Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

by Bü chel, Karl Heinz; Moretto, Hans-Heinrich; Werner, Dietmar

• ISBN13: 9783527298495
• ISBN10: 3527298495
• eBook ISBN(s): 9783527613335
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-04-07
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This book provides an up-to-date survey of modern industrial inorganic chemistry in a clear and concise manner. Production processes are described in close detail, aspects such as the disposition of raw materials and energy consumption, the economic significance of the product and technical applications, as well as ecological problems, being discussed. From reviews of the previous edition: '... Overall this is an extremely useful, authoritative reference book dealing with a topic in which it is often difficult to obtain up-to-date information. ...' Chemistry and Industry 'One of few texts available that concisely describes the current state of industrial inorganic chemistry. ...' The New York Public Library '... and as for modern uses of inorganic chemistry, I'd recommend this book as a welcome addition to any professional library...' Chemtech 'This book fills an important niche in its sector. Industrial scientists and engineers, academics, and students can be recommended to turn to it with reasonable confidence that the most important areas are described. ...' Endeavour '... it fills a currently existing gap in the market.' Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology

Author Biography

Karl Heinz Büchel is the author of Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Completely Revised Edition, published by Wiley.

Hans-Heinrich Moretto is the author of Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Completely Revised Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Primary Inorganic Materials	1	(186)
Water	1	(13)
Economic Importance	1	(1)
Production of Potable Water	2	(1)
Break-Point Chlorination and Ozonization	3	(1)
Flocculation and Sedimentation	4	(1)
Filtration	5	(1)
Removal of Dissolved Inorganic Impurities	5	(2)
Activated Charcoal Treatment	7	(1)
Safety Chlorination	8	(1)
Production of Soft or Deionized Water	8	(2)
Production of Freshwater from Seawater and Brackish Water	10	(1)
Production by Multistage Flash Evaporation	10	(1)
Production using Reverse Osmosis	11	(2)
Water	13	(1)
Hydrogen	14	(6)
Economic Importance	14	(1)
Hydrogen Manufacture	15	(1)
Petrochemical Processes and Coal Gasification	15	(1)
Electrolysis of Water	16	(1)
Other Manufacturing Processes for Hydrogen	17	(1)
Production of Hydrogen as a Byproduct	18	(1)
Hydrogen Applications	18	(1)
Hydrogen	19	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide and Inorganic Peroxo Compounds	20	(9)
Economic Importance	20	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide	20	(1)
Sodium Perborate and Sodium Carbonate Perhydrate	20	(1)
Alkali Peroxodisulfates and Sodium Peroxide	21	(1)
Production	21	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide	21	(3)
Sodium Perborate	24	(1)
Sodium Carbonate Perhydrate	25	(1)
Alkali Peroxodisulfate	26	(1)
Sodium Peroxide	26	(1)
Applications	27	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Perborate and Sodium Carbonate Perhydrate	27	(1)
Alkali Peroxodisulfates and Sodium Peroxide	28	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide and Inorganic Peroxo Compounds	28	(1)
