Human Memory

by Radvansky, Gabriel A.

• ISBN13: 9780205457601
• ISBN10: 0205457606
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The goal of this book is to provide the reader with a guide to human memory, its properties, and theories about how it works and how an understanding of it can help understand who we are and why we do the things that we do. The author focuses on the fundamentals of how our memory works and how it is studied.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Overview and History of Memory Research	1	(20)
A Smattering of Definitions	1	(1)
Memory	1	(1)
Learning	2	(1)
Metaphors for Memory	2	(2)
History of Memory Research	4	(9)
The Ancients	4	(1)
Important Modern Precursors	4	(1)
Darwin and Evolution	5	(1)
Philosophy of Mind	5	(1)
Early Memory Researchers in Psychology	6	(1)
Ebbinghaus	6	(2)
Bartlett	8	(1)
Gestalt Psychology	8	(1)
Behaviorism	9	(1)
Verbal Learning	10	(1)
Early Efforts in Neuroscience	11	(1)
The Cognitive Revolution	12	(1)
The Modal Model of Memory	13	(1)
Multiple Memory Systems	14	(3)
Recurring Issues	17	(2)
Neurological Bases	17	(1)
Emotion	17	(1)
Multiple Memory Sources	18	(1)
Embodied Cognition	18	(1)
Scientific Rigor and Converging Evidence	18	(1)
Summary	19	(1)
Key Terms	20	(1)
Neuroscience of Memory	21	(24)
Neurons	21	(5)
Neural Structure	22	(1)
Neural Communication	23	(1)
Action Potential	23	(1)
Neurotransmitters and the Synapse	24	(1)
Neural Change in Learning	25	(1)
A Blind Alley	26	(1)
Larger Structures	26	(7)
Subcortical Structures	27	(1)
Hippocampus	27	(1)
Other Structures	28	(1)
Cortical Lobes	29	(2)
Occipital Lobes	31	(1)
Parietal Lobes	32	(1)
Temporal Lobes	32	(1)
Frontal Lobes	32	(1)
Neurological Measures	33	(9)
Structural Measures	33	(1)
Computer-Assisted Tomography	33	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	33	(1)
Electrical Measures	33	(1)
Electrical Stimulation	34	(3)
Single-Cell Recording	37	(1)
Event-Related Potentials	37	(1)
Blood Flow Measures	38	(1)
Positron Emission Tomography	38	(2)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging	40	(1)
Altered Brains	40	(1)
Case Studies and Lesions	40	(1)
Special Populations	41	(1)
The Hera Model	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Key Terms	44	(1)
Methods and Principles	45	(20)
Components of Memory Research	45	(1)
What Is an Experiment?	45	(1)
Other Types of Studies	46	(1)
Aspects of Learning	46	(6)
Intentional versus Incidental Learning	47	(1)
Methods	47	(1)
Principles	47	(1)
Levels of Processing	47	(1)
Imagery	48	(1)
Generation	48	(2)
Automaticity	50	(1)
Stimulus Characteristics	50	(1)
Methods	50	(1)
Principles	50	(1)
Savings	50	(1)
Pictures and Concreteness	51	(1)
Emotion	51	(1)
Frequency	51	(1)
Assessing the Contents of Memory	52	(6)
Recall	52	(1)
Methods	52	(1)
Free Recall	52	(1)
Forced Recall	52	(1)
Cued Recall	53	(1)
Retrieval Plans	53	(1)
Principles	53	(1)
Forgetting Curve	53	(1)
Overlearning	53	(1)
Reminiscence and Hypermnesia	54	(1)
Recognition	55	(1)
Methods	55	(1)
Old-New Recognition	55	(1)
Correction for Guessing	55	(1)
Forced-Choice Recognition	56	(1)
Social Influences	57	(1)
Collaborative Inhibition	57	(1)
Collaborative Facilitation	57	(1)
Assessing Memory Structure and Process	58	(4)
