International Relations : The New World of International Relations

by Roskin, Michael G.; Berry, Nicholas O.

• ISBN13: 9780131174511
• ISBN10: 0131174517
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This introduction to international relations employs an exceptionally readable style that avoids jargon and abstract theory by blending basic concepts and vocabulary with a substantial amount of historical background and examples from current events. This readable style combined with new pedagogy allows readers to better understand how International Relations can and does affect their lives.Examines the many possible causes of war, ranging from human nature to aggressive states to international anarchy; Discusses the challenge of terrorism (especially the impact of 9/11 and its aftermath); Extensively covers the 2003 war and its aftermath in relation to oil and the Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union to Russian transition, Latin American and Africa, and Key figure profiles.For careers in International Relations, World Politics, and Globalization.

Table of Contents

Feature Boxes	xiii
Preface	xxi
Part I The Cold War Come and Gone	1	(108)
Strange New World: Power and Systems in Transformation	3	(20)
The European Balance-of-Power System	4	(5)
The Unstable Interwar System	9	(2)
The Bipolar Cold War System	11	(2)
What Kind of New System?	13	(5)
Are States Here to Stay?	18	(1)
Is Sovereignty Slipping?	19	(2)
Key Terms	21	(1)
Key Web Sites	22	(1)
Further Reference	22	(1)
America's Changing National Interests	23	(17)
Independence	23	(2)
Manifest Destiny	25	(3)
Imperialism	28	(2)
World War I	30	(1)
Isolationism	31	(1)
World War II	32	(1)
The Cold War	33	(5)
Key Terms	38	(1)
Key Web Sites	38	(1)
Further Reference	38	(2)
``Wrong, Terribly Wrong'': The United States and Vietnam	40	(18)
The Colonized Colonialists	41	(2)
The First Indochina War	43	(3)
The United States and the Geneva Accords	46	(2)
Kennedy's Commitment	48	(2)
LBJ: Victim or Villain?	50	(2)
Extrication without Humiliation	52	(2)
Morality and Feasibility	54	(3)
Key Terms	57	(1)
Key Web Sites	57	(1)
Further Reference	57	(1)
Can the United States Lead the World?	58	(18)
From Interventionism to Caution	59	(1)
Are Americans Basically Isolationists?	60	(3)
The Continuity Principle	63	(3)
A Contrary Congress	66	(2)
Is the Structure Defective?	68	(2)
Do Bureaucracies Make Foreign Policy?	70	(3)
The Unilateralist Temptation	73	(1)
To Lead or Not to Lead?	74	(1)
Key Terms	74	(1)
Key Web Sites	75	(1)
Further Reference	75	(1)
From Russia to the Soviet Union	76	(15)
Invasion from the West	78	(2)
War and Bolshevism	80	(2)
Spreading the Revolution	82	(2)
Stalin's Policy Mistakes	84	(2)
The Great Patriotic War	86	(1)
Yalta	87	(1)
The Cold War	88	(2)
Key Terms	90	(1)
Key Web Sites	90	(1)
Further Reference	90	(1)
From the Soviet Union Back to Russia	91	(18)
Khrushchev and the Loss of China	91	(1)
Restive East Europe	92	(2)
Khrushchev and the Cuban Missiles	94	(2)
Brezhnev and Detente	96	(1)
Afghanistan: A Soviet Vietnam	97	(2)
Why the Soviet Collapse?	99	(1)
Gorbachev and Collapse	100	(2)
Is Foreign Policy Generated Internally or Externally?	102	(2)
Restoring Russian Power	104	(3)
Key Terms	107	(1)
Key Web Sites	107	(1)
Further Reference	108	(1)
Part II The Global South	109	(86)
South Africa and the End of Colonialism	111	(13)
The Colonial Mentality	113	(3)
The Wind of Change	116	(3)
Reform instead of Revolution	119	(1)
God Save Africa	120	(2)
Key Terms	122	(1)
Key Web Sites	123	(1)
Further Reference	123	(1)
Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land?	124	(17)
The Making of Jewish Nationalism	124	(2)
The Making of Arab Nationalism	126	(2)
World War I and the Mandate	128	(3)
The 1948 War	131	(1)
The 1956 War	131	(1)
The Six-Day War	132	(3)
The 1973 War	135	(1)
The Rise of Palestinian Nationalism	135	(2)
The 1982 War	137	(1)
Is There Hope?	137	(2)
Lessons of the Arab-Israeli Conflict	139	(1)
Key Terms	140	(1)
Key Web Sites	140	(1)
Further Reference	140	(1)
Oil and Turmoil: The Persian Gulf	141	(17)
Irascible Iran	142	(5)
The First Gulf War	147	(2)
The Second Gulf War	149	(3)
The Third Gulf War	152	(2)
Could Arabia Go the Way of Iran?	154	(2)
