The Human Use of Animals Case Studies in Ethical Choice

by Orlans, F. Barbara; Beauchamp, Tom L.; Dresser, Rebecca; Morton, David B.; Gluck, John P.

• ISBN13: 9780195119077
• ISBN10: 019511907X
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780199759699
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-01-29
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The first set of case studies on animal use, this volume offers a thorough, up-to-date exploration of the moral issues related to animal welfare. Its main purpose is to examine how far it is ethically justifiable to harm animals in order to benefit mankind. An excellent introduction provides aframework for the cases and sets the background of philosophical and moral concepts underlying the subject.Sixteen original, previously unpublished essays cover controversies associated with the human use of animals in a broad range of contexts, including biomedical, behavioral, and wildlife research, cosmetic safety testing, education, the food industry, commerce, and animal use as pets and in religiouspractices. Scientific research is accorded the closest scrutiny. The authors represent a wide range of expertise within their specialized areas of research--physiology, public policy, ethics, philosophy, law, veterinary science, and psychology. The careful analysis of each case makes it possible toelevate the discourse beyond over-simplified positions, and to demonstrate the complexity of the issues. The Human Use of Animals will be welcomed by students and faculty in law, philosophy, ethics, public policy, religion, medicine, and veterinary medicine. It will also interest activists in theanimal protection movement, and members of animal protection organizations and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.

Table of Contents

I INTRODUCTION	3	(52)
1. Moral Issues about Animals	3	(52)
Morality and the Moral Community	4	(4)
Animal Minds	8	(4)
Darwin and Evolutionary Theory	12	(4)
Moral Standing	16	(4)
Moral Philosophies	20	(11)
The Justification of Human Uses of Animals	31	(5)
Alternatives and Committee Review	36	(5)
Reasoning about Cases	41	(4)
Conclusion	45	(10)
II. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH	55	(66)
2. Baboon-Human Liver Transplants: The Pittsburgh Case	55	(16)
Historical Context	57	(1)
Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals	58	(6)
Ethical Issues in Human Experimentation and Health Policy	64	(2)
Conclusion	66	(5)
3. Head Injury Experiments on Primates at the University of Pennsylvania	71	(18)
History of the Head Trauma Studies	73	(3)
Delays and Compromises	76	(2)
Ethical Issues	78	(11)
4. Patenting Animals: The Harvard "Oncomouse"	89	(14)
Historical Context	91	(2)
Ethical Issues	93	(6)
Conclusion	99	(4)
5. What Does the Public Have a Right to Know?	103	(18)
Issues about Access to Meetings	105	(2)
Legal Reasoning in Test Cases	107	(2)
Ethical Issues	109	(6)
Conclusion	115	(6)
III COSMETIC SAFETY TESTING	121	(18)
6. Beauty Without the Beast	121	(18)
The Nature and Justification of Testing	123	(4)
Stakeholders in Controversies over the Use of Animals	127	(1)
Ethical Issues	128	(6)
Conclusion	134	(5)
IV BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH	139	(52)
7. Apes and Language: Washoe and Her Successors	139	(16)
Washoe's History	139	(3)
Did Washoe Learn a Language?	142	(1)
Language Acquisition in Other Primates	143	(2)
Recent Assessments in Ape Language Studies	145	(2)
Ethical Issues	147	(8)
8. Can Animal Aggression Be Studied in an Ethical Manner?	155	(16)
The Elwood-Ostermeyer Project	157	(1)
The Evolution of Ethical Concern	158	(1)
Scientific Issues	159	(1)
Ethical Issues	160	(8)
Conclusion	168	(3)
9. Monkeys Without Mothers	171	(20)
Harlow and His Monkeys	173	(4)
Raising Monkeys Without Mothers as an Investigative Procedure	177	(6)
Ethical Issues	183	(8)
V WILDLIFE RESEARCH	191	(18)
10. The Death of a Vagrant Bird	191	(18)
Killing and Collecting	193	(2)
The Purpose and Value of Ornithological Museum Collections	195	(2)
The Purpose and Value of Birding	197	(1)
Ethical Issues	198	(5)
Conclusion	203	(6)
VI EDUCATION	209	(18)
11. Dissection of Frogs: The Jenifer Graham Case	209	(18)
Legislation, Courts, and the Professions	210	(3)
History and Current Practice of Dissection	213	(1)
Ethical Issues	214	(7)
Conclusion	221	(6)
VII FOOD AND FARMING	227	(46)
12. Force-Feeding of Geese	227	(14)
The Nature of Force-Feeding	228	(1)
A Controversy at Iroquois Brands	229	(2)
Statements from Animal Welfare Groups	231	(1)
Ethical Issues	232	(9)
13. Veal Crates and Human Palates	241	(14)
The Veal Trade and Methods of Production	242	(2)
The Protests	244	(1)
The Interested Parties	245	(3)
Ethical Issues	248	(7)
14. Fowl Deeds	255	(18)
The Broiler Chicken Industry	255	(3)
Problems of Health and Welfare	258	(4)
Ethical Issues	262	(11)
VIII COMPANION ANIMALS	273	(34)
15. Should the Tail Wag the Dog?	273	(16)
Historical, Medical, and Legal Aspects of Docking	274	(3)
Interested Parties and the Political Landscape	277	(1)
Reasons For and Against Docking	278	(2)
Ethical Issues	280	(5)
Conclusion	285	(4)
16. Where Should Research Scientists Get Their Dogs?	289	(18)
Legal Use of Pet Animals in Laboratories	291	(1)
Historical Background	291	(3)
Contemporary Uses of Laboratory Dogs	294	(2)
Ethical Issues	296	(6)
Conclusion	302	(5)
IX RELIGIOUS RITES	307	(14)
17. Animal Sacrifice as Religious Ritual: The Santeria Case	307	(14)
The Ritual Sacrifice in Santeria	308	(2)
Responses in the Hialeah Community	310	(1)
The Supreme Court Decision	311	(2)
Animal Use and the First Amendment	313	(1)
Ethical Issues	314	(7)
Index	321