Interactive Statistics

by Aliaga, Martha; Gunderson, Brenda

• ISBN13: 9780130655974
• ISBN10: 013065597X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This volume takes a hands-on approach to the introduction of basic statistical methods, using a highly interactive method. Readers are taught to ask "why" and think like a statistician to find the logical solution. With its strong emphasis on data analysis, the book gives readers the skills to understand and interpret a variety of statistical results. Provides an overview of the basic components of decision-making and using statistical ideas. Helps readers master the language of statistics, the importance of a p-value, and the meaning of statistical significance. Includes coverage of current topics such as power of the test and effect size, bootstrap, and blocking designs in experiments. Usesexamples frombusiness, sports, economics, and more to address a wide range of interests. Includes chapter-ending TI Quick Steps for using calculators to enter, manipulate, and plot data. For anyone interested in learning more about statistics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
How to Make a Decision with Statistics	1	(74)
Introduction---Statistics and the Scientific Method	1	(1)
Decisions, Decisions	2	(2)
The Language of Statistical Decision Making	4	(10)
Testing Theories	4	(2)
How Do We Decide Which Theory to Support?	6	(4)
What Errors Could We Make?	10	(4)
What's in the Bag?	14	(26)
Forming a Decision Rule	16	(5)
More on the Direction of Extreme	21	(4)
How Unusual Are the Data? The p-value	25	(15)
Selecting Two Vouchers	40	(9)
Forming a Decision Rule	45	(3)
What's in the Bag? p-value When the Sample Size Is 2	48	(1)
Significant versus Important	49	(26)
Chapter Summary	52	(2)
Key Terms	54	(1)
Exercises	54	(21)
Producing Data	75	(54)
Introduction	75	(1)
Why Sample?	76	(1)
The Language of Sampling	76	(3)
Good Data?	79	(5)
Simple Random Sampling	84	(7)
Stratified Random Sampling	91	(7)
Systematic Sampling	98	(4)
Cluster Sampling	102	(4)
Multistage Sampling	106	(23)
Chapter Summary	111	(1)
Key Terms	112	(1)
Exercises	112	(16)
TI Quick Steps	128	(1)
Observational Studies and Experiments	129	(54)
Introduction	129	(1)
Why Study Studies?	130	(1)
The Language of Studies	130	(8)
Observation versus Experimentation	130	(1)
Relating Two Variables	131	(4)
A Problem Called Confounding	135	(3)
Understanding Observational Studies	138	(7)
Types of Observational Studies	139	(2)
Difficulties in Observational Studies	141	(4)
Understanding Experiments	145	(14)
Basic Terminology	145	(4)
Principles for Planning an Experiment	149	(10)
Reading with a Critical Eye	159	(3)
What about Ethics?	162	(21)
Chapter Summary	165	(1)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Exercises	167	(16)
Summarizing Data Graphically	183	(84)
Introduction	183	(1)
What Are We Summarizing?	184	(8)
Types of Variables	185	(3)
What? How? Who? When?	188	(2)
Distribution of a Variable	190	(2)
Displaying Distributions---Qualitative Variables	192	(17)
Pie Charts	192	(2)
Bar Graphs	194	(5)
Displaying Relationships between Two Qualitative Variables	199	(10)
Displaying Distributions---Quantitative Variables	209	(36)
Frequency Plots	209	(3)
Shapes of Distributions	212	(1)
Stem-and-Leaf Plots	213	(8)
Histograms	221	(10)
Time Plots	231	(6)
Scatterplots	237	(8)
Guidelines for Plots, Graphs, and Pictures	245	(22)
Chapter Summary	248	(1)
Key Terms	249	(1)
Exercises	249	(14)
TI Quick Steps	263	(4)
Summarizing Data Numerically	267	(58)
Introduction	267	(1)
Measuring Center	268	(12)
Mean	268	(3)
Median	271	(2)
Another Measure---The Mode	273	(1)
Which Measure of Center to Use?	274	(6)
Measuring Variation or Spread	280	(23)
Range	280	(1)
Interquartile Range	281	(1)
Five-number Summary	282	(9)
Standard Deviation	291	(12)
Linear Transformations and Standardization	303	(22)
Chapter Summary	310	(1)
Key Terms	310	(1)
Exercises	311	(12)
TI Quick Steps	323	(2)
Using Models to Make Decisions	325	(50)
Introduction	325	(1)
Why Do We Need to Know Models?	326	(1)
Modeling Continuous Variables	327	(27)
Normal Distributions	329	(20)
Uniform Distributions	349	(5)
Modeling Discrete Variables	354	(21)
Chapter Summary	360	(1)
Key Terms	361	(1)
Exercises	361	(9)
TI Quick Steps	370	(5)
