Inorganic Chemistry : An Industrial and Environmental Perspective

by Swaddle, T. W.

• ISBN13: 9780126785500
• ISBN10: 0126785503
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-02-01
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

This book addresses the question, What is inorganic chemistry good for? rather than the more traditional question, How can we develop a theoretical basis for inorganic chemistry from sophisticated theories of bonding? The book prepares students of science or engineering for entry into the multi-billion-dollar inorganic chemical and related industries, and for rational approaches to environmental problems such as pollution abatement, corrosion control, and water treatment. A much expanded and updated revision of the 1990 text, Applied Inorganic Chemistry (University of Calgary Press), Inorganic Chemistry covers topics including atmospheric pollution and its abatement, water conditioning, fertilizers, cement chemistry, extractive metallurgy, metallic corrosion, catalysts, fuel cells and advanced batter technology, pulp and paper production, explosives, supercritical fluids, sol-gel science, materials for electronics, and superconductors. Though the book waswritten as a textbook for undergraduates with a background of freshman chemistry, it will also be a valuable sourcebook for practicing chemists, engineers, environmental scientists, geologists, and educators.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Importance of Inorganic Chemistry	1	(10)
Historical Overview	1	(4)
Occurrence and Uses of the Commonest Elements	5	(6)
Chemical Energetics	11	(40)
Kinetics and Thermodynamics	11	(1)
Activities in Electrolyte Solutions	12	(2)
Equilibrium and Energy	14	(4)
Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium	18	(5)
Temperature Effects	18	(1)
Pressure Effects	18	(2)
Hydrothermal Chemistry	20	(3)
Chemical Kinetics: Basic Principles	23	(4)
Relation of Rate Equation to Mechanism	23	(3)
Temperature Effects on Rates	26	(1)
Pressure Effects on Rates	26	(1)
Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity	27	(2)
Electronegativity and Bond Energies	29	(3)
Electronegativity and Chemical Properties	32	(2)
Hard and Soft Acids and Bases	34	(2)
Principle of Maximum Hardness	35	(1)
Multiple Bonding and Its Chemical Consequences	36	(1)
Explosives and Propellants	37	(14)
Nitrogen-Containing Explosives	38	(1)
Ammonium Nitrate as an Explosive	39	(2)
Initiators	41	(1)
Other Explosives and Propellants	41	(10)
Catenation: Inorganic Macromolecules	51	(18)
Factors Favoring Catenation	51	(1)
Homocatenation of Carbon	52	(6)
Diamond and Graphite	52	(4)
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes	56	(2)
Boron Nitride	58	(1)
Homocatenation of Sulfur	59	(1)
Catenation of Silicon	60	(3)
Silanes and Organosilanes	60	(1)
Siloxanes and Organosiloxanes	61	(2)
Phosphazenes	63	(6)
Crystalline Solids	69	(26)
Determination of Crystal Structure	69	(2)
Bonding in Solids	71	(3)
The Close Packing Concept	74	(5)
Structures of Metals	76	(2)
Metallic Glasses	78	(1)
Binary Ionic Solids: Common Structural Types	79	(4)
Radius Ratio Rules	83	(2)
Ionic Solids and Close Packing	85	(3)
Perovskites	85	(1)
Spinels	86	(2)
Layer Structures	88	(1)
Energetics of Ionic Compounds	88	(7)
Lattice Energies	88	(3)
Predicting Stabilities of Ionic Compounds	91	(4)
The Defect Solid State	95	(20)
Inevitability of Crystal Defects	95	(1)
Main Types of Crystal Defects	96	(3)
Impurity Defects and Semiconduction	99	(1)
