Incretins and Insulin Secretion

by Litwack

• ISBN13: 9780123815170
• ISBN10: 0123815177
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-12-08
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

First published in 1943, Vitamins and Hormones is the longest-running serial published by Academic Press. In the early days of the serial, the subjects of vitamins and hormones were quite distinct. The Editorial Board now reflects expertise in the field of hormone action, vitamin action, X-ray crystal structure, physiology, and enzyme mechanisms. Under the capable and qualified editorial leadership of Dr. Gerald Litwack, Vitamins and Hormones continues to publish cutting-edge reviews of interest to endocrinologists, biochemists, nutritionists, pharmacologists, cell biologists, and molecular biologists. Others interested in the structure and function of biologically active molecules like hormones and vitamins will, as always, turn to this series for comprehensive reviews by leading contributors to this and related disciplines.

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Evolution of Genes for Incretin Hormones and their Receptors	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Evolution on Incretin Hormone Genes	p. 5
Evolution of Incretin Hormone Receptor Genes	p. 12
Evolution of Incretins	p. 15
Acknowledgments	p. 16
References	p. 17
Pleiotropic Actions of the Incretin Hormones	p. 21
Introduction	p. 22
GIP and GLP-1 Actions: Hormonal and Neuronal Pathways	p. 24
Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Early Events During Feeding	p. 27
Effects of Incretins on Functions of the Endocrine Pancreas	p. 28
Effects of GLP-1 on Food Intake and Satiety	p. 44
Gastrointestinal Effects of GIP and GLP-1	p. 46
Cardiovascular Effects of GIP and GLP-1	p. 48
Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Nutrient Storage and Flux	p. 51
Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Bone	p. 54
The Future	p. 55
Acknowledgments	p. 56
References	p. 56
Dietary Effects on Incretin Hormone Secretion	p. 81
Introduction	p. 82
Physiology of the Incretin Hormones	p. 82
Dietary Influence on Incretin Hormone Secretion	p. 85
Mechanisms by Which Nutrients Stimulate Incretin Release	p. 92
Incretin Responses in Obesity and Diabetes	p. 97
Therapeutic Implications	p. 98
Conclusions	p. 100
Acknowledgments	p. 101
References	p. 101
K-cells and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Health and Disease	p. 111
History of K-cells and GIP	p. 112
The GIP Gene and Regulation of its Expression	p. 115
Anatomical Localization and Development of K-cells	p. 117
Secretion, Degradation, and Elimination of GIP	p. 120
Biological Actions of GIP	p. 126
GIP and K-cells in Health and Disease	p. 128
Clinical Application of GIP and K-cells	p. 133
References	p. 135
The Emerging Role of Promiscuous 7TM Receptors as Chemosensors for Food Intake	p. 151
Introduction	p. 153
Family C Receptors as Promiscuous Sensors for L-¿-Amino acids, Peptides, Divalent cations, and Carbohydrates	p. 153
Family A Receptors as Promiscuous Sensors for Peptone and Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)	p. 164
Therapeutic Perspectives	p. 174
Acknowledgments	p. 175
References	p. 175
Central Regulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Secretion	p. 185
Introduction	p. 186
Structure and Action of GIP	p. 186
Regulation of GIP Secretion	p. 187
Neural Regulation of GIP Secretion	p. 188
The Role of Autonomic Nervous System	p. 188
Concluding Remarks	p. 196
References	p. 196
Incretin Hormone Secretion Over the Day	p. 203
Introduction	p. 204
GIP and GLP-1 Secretion After Meal Ingestion	p. 204
Regulation of GIP and GLP-1 Secretion	p. 206
Mechanisms of GIP and GLP-1 Secretion	p. 209
GIP and GLP-1 Secretion Over the Day	p. 209
Incretin Hormone Secretion in Glucose Intolerance and Disease States	p. 211
GIP and GLP-1 Secretion in Fasting State	p. 214
Conclusion and Perspective	p. 215
Acknowledgments	p. 216
References	p. 216
Using the Lymph Fistula Rat Model to Study Incretin Secretion	p. 221
Introduction	p. 222
The Incretin Hormones	p. 223
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal and Lymphatic Systems	p. 227
The Lymph Fistula Model	p. 229
Using the Lymph Fistula Rat Model to Study Incretin Secretion	p. 232
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions	p. 242
Acknowledgments	p. 244
References	p. 244
Structural Basis for Ligand Recognition of Incretin Receptors	p. 251
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors	p. 252
The GLP-1 Receptor	p. 254
The GIP Receptor	p. 267
Common and Divergent Features of GLP-1R and GIPR Ligand Binding	p. 271
References	p. 274
Epac2-Dependent Rap1 Activation and the Control of Islet Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1	p. 279
Introduction	p. 280
PKA and Epac2 Regulate Insulin Secretion from ¿ Cells	p. 280
Epac2 Activates Rap1 GTPase	p. 283
Rap1 Effectors and Their Potential Roles in the Control of GSIS	p. 285
Interactions of Epac2 with Secretory Granule-Associated Proteins	p. 294
Conclusions	p. 296
Acknowledgment	p. 297
References	p. 297
Central GLP-1 Actions on Energy Metabolism	p. 303
Introduction	p. 304
CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Energy Intake	p. 305
CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Glucose Metabolism	p. 308
CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Lipid Metabolism	p. 310
Future Directions	p. 311
Acknowledgments	p. 313
References	p. 313
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: Gastrointestinal Regulatory Role in Metabolism and Motility	p. 319
Introduction	p. 320
GLP-1 in Metabolism	p. 321
GLP-1 in Satiety	p. 323
GLP-1 in GI Motility	p. 324
GLP-1 in Perspective	p. 327
Acknowledgments	p. 327
References	p. 328
The Role of GLP-1 in Neuronal Activity and Neurodegeneration	p. 331
A Causal Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease	p. 332
An Insulin-Supporting Messenger: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1	p. 334
GLP-1 Analogues Have Neuroprotective Effects in Mouse Models of AD	p. 342
Many Other Growth Factors Show Neuroprotective Effects	p. 346
Acknowledgment	p. 347
References	p. 347
Wnt and Incretin Connections	p. 355
What Are Incretins, What They Do, Where, and How	p. 356
WNTs: What They Are and What They Do	p. 360
WNT/¿-catenin Increases the Synthesis of Incretins	p. 364
Does WNT Influence Incretin Secretion?	p. 369
Does WNT Influence Incretin Receptors and/or Their Signaling?	p. 370
Do Incretins Influence Wnt Signaling? GLP-1 Uses WNT Effectors in Pancreas	p. 371
What is the Meaning of the Wnt-Incretin Interplay for Health and Disease?	p. 372
Perspectives	p. 375
Acknowledgments	p. 377
References	p. 378
Incretin-Based Therapy and Type 2 Diabetes	p. 389
Introduction	p. 390
The Incretin Hormones	p. 392
Incretin Hormones in Type 2 Diabetes	p. 396
Incretin-Based Therapy	p. 397
Conclusion and Perspectives	p. 404
References	p. 405
GPR119 Agonists for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders	p. 415
Introduction	p. 416
GPR119 Receptor Expression	p. 418
GPR119 Signaling and Deorphanization	p. 419
GPR119 Agonism and Glucose Homeostasis	p. 420
GPR119 Agonists: Medicinal Chemistry	p. 423
Conclusions	p. 441
Acknowledgments	p. 441
References	p. 442
Index	p. 449
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