Immunology : Theoretical and Practical Concepts in Laboratory Medicine

by Zane

• ISBN13: 9780721650029
• ISBN10: 0721650023
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-12-26
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

IMMUNOLOGY: Theoretical and Practical Concepts in Laboratory Medicine provides a comprehensive, yet concise, summary of fundamental and advanced immunologic concepts and procedures. This modern, up-to-date text contains new information regarding molecular techniques in the field. The text supplements the required procedures manuals by emphasizing the theoretical aspect of the methods, quality assurance, and the validity of test results, as well as the application of laboratory finding to the diagnosis and monitoring of representative disease states.

Table of Contents

Section I Fundamental Concepts in Immunology
Normal Immune Responses	2	(36)
Introduction to the Immune System	6	(21)
The Immune System	6	(1)
Types of Immune Responses	7	(5)
Inflammation	12	(15)
Conferring Specific Immunity	27	(2)
Passive (Natural) Immunity	27	(1)
Active (Specific) Immunity	27	(1)
Hepatitis B Vaccine	28	(1)
Immunologic Tolerance	29	(9)
Tolerance to Self-Antigens	29	(1)
Vaccine Design	30	(1)
Tolerance Generated During an Immune Response	31	(1)
Artificially Induced Tolerance	32	(6)
Stimulators of Immune Response	38	(16)
Terminology	40	(1)
Types of Antigens	40	(6)
Protein Antigens	41	(1)
Polysaccharides and Lipids	42	(1)
Hapten-Carrier Complex	42	(1)
Macromolecules	42	(1)
Synthetic Antigens	42	(1)
Histocompatibility Antigens	42	(1)
Thymus-Independent Antigens	43	(1)
Tumor Antigens	43	(1)
Red Blood Cell Surface Antigens	43	(1)
Tumor Markers	44	(2)
Adjuvants	46	(1)
Antigen Classification According to Site of Infectivity	46	(1)
Extracellular Antigens (Exogenous)	46	(1)
Intracellular Antigens (Endogenous)	46	(1)
Factors Determining Immunogenicity	47	(2)
Host's Genetic Composition	47	(2)
Genetic Dissimilarity	49	(1)
Accessibility	49	(1)
Size of the Molecule	49	(1)
Structure of the Molecule	49	(1)
Antigen Dose	49	(1)
Sites of Antigen Elimination by Host	49	(1)
Blood Circulation	50	(1)
Skin	50	(1)
Gastrointestinal or Respiratory Tract Mucosa	50	(1)
Detection of Antigens in Host	50	(4)
Antigen Detection in Serum or Plasma	50	(1)
Antigen Detection in Cells	51	(3)
Cellular Components of the Immune System	54	(24)
Lymphoid Tissue	57	(9)
Primary (Generative) Lymphoid Tissue	60	(1)
Hematopoiesis	61	(1)
Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphoid Tissue	62	(1)
Cell Markers and Receptors	63	(2)
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Restriction	65	(1)
Cellular Components	66	(12)
Lymphocytic Cells	66	(5)
Accessory Cells	71	(7)
Soluble Components of the Immune System	78	(12)
Cytokines	80	(1)
Cytokines	80	(1)
Antibodies	81	(1)
Structure	81	(1)
Function	81	(1)
Complement System	82	(8)
Structure	82	(1)
Function	83	(1)
Complement Activation	84	(3)
Nomenclature	87	(1)
Laboratory Evaluation of Complement	87	(3)
Immunoglobulin Molecules	90	(34)
Humoral Immune Response	93	(9)
Role of B Lymphocytes in Immune Response	94	(6)
Genetic Basis for Immunoglobulin Diversity	100	(2)
Immunoglobulin Molecules	102	(13)
Form	102	(3)
Structural Characteristics	105	(3)
Fragmentation of Immunoglobulin Molecule	108	(2)
Classes	110	(4)
Generation of Antibody Diversity	114	(1)
Immunoglobulin Variants	115	(1)
Functional Characteristics of Immunoglobulins	115	(9)
Binding of Antigens	115	(2)
Class-Specific Functions	117	(1)
Use of Antibodies in Diagnostic Procedures and Therapy	118	(6)
Immune Response to Tissue Antigens in Transplantation	124	(24)
Major Histocompatibility Complex/Transplantation (MHC)	127	(4)
Description	127	(1)
Class I MHC Molecules	128	(1)
Class II MHC Molecules	129	(1)
Graft-vs.-Host Reaction	130	(1)
Major Histocompatibility Antigens in Transplantation	131	(9)
Types of Grafts	131	(2)
Immune Response to Grafts	133	(3)
Graft Rejection	136	(4)
Prevention of Graft Rejection	140	(2)
Immunosuppression in Transplantation	141	(1)
Other Applications of Histocompatibility Antigens in Clinical Immunology	142	(6)
Population Studies	142	(1)
Disease Association Studies	142	(1)
Paternity Testing	143	(5)
Abnormal Immune Responses	148	(26)
Hypersensitivity	151	(6)
Immediate Hypersensitivity or Allergy (Type I)	151	(2)
Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Type II)	153	(1)
Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type III)	154	(2)
T Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type IV)	156	(1)
Autoimmunity	157	(5)
Tolerance to Self-Antigens	158	(1)
Autoimmune Response (Loss of Self-Tolerance)	158	(1)
Scope of Autoimmune Diseases	159	(1)