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Compounds	29	(36)
Ammonia	29	(1)
Economic Importance	29	(1)
Synthetic Ammonia Manufacture	29	(1)
General Information	29	(1)
Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts	30	(2)
Synthesis Gas Production	32	(7)
Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Ammonia	39	(2)
Integrated Ammonia Synthesis Plants	41	(2)
Ammonia Applications	43	(1)
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Compounds	43	(1)
Hydrazine	43	(1)
Economic Importance	43	(1)
Manufacture of Hydrazine	44	(1)
Raschig Process	44	(1)
Urea Process	45	(1)
Bayer Process	46	(1)
H2O2 Process	47	(1)
Applications of Hydrazine	48	(1)
Hydrazine	49	(1)
Hydroxylamine	50	(1)
Economic Importance and Applications	50	(1)
Manufacture	50	(1)
Raschig Process	51	(1)
Nitrogen(II) Oxide Reduction Process	51	(1)
Nitrate Reduction Process (DSM/HPO-Stamicarbon)	52	(1)
Hydroxylamine	53	(1)
Nitric Acid	53	(1)
Economic Importance	53	(1)
Manufacture	53	(1)
Fundamentals of Nitric Acid Manufacture	53	(4)
Plant Types	57	(1)
Process Description	58	(1)
Manufacture of Highly Concentrated Nitric Acid	59	(3)
Tail Gases from Nitric Acid Manufacture	62	(2)
Nitric Acid Applications	64	(1)
Nitric Acid	65	(1)
Phosphorus and its Compounds	65	(36)
Phosphorus and Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds	65	(1)
Raw Materials	65	(2)
Products	67	(1)
Phosphoric Acid	67	(8)
Phosphoric Acid Salts	75	(5)
Phosphorus	80	(5)
Products Manufactures from Phosphorus	85	(5)
Phosphorus and Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds	90	(1)
Organophosphorus Compounds	91	(1)
Neutral Phosphoric Acid Esters	91	(3)
Phosphoric Ester Acids	94	(1)
Dithiophosphoric Ester Acids	94	(1)
Neutral Esters of Thio- and Dithio-Phosphoric Acids	95	(2)
Neutral Di- and Triesters of Phosphorous Acid	97	(2)
Phosphonic Acids	99	(2)
Organophosphorus Compounds	101	(1)
Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds	101	(26)
Sulfur	101	(1)
Occurrence	101	(1)
Economic Importance	102	(1)
Sulfur from Elemental Sulfur Deposits	102	(1)
Sulfur from Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide	102	(1)
Sulfur from Pyrites	103	(1)
Economic Importance	104	(1)
Applications	104	(1)
Sulfuric Acid	104	(1)
Economic Importance	104	(1)
Starting Materials for Sulfuric Acid Manufacture	105	(1)
Sulfuric Acid from Sulfur Dioxide	105	(8)
Sulfuric Acid from Waste Sulfuric Acid and Metal Sulfates	113	(2)
Applications of Sulfuric Acid	115	(1)
100% Sulfur Dioxide	116	(1)
100% Sulfur Trioxide	117	(1)
Disulfur Dichloride	118	(1)
Sulfur Dichloride	118	(1)
Thionyl chloride	119	(1)
Sulfuryl Chloride	119	(1)
Chlorosulfonic Acid	120	(1)
Fluorosulfonic Acid	120	(1)
Sulfurous Acid Salts	120	(1)
Sodium Thiosulfate, Ammonium Thiosulfate	121	(1)
Sodium Dithionite and Sodium Hydroxymethanesulfinate	122	(2)
Hydrogen Sulfide	124	(1)
Sodium Sulfide	124	(1)
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide	125	(1)
Carbon Disulfide	126	(1)
Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds	126	(1)
Halogens and Halogen Compounds	127	(60)
Fluorine and Fluorine Compounds	127	(1)
Fluorspar	127	(1)
Fluorspar Extraction	128	(1)
Qualities and Utilization of Fluorspar	128	(2)
Fluorapatite	130	(1)
Fluorine and Inorganic Fluorides	130	(1)
Fluorine	130	(2)
Hydrogen Fluoride	132	(6)
Aluminum Fluoride	138	(2)