Nonstoichiometry	100	(2)
Metal Oxides and Sulfides as Extrinsic Semiconductors	102	(1)
Mechanism of Scaling of Metals	103	(5)
Interstitial Compounds	108	(7)
Carbon Steels	110	(1)
Nitriding	111	(4)
Inorganic Solids as Heterogeneous Catalysts	115	(14)
Heterogeneous Catalysis	115	(4)
Physical Adsorption and Chemisorption	116	(3)
Transition Metals as Catalysts	119	(2)
Defect Oxides and Sulfides in Catalysis	121	(2)
Catalysis by Stoichiometric Oxides	123	(1)
Acidic Oxides	123	(1)
Basic Oxides	123	(1)
Photocatalysis by Inorganic Solids	124	(5)
Photocatalytic Splitting of Water	124	(1)
Photocatalysis and Environmental Protection	125	(4)
Silicates, Aluminates, and Phosphates	129	(24)
Silicate Structures	129	(4)
Asbestos: Uses and Hazards	132	(1)
Aluminosilicates	133	(1)
Zeolites	134	(6)
Zeolites as Cation Exchangers	137	(1)
Zeolites as Desiccants	138	(1)
Zeolites as Solid Acid Catalysts	138	(2)
Clays	140	(2)
Silica and Silicate Glasses	142	(3)
Silicate Glasses	144	(1)
Soluble Silicates and Aluminates	145	(2)
Phosphates and Aluminophosphates	147	(6)
Phosphate Fibers	148	(1)
Aluminophosphates	149	(4)
The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pollution	153	(26)
Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases	153	(6)
Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect	153	(4)
Other Greenhouse Gases	157	(1)
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide	157	(1)
Other Properties of Carbon Dioxide	158	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	159	(1)
Ozone	160	(4)
The Stratospheric Ozone Layer	161	(2)
Ozone as a Pollutant	163	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	164	(4)
Nitrous Oxide	164	(1)
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide	165	(3)
Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide	168	(11)
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash in Agriculture	179	(12)
Natural Sources of Fixed Nitrogen	180	(1)
Direct Combination of Nitrogen and Oxygen	181	(1)
Ammonia Synthesis	181	(2)
Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate	183	(2)
Sulfates	185	(1)
Phosphates	185	(2)
Potash	187	(4)
Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds	191	(14)
Elemental Sulfur	191	(2)
Sulfuric Acid	193	(2)
Other Products from Elemental Sulfur	195	(1)
Sulfur Chemicals in the Pulp and Paper Industry	195	(10)
The Kraft Process	197	(2)
The Sulfite Process	199	(1)
Recycling Waste Paper	200	(5)
Alkalis and Related Products	205	(16)
Lime Burning	205	(2)
Cement and Concrete	207	(4)
Portland Cement	207	(3)
Concrete	210	(1)
Soda Ash	211	(1)
Caustic Soda: The Chloralkali Industry	212	(9)
Diaphragm Cell	213	(2)
Mercury Cell	215	(2)
Future of the Alkali Industry	217	(4)
The Halogens	221	(16)
The Chlorine Controversy	221	(2)
Oxides and Oxoacids of Chlorine	223	(3)
Fluorine and Fluorine Compounds	226	(5)
Fluoride Ion and Dental Health	226	(1)
Fluorocarbons	227	(2)
Chlorofluorocarbons	229	(1)
Fluorine and Nuclear Energy	230	(1)
Bromine and Iodine	231	(6)
Extraction of Bromine	231	(1)
Uses and Hazards of Bromine	231	(1)
Iodine	232	(5)
Ions in Solution	237	(26)
Energetics of Solvation	237	(4)
Born Theory of Solvation	237	(2)
Limitations of the Born Theory	239	(2)
Metal Complexes	241	(3)
Chelation	244	(5)
Stability Constants	249	(1)
Uses of Complexing Agents	250	(6)
Chelating Agents	250	(2)
Unidentate Complexing Agents	252	(2)
Photographic Chemistry	254	(2)
Hydrolysis of Aqueous Cations	256	(7)
Water Conditioning	263	(22)