Mental Chronometry	58	(1)
Methods	58	(2)
Principles	60	(1)
Cluster Analysis	60	(1)
Methods	60	(1)
Inter-Item Delays	60	(1)
ARC scores	60	(1)
Subjective Organization	61	(1)
Principles	61	(1)
Conscious Experience of Memory	62	(1)
Metamemory Measures	62	(1)
Methods	62	(1)
Principles	62	(1)
Implicit Memory	63	(1)
Methods	63	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Key Terms	64	(1)
Sensory and Short-Term Memory	65	(26)
Sensory Memory	65	(1)
Iconic Memory	66	(7)
Span and Duration of Iconic Memory	66	(2)
Anorthoscopic Perception	68	(1)
Trans-Saccadic Memory	69	(3)
Change Blindness	72	(1)
Echoic Memory	73	(1)
Span and Duration of Echoic Memory	73	(1)
Haptic Sensory Memory	74	(1)
Span and Duration of Haptic Sensory Memory	74	(1)
Short-Term Memory	75	(14)
Short-Term Memory Capacity	75	(1)
Chunking	75	(1)
Very Large Capacity	76	(1)
Duration of Short-Term Memory	77	(1)
Decay	77	(1)
Interference	78	(2)
Retrieval in Short-Term Memory	80	(2)
Serial versus Parallel Issues	82	(1)
Serial Position Curves	82	(1)
Primacy Effect	82	(1)
Recency Effect	83	(1)
Changing the Serial Position Curve	84	(1)
Memory for Actions	85	(1)
Suffix Effect	85	(1)
Memory for Serial Order	86	(1)
Slot-Based Models	87	(1)
Chaining Models	87	(1)
Perturbation Model	87	(1)
Inhibition Models	87	(1)
Context-Based Models	88	(1)
Summary	89	(1)
Key Terms	90	(1)
Working Memory	91	(22)
Baddeley and Hitch Model	91	(2)
Phonological Loop	93	(3)
Components	93	(1)
Phenomena of the Phonological Loop	93	(1)
Word Length Effect	94	(1)
Articulatory Suppression	94	(1)
Irrelevant Speech	95	(1)
Phonological Similarity	95	(1)
Lexicality	96	(1)
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad	96	(10)
Mental Images	97	(1)
Visual Scanning	97	(2)
Mental Rotation	99	(1)
Boundary Extension	100	(2)
Dynamic Memory	102	(1)
Representational Momentum	103	(1)
Representational Gravity	104	(1)
Representational Friction	105	(1)
Context	105	(1)
Central Executive	106	(2)
Suppression	107	(1)
Dysexecutive Syndrome	107	(1)
Span Tests	108	(2)
Reading Span	108	(1)
Comprehension Span	109	(1)
Operation Span	109	(1)
Spatial Span	109	(1)
Working Memory and Complex Processing	110	(1)
Summary	111	(1)
Key Terms	112	(1)
Nondeclarative Memory	113	(20)
Classical Conditioning	113	(6)
Abstract Structure	114	(1)
Pavlov	114	(1)
Examples with Humans	115	(1)
Associative Structure	116	(1)
Important Phenomenon	117	(1)
Initial Learning	117	(1)
Forgetting	117	(1)
Other Situations	117	(1)
Effects of Prior Conditioned Memories	117	(1)
Mere Exposure Effect	118	(1)
Instrumental Conditioning	119	(1)
Procedural Memory	120	(3)
Skill Acquisition	120	(1)
Stages of Skill Acquisition	120	(1)
Cognitive Stage	121	(1)
Associative Stage	121	(1)
Autonomous Stage	121	(1)
Long-Term Working Memory	122	(1)
Implicit Memory	123	(8)
Incidental Learning	123	(1)
Indirect Tests of Memory	123	(1)
Priming	124	(1)
Other Verbal Tasks	125	(2)
Some Nonverbal Tasks	127	(1)
Data-Driven and Conceptually Driven Processes	128	(1)
Sequence Learning	128	(2)
Memory Under Anesthesia	130	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Key Terms	132	(1)
Episodic Long-Term Memory	133	(28)
The Contents of Episodic Memory	133	(8)
Serial Position Effects	133	(1)