Sodium Aluminum Hexafluoride (Cryolite)	140	(1)
Alkali Fluorides	141	(1)
Hexailuorosilicates	142	(1)
Uranium Hexafluoride	142	(1)
Boron Trifluoride and Tetrafluoroboric Acid	142	(1)
Sulfur Hexafluoride	143	(1)
Organofluoro Compounds by Electrochemical Fluorination	144	(1)
Halogens and Halogen Compounds	145	(1)
Chloralkali Electrolysis, Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide	146	(1)
Economic Importance	146	(2)
Starting Materials	148	(3)
Manufacturing Processes	151	(1)
Mercury Process	152	(2)
Diaphragm Process	154	(3)
Membrane Process	157	(1)
Evaluation of Mercury, Diaphragm and Membrane Processes	158	(1)
Applications of Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide	159	(1)
Chlorine	159	(1)
Sodium Hydroxide	160	(1)
Chloralkali-Electrolysis	161	(1)
Hydrochloric Acid--Hydrogen Chloride	162	(1)
Manufacture of Hydrogen Chloride	162	(1)
Economic Importance of Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid	163	(1)
Electrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid	163	(1)
Non-Electrolytic Processes for the Manufacture of Chlorine from Hydrogen Chloride	164	(1)
Hydrochloric Acid--Hydrogen Chloride	165	(1)
Chlorine-Oxygen Compounds	166	(1)
Economic Importance	166	(1)
Manufacture of Chlorine-Oxygen Compounds	167	(1)
Hypochlorite	167	(3)
Chlorites	170	(1)
Chlorates	170	(2)
Perchlorates and Perchloric Acid	172	(1)
Chlorine Dioxide	173	(1)
Applications of Chlorine-Oxygen Compounds	174	(1)
Chlorine-Oxygen Compounds	175	(1)
Bromine and Bromine Compounds	175	(1)
Natural Deposits and Economic Importance	175	(1)
Manufacture of Bromine and Bromine Compounds	176	(1)
Bromine	176	(2)
Hydrogen Bromide	178	(1)
Alkali Bromides, Calcium Bromide, Zinc Bromide	179	(1)
Alkali Bromates	179	(1)
Applications for Bromine and Bromine Compounds	179	(2)
Bromine and Bromine Compounds	181	(1)
Iodine and Iodine Compounds	181	(1)
Economic Importance	181	(1)
Manufacture of Iodine and Iodine Compounds	182	(1)
Iodine	182	(1)
Hydrogen Iodide	183	(1)
Alkali Iodides	183	(1)
Alkali Iodates	184	(1)
Applications of Iodine and Iodine Compounds	184	(1)
Iodine and Iodine Compounds	185	(2)
Mineral Fertilizers	187	(26)
Phosphorus-Containing Fertilizers	187	(9)
Economic Importance	187	(1)
General Information	187	(1)
Importance of Superphosphate	188	(1)
Importance of Triple Superphosphate	188	(1)
Importance of Ammonium Phosphates	189	(1)
Importance of Nitrophosphates	189	(1)
Importance and Manufacture of Thermal (Sinter, Melt) and Basic Slag (Thomas) Phosphates	189	(1)
Manufacture of Phosphorus-Containing Fertilizers	190	(1)
Superphosphate	190	(1)
Triple Superphosphate	191	(1)
Ammonium Phosphates	192	(3)
Nitrophosphates	195	(1)
Nitrogen-Containing Fertilizers	196	(9)
Economic Importance	196	(1)
General Information	196	(1)
Importance of Ammonium Sulfate	l97
Importance of Ammonium Nitrate	197	(1)
Importance of Urea	198	(1)
Manufacture of Nitrogen-Containing Fertilizers	199	(1)
Ammonium Sulfate	199	(1)
Ammonium Nitrate	200	(1)
Urea	201	(4)
Potassium-Containing Fertilizers	205	(8)
Occurrence of Potassium Salts	205	(1)
Economic Importance of Potassium-Containing Fertilizers	206	(2)
Manufacture of Potassium-Containing Fertilizers	208	(1)
Potassium Chloride	208	(2)
Potassium Sulfate	210	(1)
Potassium Nitrate	210	(1)
Mineral Fertilizers	211	(2)
Metals and their Compounds	213	(82)