Importance of Water Treatment	263	(1)
Suspended and Colloidal Matter	264	(1)
Origin and Effects of Dissolved Solids	265	(3)
Treatment for Dissolved Solids	268	(9)
Removal of Inorganic Solutes	268	(7)
Removal of Organic Solutes	275	(2)
Sewage Treatment	277	(1)
Dissolved Gases	278	(1)
Bacteria and Algae	279	(6)
Oxidation and Reduction in Solution	285	(42)
Galvanic Cells	285	(5)
Manipulation and Use of Electrode Potentials	290	(5)
Example: Analysis of Brass	290	(1)
Example: Oxidation States of Manganese	291	(4)
Pourbaix (Eh-pH) Diagrams	295	(6)
Kinetic Aspects of Electrochemistry: Overpotential	301	(6)
Fuel Cells	307	(8)
Hydrogen as a Fuel	309	(1)
General Principles of Fuel Cells	310	(3)
Commercial Fuel Cells	313	(2)
Electrochemical Energy Storage Cells	315	(4)
Electrolysis, Electroplating, and Electroforming	319	(8)
Corrosion of Metals	327	(30)
Bimetallic Corrosion	327	(4)
Corrosion by Oxygen	329	(1)
Bimetallic Corrosion of Iron	330	(1)
Single-Metal Corrosion	331	(3)
Role of Oxide Films	334	(2)
Crevice and Intergranular Corrosion	336	(3)
Corrosion by Acids and with Complexing Agents	339	(3)
Role of Overpotential in Corrosion	342	(5)
Control of Corrosion	347	(6)
Cathodic Protection	347	(1)
Protective Coatings	347	(1)
Corrosion Inhibitors	348	(3)
Atmospheric Corrosion	351	(1)
Corrosion-Resistant Metals	352	(1)
Stainless Steels	353	(4)
Extractive Metallurgy	357	(34)
Gravity and Flotation Methods of Ore Concentration	357	(1)
Hydrometallurgical Concentration and Separation	358	(3)
Cyanide Leaching	358	(1)
Ammonia Leaching	359	(1)
Acid and Microbial Leach Processes	360	(1)
Alkali Leaching	361	(1)
Solvent Extraction and Ion-Exchange Separations	361	(6)
Solvent Extraction	362	(4)
Ion-Exchange Separations	366	(1)
Separations Utilizing Special Properties	367	(1)
Electrolytic Reduction of Concentrate	368	(2)
Chemical Reduction of Concentrate	370	(5)
Pyrometallurgy of Oxides	375	(7)
Use of the Ellingham Diagram for Oxides	375	(2)
Iron Production	377	(2)
Steelmaking	379	(3)
Pyrometallurgy of Halides and Sulfides	382	(9)
Titanium and Titanium Dioxide	382	(2)
Silicon	384	(1)
Metal Sulfides	384	(7)
Organometallics	391	(20)
Alkyl Compounds of Some Main Group Metals	392	(3)
Group 12 Organometallics	392	(1)
Organometallics of Groups 1 and 2	393	(1)
Group 14 Organometallics	393	(2)
Organotransition Metal Compounds	395	(4)
Eighteen-Electron Rule	398	(1)
Transition Metal Complexes as Homogeneous Catalysts	399	(4)
Homogeneous Hydrogenation	400	(1)
Hydroformylation	401	(1)
The Wacker and Monsanto Processes	402	(1)
Olefin Polymerization Catalysts	403	(8)
Ziegler-Natta Catalysts	403	(2)
Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts	405	(6)
Some Newer Solid-state Technologies	411	(20)
Sol-Gel Science	411	(5)
Gels from Hydrolysis of Metal Aqua Ions	411	(1)
Gels from Hydrolysis of Alkoxides	412	(1)
Xerogels	413	(2)
Aerogels	415	(1)
Materials for Electronics	416	(6)
Deposition of Thin Layers	417	(2)
Some Simple Electronic Devices	419	(2)
Construction of Microelectronic Devices	421	(1)
Magnetic Materials and Superconductors	422	(9)
Magnetic Properties	422	(2)
Superconductivity	424	(7)
Appendix A Useful Constants	431	(2)
Appendix B The Chemical Elements: Standard Atomic Masses	433	(4)
Appendix C Chemical Thermodynamic Data	437	(14)
Appendix D Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions	451	(6)
Appendix E Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds	457	(2)
Appendix F Ionic Radii	459	(2)
Index	461