Levels of Representation	134	(1)
Cueing	135	(1)
Types of Cues	135	(2)
Context	137	(1)
Encoding Specificity	137	(1)
State-Dependent Memory	138	(1)
Mood-Congruent Memory	138	(2)
Transfer Appropriate Processing	140	(1)
Irrelevant Memories	141	(9)
Interference	141	(1)
Negative Transfer	141	(1)
Proactive Interference	142	(1)
Retroactive Interference	142	(3)
Associative Interference	145	(1)
Inhibition	146	(1)
Part-Set Cuing	146	(1)
Directed Forgetting	147	(1)
Negative Priming	148	(1)
Repeated Practice	148	(2)
Inhibition, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory	150	(1)
Repetition and Practice	150	(4)
Massed and Distributed Practice	151	(1)
Deficient Processing	152	(1)
Encoding Variability	152	(1)
Dual Processes	152	(1)
Overlearning and Permastore	153	(1)
Organization and Distinctiveness	154	(4)
Organization	154	(2)
Distinctiveness	156	(1)
Relational and Item-Specific Processing	156	(1)
Material Appropriate Processing	157	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Key Terms	159	(2)
Memory for Space and Time	161	(26)
Memory for Space	161	(17)
Memory Psychophysics	162	(1)
Uncertainty Hypothesis	162	(1)
Reperceptual Hypothesis	163	(1)
Transformation Hypothesis	163	(1)
Category Adjustment Theory	163	(1)
Mental Maps	163	(1)
Spatial Theories	164	(2)
Additional Mental Map Phenomena	166	(4)
Temporal and Hybrid Theories	170	(2)
Routes versus Surveys	172	(1)
Semantic Effects	173	(1)
Mental Maps and Thinking	173	(1)
Spatial Frameworks	174	(4)
Memory for Time	178	(7)
Phenomena	179	(1)
Basic Memory Effects	179	(1)
Shifting in Time	180	(1)
Ordering	181	(1)
Theories	181	(1)
Distance-Based Theories	181	(2)
Location-Based Theories	183	(1)
Relative Time Theories	184	(1)
Category Adjustment Model of Time	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Terms	186	(1)
Semantic Memory	187	(28)
Semantic Priming	187	(5)
Controlled Priming	188	(2)
Mediated Priming	190	(1)
Semantic Interconnectivity	191	(1)
Inhibition	191	(1)
Nature of Semantic Information	191	(1)
Concepts and Categories	192	(8)
Properties of Categories	192	(2)
Classical Theory of Categorization	194	(1)
Prototype Theory	194	(3)
Exemplar Theory	197	(1)
Explanation-Based Theory	198	(1)
Stereotypes and Prejudice	199	(1)
Ordered Relations	200	(1)
Schemas and Scripts	201	(7)
Primary Schema Processes	201	(1)
Selection	201	(1)
Abstraction	202	(2)
Interpretation	204	(1)
Integration	204	(1)
Reconstruction	204	(2)
Scripts	206	(1)
Limits on Schema Usage	207	(1)
Problems with Semantic Memory	208	(4)
Semantic Illusions	208	(2)
Naive Physics	210	(2)
Summary	212	(1)
Key Terms	213	(2)
Formal Models of Long-Term Memory	215	(24)
Simple Models of Memory	216	(3)
Threshold Model	216	(1)
Generate-Recognize Model	217	(1)
Modeling Recognition and Recall	218	(1)
Network Theories	219	(6)
Semantic Networks	220	(1)
Spreading Activation	220	(2)
Priming	222	(1)
Act	222	(1)
Act Network	222	(2)
Memory Systems	224	(1)
Global Matching Models	225	(7)
Sam	225	(1)
Recall	225	(2)
Recognition	227	(1)
Minerva 2	228	(1)
Echo Intensity	228	(1)
Echo Content	229	(1)
Specific and General Retrieval	229	(1)
Further Work	230	(1)
Todam and Charm	231	(1)
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models	232	(3)