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds	213	(33)
Alkali Metals and their Compounds	213	(1)
General Information	213	(1)
Lithium and its Compounds	213	(1)
Natural Deposits and Economic Importance	213	(1)
Metallic Lithium	214	(1)
Lithium Compounds	214	(2)
Sodium and its Compounds	216	(1)
General Information	216	(1)
Metallic Sodium	217	(1)
Sodium Carbonate	218	(4)
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate	222	(1)
Sodium Sulfate	223	(2)
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate	225	(1)
Sodium Borates	225	(2)
Potassium and its Compounds	227	(1)
General Information	227	(1)
Metallic Potassium	227	(1)
Potassium Hydroxide	227	(1)
Potassium Carbonate	228	(1)
Alkali Metals and their Compounds	229	(1)
Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds	230	(1)
General Information	230	(1)
Beryllium and its Compounds	231	(1)
Magnesium and its Compounds	231	(1)
Natural Deposits	231	(1)
Metallic Magnesium	232	(2)
Magnesium Carbonate	234	(1)
Magnesium Oxide	235	(1)
Magnesium Chloride	236	(1)
Magnesium Sulfate	237	(1)
Calcium and its Compounds	237	(1)
Natural Deposits	237	(1)
Metallic Calcium	238	(1)
Calcium Carbonate	238	(1)
Calcium Oxide and Calcium Hydroxide	239	(1)
Calcium Chloride	240	(1)
Calcium Carbide	240	(2)
Strontium and its Compounds	242	(1)
Barium and its Compounds	242	(1)
Natural Deposits and Economic Importance	242	(1)
Barium Carbonate	243	(2)
Barium Sulfide	245	(1)
Barium Sulfate	245	(1)
Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds	245	(1)
Aluminum and its Compounds	246	(9)
General Information	246	(1)
Natural Deposits	247	(1)
Metallic Aluminum	248	(1)
Economic Importance	248	(1)
Manufacture	248	(1)
Applications	249	(1)
Aluminum Oxide and Aluminum Hydroxide	250	(1)
Economic Importance	250	(1)
Manufacture	250	(1)
Applications	251	(1)
Aluminum Sulfate	252	(1)
Economic Importance	252	(1)
Manufacture	252	(1)
Applications	253	(1)
Aluminum Chloride	253	(1)
Economic Importance	253	(1)
Manufacture	253	(1)
Applications	254	(1)
Sodium Aluminate	254	(1)
Aluminum and its Compounds	255	(1)
Chromium Compounds, and Chromium	255	(14)
Chromium Compounds	255	(1)
Economic Importance	255	(2)
Raw Material: Chromite	257	(1)
Manufacture of Chromium Compounds	258	(1)
Chromite Digestion to Alkali Chromates	258	(2)
Alkali Dichromates	260	(2)
Chromium(VI) Oxide (``Chromic Acid'')	262	(2)
Chromium(III) Oxide	264	(1)
Basic Chromium(III) Salts (Chrome Tanning Agents)	265	(1)
Applications for Chromium Compounds	266	(1)
Metallic Chromium	266	(1)
Economic Importance	266	(1)
Manufacture of Chromium Metal	267	(1)
Chemical Reduction	267	(1)
Electrochemical Reduction of Chrome Alum	267	(1)
Electrochemical Reduction of Chromium(VI) Oxide	268	(1)
Chromium Compounds and Chromium	268	(1)
Silicon and its Inorganic Compounds	269	(13)
Elemental Silicon	269	(1)
General Information and Economic Importance	269	(1)
Manufacture	270	(1)
Ferrosilicon and Metallurgical Grade Silicon	270	(2)
Electronic Grade Silicon (Semiconductor Silicon)	272	(6)
Silicon Applications	278	(1)
Inorganic Silicon Compounds	279	(2)
Silicon and its Inorganic Compounds	281	(1)
Manganese Compounds and Manganese	282	(13)
Manganese Compounds	282	(1)
Economic Importance	282	(1)
Raw Materials	283	(1)
Manufacture of Manganese Compounds	284	(1)
Manganese(II) Compounds	284	(2)
Manganese(II,III) Oxide (Mn3O4) and Manganese(III) Oxide (Mn2O3)	286	(1)