Lessons of Three Gulf Wars	156	(1)
Key Terms	156	(1)
Key Web Sites	156	(1)
Further Reference	157	(1)
The Troubled Americas: Our Neglected South	158	(18)
Spain Colonizes the New World	160	(1)
Economic Dependency	161	(2)
Central America and the Caribbean	163	(1)
The Pattern of U.S. Intervention	164	(4)
Cuba Leaves the U.S. Sphere	168	(2)
Mexico: Drugs and Democracy	170	(2)
What Can We Do?	172	(2)
Key Terms	174	(1)
Key Web Sites	174	(1)
Further Reference	175	(1)
Economic Development: The Rich and the Poor	176	(19)
The Roots of Poverty	177	(3)
Why Did the West Rise?	180	(4)
The Population Explosion	184	(2)
The Great Migration	186	(3)
Socialist versus Market Paths	189	(1)
Can Capitalism Uplift the Global South?	190	(3)
Key Terms	193	(1)
Key Web Sites	193	(1)
Further Reference	193	(2)
Part III The Eternal Threats	195	(58)
Why Wars?	196	(14)
Micro Theories of War	196	(3)
State-Level Theories of War	199	(2)
Macro Theories of War	201	(1)
Power Asymmetries	202	(1)
Misperception	203	(4)
The Power Dilemma	207	(1)
The Danger of Analogies	208	(1)
Key Terms	209	(1)
Key Web Sites	209	(1)
Further Reference	209	(1)
National Security: How States Protect Themselves	210	(14)
Technology and Security	212	(1)
Defense	213	(2)
Deterrence	215	(3)
Detente Diplomacy	218	(3)
Disarmament	221	(1)
A Combination	222	(1)
Key Terms	222	(1)
Key Web Sites	223	(1)
Further Reference	223	(1)
The Dangers of Nuclear Proliferation	224	(16)
Weapon of War	225	(1)
Nuclear Deterrence	226	(3)
Alliance Building	229	(1)
International Prestige	229	(1)
Deterrence Reconsidered	230	(1)
Nuclear Proliferation	230	(1)
Arms Control	231	(2)
The Nuclear Proliferators	233	(2)
What Would Happen If Nukes Were Used?	235	(1)
Nuclear Doom?	236	(2)
Key Terms	238	(1)
Key Web Sites	239	(1)
Further Reference	239	(1)
The Challenge of Terrorism	240	(13)
The Middle East Past	243	(2)
How to Modernize the Middle East	245	(2)
Which Way for U.S. Policy?	247	(4)
Lessons of Terror	251	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Key Web Sites	252	(1)
Further Reference	252	(1)
Part IV The Economic Blocs	253	(50)
Europe Divorces America	254	(17)
The Horrors of Ex-Yugoslavia	256	(3)
The Crumbling of NATO	259	(2)
Europe Gropes for Unity	261	(4)
Europe on Its Own?	265	(2)
The Challenge of Trade Blocs	267	(2)
Key Terms	269	(1)
Key Web Sites	270	(1)
Further Reference	270	(1)
Asia: China as Number One	271	(18)
A History of Exaggerations	274	(1)
Which Way for China?	275	(1)
Japan Encounters the West	276	(2)
The Road to Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima	278	(3)
From Rubble to Riches	281	(2)
What Went Wrong?	283	(4)
Key Terms	287	(1)
Key Web Sites	287	(1)
Further Reference	287	(2)
The United States and Globalization	289	(14)
What Is a Dollar Worth?	289	(3)
The Biggest Debtor	292	(3)
Globalization and Its Enemies	295	(3)
The Coming of NAFTA	298	(2)
Trade Wars?	300	(2)
Key Terms	302	(1)
Key Web Sites	302	(1)
Further Reference	302	(1)
Part V The Politics of a New World	303	(63)
Diplomacy	304	(15)
The Rise and Decline of Diplomacy	305	(3)
The Uses of an Anachronism	308	(1)
Diplomats	309	(2)
Inside an Embassy	311	(3)
Diplomacy and War	314	(4)
Key Terms	318	(1)
Key Web Sites	318	(1)
Further Reference	318	(1)
International Law	319	(16)
Consistency and Reciprocity	320	(2)
Origins of International Law	322	(1)
Commands	323	(2)
Sanctions	325	(2)
Self-Help	327	(2)
Recognition	329	(1)
IL and Individuals	330	(1)
Territory	330	(2)
War	332	(1)
The Future of IL	332	(1)
Key Terms	333	(1)
Key Web Sites	333	(1)
Further Reference	334	(1)
The United Nations	335	(17)
Theory of World Government	335	(1)
The Short, Sad League of Nations	336	(4)
The Rise of the UN	340	(2)
The UN: Early Idealism	342	(1)
Disillusion with the UN	343	(2)
The Uses of the UN	345	(2)
The Functionalist Dream	347	(2)
The UN: Humankind's Last, Best Hope?	349	(1)
Key Terms	350	(1)
Key Web Sites	350	(1)
Further Reference	351	(1)
Giving Peace a Chance	352	(14)
War as an Instrument of Policy	352	(1)
The Future of War	353	(3)
Peace Operations	356	(1)
Preventive Diplomacy	357	(1)
Peacemaking	357	(1)
Peacekeeping	358	(3)
Peace Enforcement	361	(2)
Peace Building	363	(1)
Beyond War?	364	(1)
Key Terms	364	(1)
Key Web Sites	365	(1)
Further Reference	365	(1)
Index	366