Learning	234	(1)
Dual Process Theories	235	(2)
Atkinson and Juola	235	(1)
Recent Views	235	(1)
One Process or Two?	236	(1)
Summary	237	(1)
Key Terms	238	(1)
Autobiographical Memory	239	(20)
Characteristics of Autobiographical Memories	239	(1)
Episodic or Semantic?	239	(1)
Varieties of Information	240	(1)
Levels of Autobiographical Memory	240	(5)
Event Specific Memories	242	(1)
General Event Memories	242	(1)
Lifetime Period Memories	243	(1)
Evidence for the Hierarchy	243	(1)
Neurological Evidence	244	(1)
Autobiographical Memory as Life Narrative	245	(3)
Perspectives in Autobiographical Memory	246	(1)
Schema-Copy-Plus-Tag Model	247	(1)
The Model	247	(1)
Item-specific and Relational Processing	248	(1)
Autobiographical Memory Over Time	248	(8)
Infantile Amnesia	248	(1)
Psychodynamic View	248	(1)
Neurological View	249	(1)
Schema Organization View	249	(1)
Language Development View	249	(2)
Emergent Self View	251	(1)
Multicomponent Development	251	(1)
Reminiscence Bump	251	(1)
Cognitive View	251	(1)
Neurological View	252	(1)
Identity Formation View	253	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Flashbulb Memories	253	(1)
Flashbulb Memories Are Special	254	(1)
Flashbulb Memories Are Not So Special	254	(1)
Criteria for Flashbulb Memories	254	(2)
Summary	256	(1)
Key Terms	257	(2)
Memory and Reality	259	(20)
Source Monitoring	259	(8)
Types of Source Information	260	(1)
Types of Source Monitoring	261	(1)
Internal Source Monitoring	261	(1)
External Source Monitoring	262	(1)
Reality Monitoring	262	(1)
Source Monitoring Errors	262	(1)
Source Cueing	263	(1)
Cryptomnesia	263	(1)
False Fame	264	(1)
Sleeper Effect	265	(2)
False Memories	267	(7)
Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm	267	(1)
False Memories from Integration	268	(2)
Implanted Memories	270	(3)
Hypnosis and Memory	273	(1)
False Memories Through Normal Memory Use	274	(2)
Verbal Overshadowing	274	(1)
Revelation Effect	275	(1)
Summary	276	(1)
Key Terms	277	(2)
Memory and the Law	279	(20)
Eyewitness Testimony	279	(9)
Wording Effects	280	(1)
Misleading Postevent Information	281	(1)
Methods	281	(1)
Theories	281	(3)
Arousal Influences	284	(1)
Yarkes-Dodson Law	285	(1)
Easterbrook Hypothesis	285	(2)
Weapon Focus	287	(1)
John Dean's Memory	287	(1)
Eyewitness Confidence	288	(2)
Cognitive Interview	290	(1)
Eyewitness Identification	291	(3)
Mugshots	291	(1)
Lineups	292	(1)
Unconscious Transference	293	(1)
Juries	294	(2)
Information Order	294	(1)
Inadmissible Evidence	295	(1)
Summary	296	(2)
Key Terms	298	(1)
Metamemory	299	(20)
General Properties and Theories of Metamemory	299	(2)
Cues and Targets	299	(1)
Cue Familiarity Hypothesis	300	(1)
Accessibility Hypothesis	300	(1)
Competition Hypothesis	300	(1)
Judgments of Learning	301	(2)
Theories of JOLs	301	(1)
JOL cues	302	(1)
Allocation of Study Time	303	(1)
Feeling of Knowing	303	(3)
Problems with FOK Judgments	304	(1)
Other Aspects of FOK Judgments	304	(1)
Tip-of-the-Tongue State	305	(1)
Characteristics of TOT States	305	(1)
Theories of TOT States	305	(1)
Knowing That You Don't Know	306	(1)
Remember Versus Know	307	(4)
The Distinction Between ``Remember'' and ``Know''	308	(1)
Affecting ``Remember'' But Not ``Know''	308	(1)