Manganese(IV) Oxide	286	(3)
Potassium Permanganate	289	(3)
Applications of Manganese Compounds	292	(1)
Manganese - Electrochemical Manufacture, Importance and Applications	292	(1)
Manganese Compounds and Manganese	293	(2)
Organo-Silicon Compounds	295	(30)
Industrially Important Organo-Silicon Compounds, Nomenclature	295	(1)
Industrially Important Silanes	296	(9)
Organohalosilanes	296	(2)
Industrial Important Silicon-functional Organo-Silanes	298	(1)
Organoalkoxysilanes	299	(1)
Acyloxysilanes	300	(1)
Oximino- and Aminoxy-Silanes	300	(1)
Amidosilanes, Silazanes	301	(1)
Organohydrogensilanes	301	(1)
Organofunctional Silanes	302	(1)
Alkenylsilanes	302	(1)
Halo-organosilanes	303	(1)
Organoaminosilanes	303	(1)
Organomercaptosilanes, Organosulfidosilanes	304	(1)
Other Organofunctional Silanes	304	(1)
Organo-Silicon Compounds	305	(1)
Silicones	305	(2)
Structure and Properties, Nomenclature	305	(1)
Economic Importance	306	(1)
Linear and Cyclic Polyorganosiloxanes	307	(1)
Manufacture	307	(1)
Hydrolysis	307	(2)
Methanolysis	309	(1)
Cyclization	310	(1)
Polymerization	310	(2)
Polycondensation	312	(1)
Industrial Realization of Polymerization	313	(1)
Manufacture of Branched Polysiloxanes	314
Industrial Silicone Products	307	(18)
Silicone Oils	307	(9)
Products Manufactured from Silicone Oils	316	(1)
Silicone Rubbers	317	(1)
Room Temperature Vulcanizable Single Component Silicone Rubbers	317	(2)
Two Component Room Temperature Vulcanizable Silicone Rubbers	319	(1)
Hot Vulcanizable Peroxide Crosslinkable Silicone Rubbers	320	(1)
Hot Vulcanizable Addition Crosslinkable Silicone Rubbers	320	(2)
Properties of Silicone Rubber	322	(1)
Silicone Resins	322	(1)
Silicone Copolymers, Block Copolymers and Graft Copolymers	323	(1)
Silicones	324	(1)
Inorganic Solids	325	(262)
Silicate Products	325	(26)
Glass	325	(1)
Economic Importance	325	(1)
Structure	325	(1)
Glass Composition	326	(3)
Glass Manufacture	329	(1)
Glass Raw Materials	329	(2)
Melting Process	331	(1)
Melting Furnaces	332	(2)
Forming	334	(2)
Glass Properties and Applications	336	(1)
Glass	337	(1)
Alkali Silicates	338	(1)
General and Economic Importance	338	(1)
Manufacture of Alkali Silicates	338	(2)
Applications	340	(1)
Alkali Silicates	340	(1)
Zeolites	340	(1)
Economic Importance	340	(1)
Zeolite Types	341	(3)
Natural Zeolites	344	(1)
Manufacture of Synthetic Zeolites	344	(1)
From Natural Raw Materials	344	(1)
From Synthetic Raw Materials	344	(2)
Modification of Synthetic Zeolites by Ion Exchange	346	(1)
Forming of Zeolites	346	(1)
Dehydration of Zeolites	347	(1)
Applications for Zeolites	347	(1)
As Ion Exchangers	347	(1)
As an Adsorption Agent	347	(1)
For Separation Processes	348	(1)
As Catalysts	349	(1)
Miscellaneous Applications	349	(1)
Zeolites	350	(1)
Inorganic Fibers	351	(45)
Introduction	351	(1)
Definitions, Manufacture and Processing	351	(1)
Economic Importance	352	(1)
Properties	352	(2)
Classification and Applications	354	(1)
Physiological Aspects	354	(2)
Asbestos Fibers	356	(1)
General and Economic Importance	356	(3)
Occurrence and Extraction	359	(2)
Applications of Asbestos Fibers	361	(3)
Textile Glass Fibers	364	(1)
General and Economic Importance	364	(2)
Manufacture	366	(3)
Applications	369	(1)
Optical Fibers	370	(2)
Mineral Fiber Insulating Materials	372	(1)
General Information and Economic Importance	372	(1)
Manufacture	373	(4)