How to Measure Uncertainty with Probability	375	(88)
Introduction	375	(1)
What Is Probability?	376	(1)
Simulating Probabilities	377	(10)
The Language of Probability	387	(35)
Sample Spaces and Events	387	(7)
Rules of Probabilities	394	(18)
Partitioning and Bayes's Rule	412	(10)
Random Variables	422	(41)
Discrete Random Variables	424	(6)
Binomial Random Variables	430	(9)
Continuous Random Variables	439	(10)
Chapter Summary	449	(2)
Key Terms	451	(1)
Exercises	451	(10)
TI Quick Steps	461	(2)
Sampling Distributions: Measuring the Accuracy of Sample Results	463	(54)
Introduction	463	(2)
Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion	465	(7)
Bias and Variability	472	(22)
Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean	494	(23)
Chapter Summary	509	(1)
Key Terms	510	(1)
Exercises	511	(5)
TI Quick Steps	516	(1)
Making Decisions about a Population Proportion with Confidence	517	(50)
Introduction	517	(1)
Learning about a Population Proportion	518	(1)
Testing Hypotheses about a Population Proportion	519	(19)
Confidence Interval Estimation for a Population Proportion	538	(13)
Determining a Sample Size	551	(4)
Using Confidence Intervals to Make Decisions	555	(12)
Chapter Summary	557	(2)
Key Terms	559	(1)
Exercises	559	(5)
TI Quick Steps	564	(3)
Making Decisions about a Population Mean with Confidence	567	(52)
Introduction	567	(1)
Testing Hypotheses about a Population Mean	568	(21)
Confidence Interval Estimation for a Population Mean	589	(12)
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing	601	(18)
Chapter Summary	605	(1)
Key Terms	606	(1)
Exercises	606	(6)
TI Quick Steps	612	(7)
Comparing Two Treatments	619	(68)
Introduction	619	(4)
Paired Samples versus Independent Samples	623	(4)
Paired Samples	627	(15)
Independent Samples: Comparing Means	642	(23)
Independent Samples: Comparing Proportions	665	(22)
Chapter Summary	674	(1)
Key Terms	675	(1)
Exercises	675	(7)
TI Quick Steps	682	(5)
Comparing Many Treatments	687	(56)
Introduction	687	(1)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	688	(7)
Assumptions in One-Way ANOVA	695	(2)
The F-distribution	697	(10)
Computational Details of One-Way ANOVA	707	(9)
How Do We Compute the F-Statistic?	708	(1)
Measuring Variation Between the Groups (MSB)	708	(1)
Measuring Variation Within the Groups (MSW)	709	(1)
Measuring Total Variation	709	(2)
Performing an ANOVA F-test Using the TI	711	(5)
Multiple Comparisons	716	(7)
Why Do We Need ANOVA?	716	(1)
Multiple Comparisons	717	(6)
Two-Way ANOVA and Interaction	723	(20)
Chapter Summary	729	(1)
Key Terms	730	(1)
Exercises	730	(3)
TI Quick Steps	733	(10)
Is There a Relationship Between Two or More Quantitative Variables?	743	(108)
Introduction	743	(1)
Displaying the Relationship	744	(3)
Modeling a Linear Relationship	747	(11)
Simple Linear Regression	747	(4)
Calculating the Least Squares Regression Line	751	(7)
Residual Analysis	758	(7)
Influential Points and Outliers	765	(4)
Statistically Significant Relationship?	769	(6)
Correlation: How Strong Is the Linear Relationship?	775	(21)
How to Calculate r	778	(8)
Relationship Between r and the Slope	786	(10)
Regression Effect	796	(3)
The Squared Correlation r2---What Does It Tell Us?	799	(1)
Inference in Simple Linear Regression	800	(21)
The Simple Linear Regression Model	801	(3)
Testing Hypotheses about the Linear Relationship	804	(6)
Predicting for an Individual versus Estimating the Mean	810	(3)
Checking Assumptions for Simple Linear Regression	813	(8)
Multiple Regression	821	(30)
Chapter Summary	828	(1)
Key Terms	829	(1)
Exercises	829	(12)
TI Quick Steps	841	(10)
Analysis of Count Data	851	(52)
Introduction	851	(1)
The Chi-Square Statistic	852	(5)
Test of Goodness of Fit	857	(9)
Test of Homogeneity	866	(11)
Test of Independence	877	(26)
Chapter Summary	891	(1)
Key Terms	892	(1)
Exercises	892	(7)
TI Quick Steps	899	(4)
What if the Assumptions Don't Hold?	903	(36)
Introduction	903	(1)
One Sample---Sign Test	904	(5)
Two Independent Samples---Rank Sum Test	909	(8)
Frame of Reference	911	(6)
Paired Samples---Signed Rank Test	917	(6)
Frame of Reference	918	(5)
Kruskal-Wallis Test	923	(16)
Chapter Summary	925	(1)
Key Terms	925	(1)
Exercises	925	(14)
Appendix	939	(20)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	959	(24)
Index	983