Affecting ``Know'' But Not ``Remember''	308	(1)
Affecting ``Remember'' and ``Know'' in Opposite Ways	308	(1)
Implications for the ``Remember'' and ``Know'' Distinction	308	(1)
Hindsight Bias	309	(1)
The Knew-It-All-Along Effect	310	(1)
Remembering Forgetting	310	(1)
Avoiding the Hindsight Bias	310	(1)
Remembering Beliefs	311	(1)
Prospective Memory	311	(2)
Components of Prospective Memory	312	(1)
Types of Prospective Memory	312	(1)
Neurological Basis of Metamemory	313	(1)
Mnemonics	314	(1)
Exceptional Memory	315	(3)
Memorists	316	(1)
Eidetic Imagery	317	(1)
Summary	318	(1)
Key Terms	318	(1)
Memory and Development	319	(20)
Infancy	319	(3)
Testing the Very Young	319	(1)
Looking Method	320	(1)
Nonnutritive Sucking	320	(1)
Conjugate Reinforcement	320	(1)
Elicited Imitation	320	(1)
Memory and Infancy	321	(1)
Semantic Memory	321	(1)
Episodic Memory	321	(1)
Childhood	322	(6)
Semantic Memory	322	(1)
Episodic Memory	323	(2)
Working Memory	325	(2)
Metamemory	327	(1)
Old Age	328	(9)
Neurological Changes	328	(1)
Neural Conduction Speed	328	(1)
Declines in Frontal and Temporal Lobes	328	(1)
Theories of Age-Related Memory Declines	329	(1)
Speed Theory	329	(1)
Working Memory Declines	330	(1)
Inhibitory Declines	330	(1)
Self-Initiated Processing	331	(1)
Some Things Change	331	(1)
Episodic Memory	331	(1)
Episodic versus Schematic Information	332	(1)
Source Monitoring	333	(1)
Metamemory	334	(1)
Some Things Stay the Same	335	(1)
Semantic Memory	335	(1)
Episodic Memory	336	(1)
Higher-Level Memory	336	(1)
Summary	337	(1)
Key Terms	338	(1)
Amnesia	339	(22)
Long-Term Memory Amnesia	339	(15)
Retrograde Amnesia	339	(1)
Characteristics of Retrograde Amnesia	340	(1)
Case Studies of Retrograde Amnesia	341	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy/Shock	342	(2)
Transient Global Amnesia	344	(3)
Anterograde Amnesia	347	(1)
Medial Temporal Lobe and Hippocampus	347	(1)
Diencephalic Anterograde Amnesia	348	(1)
Anterograde Amnesia More Generally	349	(1)
Other Case Studies of Anterograde Amnesia	350	(1)
Living with Anterograde Amnesia	351	(1)
Mixture of Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia	352	(2)
Short-Term Memory Amnesia	354	(1)
Psychogenic Amnesia	355	(3)
Repression	355	(1)
Dissociative Amnesia	356	(1)
Dissociative Fugue	357	(1)
Dissociative Identity Disorder	357	(1)
Summary	358	(1)
Key Terms	359	(2)
Other Memory Disorders	361	(16)
Dementia	361	(6)
Alzheimer's Disease	362	(1)
Characteristics	362	(1)
Causes of Alzheimer's Disease	362	(1)
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease	363	(1)
Memory Changes	364	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	365	(1)
Huntington's Disease	366	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	367	(1)
Memory Problems Associated With Other Conditions	367	(3)
Confabulation	367	(1)
Schizophrenia	368	(1)
Depression	368	(2)
Anxiety and Stress	370	(1)
Loss of Memory of Specific Knowledge or Skills	370	(7)
Semantic Amnesia	371	(2)
Aphasia, Amusia, and Agnosia	373	(1)
Phantom Limbs	374	(1)
Summary	374	(1)
Key Terms	375	(2)
APPENDIX Memory Methods	377	(4)
Signal Detection Analysis	377	(1)
Clustering	378	(1)
Process Dissociation	379	(2)
Glossary	381	(6)
Bibliography	387	(42)
Index	429