Applications	377	(1)
Carbon Fibers	377	(1)
General Information and Economic Importance	377	(3)
Manufacture and Applications	380	(4)
Metal Fibers	384	(1)
Steel and Tungsten Fibers	384	(2)
Boron Fibers	386	(2)
Ceramic Reinforcing Fibers	388	(1)
General information and Economic Importance	388	(1)
Oxide Fibers	389	(2)
Non-oxide Fibers	391	(3)
Whiskers	394	(1)
Inorganic Fibers	395	(1)
Construction Materials	396	(34)
General Introduction	396	(1)
Lime	397	(1)
Economic Importance	397	(1)
Raw Materials	398	(1)
Quicklime	398	(2)
Slaked Lime	400	(1)
Wet Slaking of Quicklime	400	(1)
Dry Slaking of Quicklime	401	(1)
Lime Hydrate from Calcium Carbide	401	(1)
Steam-Hardened Construction Materials	402	(1)
Applications of Lime	402	(1)
Cement	403	(1)
Economic Importance	403	(1)
Composition of Cements	404	(1)
Portland Cement	405	(1)
Raw Materials	405	(1)
Composition of Portland Cement Clinkers	405	(1)
Manufacture of Portland Cement	405	(4)
Applications of Portland Cement	409	(1)
Slag Cement	409	(1)
Pozzolan Cements	410	(1)
Alumina Cement	411	(1)
Asbestos Cement	411	(1)
Miscellaneous Cement Types	411	(1)
Processes in the Solidification of Cement	412	(3)
Gypsum	415	(1)
Economic Importance	415	(1)
Modifications of Calcium Sulfate	416	(2)
Natural Gypsum	418	(2)
Natural Anhydrite	420	(1)
Fluoroanhydrite	420	(1)
Byproduct Gypsum	420	(1)
Byproduct Gypsum from the Manufacture and Purification of Organic Acids	420	(1)
Byproduct Gypsum from Flue Gas Desulfurization	421	(1)
Phosphogypsum	421	(2)
Processes in the Setting of Plaster	423	(1)
Coarse Ceramic Products for the Construction Industry	424	(1)
Expanded Products	425	(1)
General Information	425	(1)
Expanded Products from Clays and Shales	425	(1)
Raw Materials	425	(3)
Gas-forming Reactions in the Manufacture of Expanded Products	428	(1)
Manufacture of Expanded Products	429	(1)
Expanded Products from Glasses (Foam Glass)	430	(1)
Applications of Expanded Products	430	(1)
Construction Materials	431
Enamel	430	(13)
General Information	432	(1)
Classification of Enamels	433	(4)
Enamel Frit Manufacture	437	(1)
Raw Materials	437	(1)
Smelting of Frits	437	(1)
Enameling	438	(1)
Production of Coatable Systems	438	(1)
Coating Processes	439	(1)
Wet Application Processes	439	(1)
Dry Application Processes	440	(1)
Stoving of Enamels	441	(1)
Applications of Enamel	442	(1)
Enamel	442	(1)
Ceramics	443	(41)
General Information	443	(1)
Classification of Ceramic Products	443	(1)
General Process Steps in the Manufacture of Ceramics	444	(1)
Clay Ceramic Products	445	(1)
Composition and Raw Materials	445	(2)
Extraction and Treatment of Raw Kaolin	447	(1)
Manufacture of Clay Ceramic Batches	447	(1)
Forming Processes	448	(1)
Casting Processes	449	(1)
Plastic Forming	450	(1)
Forming by Powder Pressing	451	(1)
Drying Processes	452	(1)
Firing of Ceramics	452	(1)
Physical-Chemical Processes	452	(2)
Firing Conditions	454	(1)
Glazes	455	(1)
Properties and Applications of Clay Ceramic Products	455	(1)
Fine Earthenware	455	(1)
Stoneware	456	(1)
Porcelain	456	(1)
Rapidly Fired Porcelain	457	(1)
Economic Importance of Clay Ceramic Products	458	(1)
Specialty Ceramic Products	458	(1)
Oxide Ceramics	458	(1)
General Information	458	(2)
Aluminum Oxide	460	(1)
Zirconium Oxide	461	(1)
Beryllium Oxide	462	(1)
Uranium Oxide and Thorium Oxide	462	(1)
Other Oxide Ceramics	463	(1)
Electro- and Magneto-Ceramics	464	(1)