Excerpts

Most young people now enter college with little or no background in twentieth-century history. Ask students questions about its major events and you are likely to face silence. It is all news to them. But they cannot be blamed; they don't know it because they have never been taught. Accordingly, we take it as our task to do considerable backfilling in recent history, which we arrange largely by geographic area and use to illustrate one or more concepts of international relations. Many instructors have thanked us for this approach. Some new texts in international relations pay relatively little attention to history, leaping instead into the future. These are the "world-order" texts that, we think, implicitly argue the following: "The twentieth century was a horrible century that showed the worst that humans can do to each other. But it was only an episode in the maturation of humankind and has little to teach us. The twenty-first century, a time of global cooperation, ecology, and equality, is upon us. We must concentrate on it and not on the unhappy past." We find "world-order" approaches unjustified, or at least grossly premature. The world became more complex after the Cold War, which kept numerous problems suppressed or frozen. And the mechanisms to deal with these problems still depend on sovereign nations deciding if and when they want to participate. When people are determined to fight for what they believe is justly theirs, UN "peacekeeping" forces are useless. War--"contending by force," in Grotius's classic words--remains a part of international relations and cannot be wished away. Although we admit in the concluding chapter that war is losing its effectiveness in settling disputes, conflict is still the "stuff" of international politics. If world order does break out, rest assured we will be among the first to write a textbook on it. We begin in Chapter I with system change and an overview of the international systems that have marked modern history. The post-Cold War system still defies easy characterization.Multipolaris perhaps too general a term; we considerstratified, globalized, clash of civilizations,and other models, most of them with major economic components. The chapter also introduces the concepts of power, state, and sovereignty, which we believe are still fundamental to international relations. System change has touched almost everything in international affairs, not just the obvious--the end of Cold War bipolarity between the superpowers. Unfortunately, the changes have been hard to anticipate and sometimes have led to increased violence. In the Persian Gulf, a tyrannical ruler strove to expand his realm because his previous superpower patron could no longer restrain him. Economic relations among the major industrial blocs--Europe, the Pacific Rim, America--have grown testier; fear of the Soviets no longer holds them together under a U.S. strategic umbrella. Proliferation of nuclear weapons, a minor issue during the Cold War, has become a major issue. The United Nations, previously little more than a talk shop, has developed as a crisis stabilizer. We discuss these and other spinoffs of system change in this book. We believe that, because system change is occurring before our very eyes, IR is more exciting and relevant than ever. In this new world there are new threats to guard against and new opportunities to take advantage of. As in earlier editions, we are trying to awaken newcomers to the field to its fascinating and sometimes dramatic qualities, as well as acquaint them with its basic concepts and vocabulary. Toward this end we include feature boxes titled "Concepts" and "Classic Thought," as well as "Economics," "Turning Point," "Diplomacy," and "Geography" boxes. We also include "Reflections" boxes, which recall our personal experiences or ponder issues that affect students personally, to show that IR is not a