)	539	(3)
The Hospice: ``A Better Way of Dying''	540	(2)
Spirituality	542	(1)
Religious Participation	542	(1)
An Applied View If You Had Your Life to Live Over Again, What Would You Do Differently?	543	(6)
Frankl's Theory of Spirituality	543	(1)
Jung's Theory of Spirituality	544	(1)
Wilson's Theory of Spirituality	545	(2)
Fowler's Theory of Spirituality	547	(2)
Conclusion & Summary	549	(1)
Key Terms	549	(1)
What Do You Think?	549	(1)
Chapter Review Test	550	(1)
Glossary	551	(10)
References	561	(33)
Credits	594	(2)
Name Index	596	(7)
Subject Index	603