Titanates	464	(1)
Ferrites	465	(3)
Refractory Ceramics	468	(1)
Definition and Classification	468	(2)
Alumina-Rich Products	470	(1)
Fireclay Products	470	(1)
Silicate Products	471	(1)
Basic Products	472	(1)
Specialty Refractory Products	473	(1)
Economic Importance	473	(1)
Nonoxide Ceramics	474	(1)
Economic Importance	475	(1)
Manufacturing Processes for Silicon Carbide	475	(2)
Refractory Silicon Carbide Products	477	(1)
Fine Ceramic Silicon Carbide Products	477	(1)
Fine Silicon Nitride Ceramic Products	478	(2)
Manufacture and Properties of Boron Carbide	480	(1)
Manufacture and Properties of Boron Nitride	481	(1)
Manufacture and Properties of Aluminum Nitride	482	(1)
Ceramics	482	(2)
Metallic Hard Materials	484	(12)
General Information	484	(1)
General Manufacturing Processes and Properties of Metal Carbides	485	(2)
Carbides of the Subgroup of the IVth Group	487	(1)
Titanium Carbide	487	(1)
Zirconium Carbide and Hafnium Carbide	488	(1)
Carbides of the Subgroup of the Vth Group	488	(1)
Vanadium Carbide	488	(1)
Niobium Carbide and Tantalum Carbide	488	(1)
Carbides of the Subgroup of the VIth Group	489	(1)
Chromium Carbide	489	(1)
Molybdenum Carbide	489	(1)
Tungsten Carbide	489	(1)
Cemented Carbides Based on Tungsten Carbide	490	(1)
Thorium Carbide and Uranium Carbide	491	(1)
Metal Nitrides	492	(1)
Metal Borides	493	(1)
Metal Silicides	494	(1)
Metallic Hard Materials	495	(1)
Carbon Modifications	496	(39)
Introduction	496	(1)
Diamond	496	(1)
Economic Importance	496	(1)
Mining of Natural Diamonds	497	(1)
Manufacture of Synthetic Diamonds	498	(2)
Properties and Applications	500	(1)
Natural Graphite	500	(1)
Economic Importance	500	(2)
Natural Deposits and Mining	502	(1)
Properties and Applications	503	(2)
Large Scale Production of Synthetic Carbon and Synthetic Graphite	505	(1)
Economic Importance	505	(1)
General Information about Manufacture	505	(1)
Manufacture of Synthetic Carbon	506	(1)
Raw Materials	506	(1)
Processing	507	(1)
Densification and Forming	507	(1)
Carbonization	508	(1)
Graphitization of Synthetic Carbon	509	(1)
General Information	509	(1)
Acheson Process	509	(1)
Castner Process	510	(1)
Other Graphitization Processes	510	(1)
Purifcation Graphitization	511	(1)
Impregnation and Processing of Carbon and Graphite Articles	511	(1)
Properties and Applications	512	(1)
Special Types of Carbon and Graphite	513	(1)
Pyrolytic Carbon and Pyrolytic Graphite	513	(2)
Glassy Carbon and Foamed Carbon	515	(1)
Graphite Foils and Membranes	516	(1)
Carbon Black	517	(1)
Economic Importance	518	(1)
Manufacture	518	(1)
General Information	518	(1)
Pyrolysis Processes in the Presence of Oxygen	519	(3)
Pyrolysis Processes in the Absence of Oxygen	522	(1)
Posttreatment	523	(1)
Properties and Applications	524	(3)
Activated Carbon	527	(1)
Economic Importance	527	(1)
Manufacture	528
General Information	8	(521)
Activated Carbon by ``Chemical Activation''	529	(1)
Activated Carbon by ``Gas Activation''	530	(2)
Reactivation and Regeneration of Used Activated Carbon	532	(1)
Applications of Activated Carbon	532	(2)
Carbon Modifications	534	(1)
Fillers	535	(13)
General Information	535	(1)
Economic Importance	536	(1)
Natural Fillers	536	(1)
Silicon-Based Fillers	536	(2)
Other Natural Fibers	538	(1)
Beneficiation of Natural Fillers	538	(1)
Synthetic Fillers	539	(1)
Silicas and Silicates	539	(1)
Pyrogenic Silicas	539	(1)