Tissue Injury in Autoimmune Diseases	160	(1)
Laboratory Evaluation	161	(1)
Immunodeficiency	162	(4)
B Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders	163	(1)
T Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders	164	(1)
Combined B Cell and T Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders	165	(1)
Other Immunodeficiency Disorders	165	(1)
Hypergammaglobulinemia (Immunoproliferative Disorders)	166	(8)
Monoclonal Gammopathies	166	(1)
Polyclonal Gammopathies	167	(1)
Laboratory Evaluation	167	(7)
Section II Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
Scope of Laboratory Testing	174	(18)
Indications for Immunologic Testing	176	(16)
Testing for Immune Response to Infectious Agents	176	(2)
Testing for Immune Competence	178	(2)
Testing for Immunodeficiency	180	(2)
Testing for Malignancy	182	(2)
Testing for Histocompatibility in Transplantation	184	(1)
Testing for Hyperactivity of the Immune System	185	(7)
Laboratory Safety and Test Quality Assurance	192	(20)
Laboratory Safety	194	(3)
Infection Control	194	(1)
Occupational Exposure	195	(2)
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management	197	(1)
Preparation for Laboratory Testing	197	(6)
Method Evaluation	197	(1)
Specimen Preparation and Processing	198	(5)
Test Quality Management	203	(9)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control	203	(2)
Key Features in Reliability of Test Results	205	(7)
Principles of Antigen-Antibody Reactions	212	(16)
Principles of Antigen-Antibody Interactions	214	(8)
Mechanism of Antigen-Antibody Interactions	214	(2)
Factors Affecting Antigen-Antibody Interactions	216	(6)
Detection of Antigen-Antibody Interactions	222	(6)
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies	222	(1)
Methods Based on Primary Manifestations of Antigen-Antibody Interactions	223	(1)
Methods Based on Secondary Manifestations of Antigen-Antibody Interactions	224	(4)
Precipitation Techniques	228	(26)
Immunodiffusion Techniques	231	(5)
Media Supporting Immunoprecipitin Formation	232	(1)
Single Immunodiffusion Technique	232	(1)
Double Immunodiffusion Technique	233	(1)
Radial Immunodiffusion	234	(2)
Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques	236	(11)
Electrophoresis	236	(3)
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia	239	(3)
Immunoelectrophoresis	242	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	243	(1)
Immunofixation Electrophoresis	244	(1)
Electroimmunodiffusion	245	(1)
Isoelectric Focusing	246	(1)
Light Scattering Immunoassays	247	(7)
Immunoturbidimetric Methods	248	(1)
Immunonephelometric Method	248	(6)
Agglutination Techniques	254	(16)
Mechanism of Agglutination	257	(1)
Agglutination Enhancement Techniques	257	(1)
Factors Affecting Agglutination Techniques	257	(1)
Methods	258	(12)
Direct Agglutination	258	(2)
Indirect (Passive) Agglutination	260	(1)
Reverse Passive Agglutination	260	(1)
Agglutination-Inhibition	261	(1)
Rubella Infection	262	(2)
Antibody-Mediated Agglutination	264	(2)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	266	(4)
Labeled Immunoassays	270	(20)
Principles of Labeled Immunoassays	272	(7)
Types of Labels	272	(2)
Types of Protocols in Labeled Immunoassays	274	(2)
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis	276	(3)
Methods	279	(11)
Radiolabeled Immunoassays	279	(1)
Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA)	280	(1)
Chemiluminescence Immunoassays	281	(2)
Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA)	283	(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	284	(2)
Bullous Skin Diseases	286	(4)
Special Techniques	290	(24)
Flow Cytometry	292	(6)
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies	293	(1)
Reagent Monoclonal Antibodies	294	(1)
Flow Cytometric Methods	294	(1)
Clinical Application	295	(3)
Complement Assays	298	(4)
Assays for Complement Abnormalities	298	(2)
Complement-Dependent Techniques	300	(2)
Functional Assays	302	(5)
Cell Separation Techniques	302	(1)
Cell Cultures	303	(2)
Cytotoxicity Assays	305	(1)
Evaluation of Neutrophil Function	306	(1)
Histocompatibility Testing	307	(7)
Phenotyping	307	(1)
Cross-matching	308	(6)
Molecular Techniques	314	(23)
Structure and Synthesis of DNA	316	(3)
DNA Structure	316	(1)
DNA Synthesis	317	(2)
DNA Isolation	319	(1)
DNA Extraction	319	(1)
DNA Digestion	320	(1)
Nucleic Acid Analysis	320	(17)
Electrophoretic Separation of DNA	320	(1)
Hybridization Assays	320	(3)
Molecular Fingerprinting	323	(2)
Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods	325	(3)
Direct Detection of Infectious Agents	328	(1)
Testing for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	329	(8)
Appendix Answers to Review Questions	337