International Environmental Law and Policy

by Hunter, David; Salzman, James; Zaelke, Durwood

• ISBN13: 9781587780844
• ISBN10: 1587780844
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-12-01
• Publisher: West Group

Summary

Explores the dynamics of the lawmaking process and the increasingly critical role of transnational actors/citizens, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), scientists, and business. Discusses the relation of our scientific understanding to the legal response and the relation of the problem to the global economy. Includes explanation of the use of soft law, framework agreements, binding obligations, the precautionary principle, and polluter pays principle. Describes role of technology transfer and multilateral and bilateral financial mechanisms.

Table of Contents

Introduction	v
Note on the Internet and Treaty Supplement	ix
Foreword	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Table of Cases	xlix
I. The Creation and Development of International Environmental Law
The Wild Environmental Facts	1	(42)
Global Environmental Challenges	1	(9)
Local and Regional Environmental Challenges	10	(7)
Poverty	17	(5)
Synergies and Cliffs: The Non-linear Consequences of Linear Thinking	22	(4)
Human Activity and the Environment: The Problem of Scale	26	(9)
Decision-Making in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty	35	(8)
The Root Causes	43	(82)
Introduction	43	(1)
Consumption, Technology and Population	44	(56)
Cultural Values and Norms	100	(18)
Education	118	(7)
Economics and Sustainable Development	125	(41)
Introduction	125	(1)
Economics and Environmental Protection	126	(19)
Measuring the Economy: Redefining Progress	145	(6)
Reconceiving Economics and Ecology: Ecological Economics	151	(15)
A Brief History From Stockholm to Rio	166	(51)
Introduction	166	(4)
The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment	170	(8)
From Stockholm to Rio: The Emergence of Sustainable Development	178	(8)
UNCED and the Rio Declaration	186	(18)
The Post-Rio Era	204	(13)
International Institutions and Non-State Actors	217	(55)
The United Nations	219	(14)
Administering Treaties: CoPs, Secretariats and Subsidiary Bodies	233	(8)
Reforming the UN for Environmental Protection	241	(13)
The Role of Non-State Actors	254	(18)
International Environmental Lawmaking	272	(99)
Introduction: The Changing Nature of International Law	272	(19)
Traditional Sources of Law	291	(58)
Innovations in International Environmental Lawmaking	349	(18)
Building Consensus	367	(4)
Principles and Concepts in International Environmental Law	371	(68)
Introduction	371	(8)
Principles Shaping International Environmental Law and Policy	379	(60)
Making International Environmental Law Work: Improving Compliance and Resolving Disputes	439	(58)
Introduction: Evaluating Effectiveness	439	(9)
Implementation and Compliance	448	(31)
Responding to Non-Compliance	479	(9)
Dispute Avoidance and Dispute Resolution	488	(9)
II. International Environmental Protection
The Law of Air and Atmosphere	497	(157)
Introduction to Air Pollution Issues	498	(6)
Customary International Law and Transboundary Air Pollution	504	(9)
Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution	513	(13)
Ozone Depletion	526	(62)
Climate Change	588	(66)
Oceans and Seas	654	(115)
History and Background	655	(18)
Conservation of Living Marine Resources	673	(34)
Marine Pollution From Ships	707	(40)
Land-Based Marine Pollution	747	(12)
Marine Pollution From Deep Seabed Mining	759	(10)
Freshwater Resources	769	(61)
Introduction	769	(5)
The Law of International Watercourses	774	(35)
Cross-Cutting Themes and Current Issues	809	(21)
Hazardous Wastes and Materials	830	(79)
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes	831	(35)
Chemical Manufacture and Exports	866	(26)
International Regulation of Nuclear Activities	892	(17)
Wildlife and Biodiversity	909	(119)
History and Background	909	(23)
The Biodiversity Convention	932	(44)
Wildlife Conservation	976	(29)
Trade in Endangered Species	1005	(23)
Protection of Habitat	1028	(97)
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands	1028	(9)
World Cultural and Natural Heritage Introduction	1037	(7)
The Polar Regions	1044	(31)
International Protection of Forests	1075	(34)
Desertification	1109	(16)
III. International Environmental Law and Other Legal Regimes
Environmental Law and International Trade	1125	(155)
The Trade and Environment Debate	1127	(19)
The Multilateral Trading System	1146	(44)
Trade in the Americas	1190	(70)
Trade in the European Union	1260	(8)
Foreign Investment and the Environment	1268	(12)
Human Rights and Environment	1280	(95)
Introduction	1280	(12)
Human Rights That Benefit Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development	1292	(25)
Using Human Rights Systems to Enforce Environmental Human Rights	1317	(20)
Using National Courts to Enforce Human Rights	1337	(30)
Applying Environmental Human Rights Directly to Corporations	1367	(8)
National Security, The Law of War, and Environmental Protection	1375	(30)
National Security And Environmental Protection	1375	(4)
The Law of War and Environmental Protection	1379	(26)
International Corporate Standards	1405	(29)
Transnational Corporations & the Global Economy	1405	(4)
Corporate Codes of Conduct	1409	(11)
Environmental Management Systems	1420	(14)
Extraterritorial Application of Domestic Environmental Law	1434	(40)
Introduction	1434	(2)
Authority to Regulate Extraterritorially	1436	(2)
The Extraterritorial Reach of U.S. Statutes	1438	(2)
Application of U.S. Environmental Statutes	1440	(19)
Trade Sanctions	1459	(3)
Foreign Claims in Domestic Courts	1462	(12)
Environmental Protection and International Finance	1474	(43)
Introduction	1474	(2)
The World Bank Group	1476	(18)
The International Monetary Found	1494	(7)
The Global Environment Facility	1501	(4)
Alternative Funding Mechanisms	1505	(12)
Annex I. Researching International Environmental Law	1517	(6)
Index	1523