Wet Chemically Manufactured Silicas and Silicates	540	(1)
Posttreatment of Silicas	541	(1)
Glasses	542	(1)
Cristobalite	542	(1)
Aluminum Hydroxide	542	(1)
Carbonates	543	(1)
Sulfates	544	(1)
Other Synthetic Fillers	545	(1)
Properties and Applications	545	(1)
Fillers	546	(2)
Inorganic Pigments	548	(39)
General Information and Economic Importance	548	(4)
White Pigments	552	(1)
General Information	552	(1)
Titanium Dioxide Pigments	553	(1)
Economic Importance	553	(1)
Raw Materials for TiO2 Pigments	553	(2)
Manufacturing Processes for TiO2 Pigments	555	(3)
Applications for TiO2 Pigments	558	(1)
Lithopone and Zinc Sulfide Pigments	559	(1)
Zinc Oxide White Pigments	560	(1)
Manufacture	560	(1)
Applications	561	(1)
Colored Pigments	561	(1)
Iron Oxide Pigments	561	(1)
Natural Iron Oxide Pigments	561	(2)
Synthetic Iron Oxide Pigments	563	(4)
Chromium(III) Oxide Pigments	567	(1)
Manufacture	567	(2)
Properties and Applications of Chromium(III) Oxide	569	(1)
Chromate and Molybdate Pigments	570	(1)
Mixed-Metal Oxide Pigments and Ceramic Colorants	571	(2)
Cadmium Pigments	573	(2)
Cyanide Iron Blue Pigments	575	(2)
Ultramarine Pigments	577	(1)
Corrosion Protection Pigments	578	(2)
Luster Pigments	580	(1)
Metal Effect Pigments	580	(1)
Nacreous Pigments	581	(1)
Interference Pigments	581	(1)
Luminescent Pigments	581	(1)
Magnetic Pigments	582	(1)
General Information and Properties	582	(2)
Manufacture of Magnetic Pigments	584	(2)
Inorganic Pigments	586	(1)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle	587	(40)
Economic Importance of Nuclear Energy	587	(4)
General Information about the Nuclear Fuel Cycle	591	(1)
Availability of Uranium	592	(2)
Nuclear Reactor Types	594	(5)
General Information	594	(1)
Light-water Reactors	594	(1)
Boiling Water Reactors	594	(1)
Pressurized Water Reactors	595	(1)
Graphite-Moderated Reactors	595	(1)
Gas-Cooled	595	(2)
Light-Water Cooled	597	(1)
Heavy-Water Reactors	597	(1)
Fast Breeder Reactors	598	(1)
Nuclear Fuel Production	599	(16)
Production of Uranium Concentrates (``Yellow Cake'')	600	(1)
Uranium from Uranium Ores	600	(1)
Leaching Processes	600	(2)
Separation of Uranium from the Leaching Solutions	602	(1)
Manufacture of Marketable Uranium Compounds (``Yellow Cake'')	603	(2)
Uranium from Phosphate Ores and Wet Phosphoric Acid	605	(1)
Uranium from Seawater	606	(1)
Conversion of Uranium Concentrates to Uranium Hexafluoride	607	(1)
General Information	607	(1)
Wet Process for Uranium(VI) Fluoride Manufacture	607	(2)
Dry Process for Uranium(VI) Fluoride Manufacture	609	(1)
235U-Enrichment	609	(1)
Reconversion of Uranium(VI) Fluoride into Nuclear Fuel	610	(1)
Into Uranium(IV) Oxide	610	(1)
General Information	610	(1)
Uranium(IV) Oxide by Wet Processes	611	(1)
Uranium(IV) Oxide by the Dry (IDR) Process	612	(1)
Manufacture of Uranium(IV) Oxide Pellets	612	(1)
Other Uranium Nuclear Fuels	613	(1)
Fuel Element Manufacture	614	(1)
Disposal of Waste from Nuclear Power Stations	615	(12)
General Information	615	(2)
Stages in Nuclear Waste Disposal	617	(1)
Interim Storage of Spent Fuel Elements	617	(1)
Reprocessing of Spent Fuel Elements	617	(3)
Further Processing of Uranium and Plutonium Solutions	620	(1)
Treatment of Radioactive Waste	621	(2)
Permanent Storage of Radioactive Waste	623	(1)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle	624	(3)
Abbreviations Index	627	(4)
Subject Index	631