Internetworking Ipv6 With Cisco Routers

by Gai, Silvano; Gia, Silvano

• ISBN13: 9780070228368
• ISBN10: 0070228361
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-02-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill

Summary

A global internetworking guru delivers the hands-on guide to one of he industry's newest and most powerful partnerships the use of IPv6 (the new internet Protocol) with Cisco Routers (specialized computers designed solely to move data through the Internet). Step by step, Gai shows how to migrate from the old IPv4 to today's IPv6, and further reveals how to maximize IPv6 to transmit live audio, and video on demand. This is the first guide to the network layer protocol that will power the Internet and intranets in the next millennium.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Chapter 1 Overview	1	(22)
1.1 Why IPv6?	2	(4)
1.1.1 Why a New Address Scheme?	3	(3)
1.1.2 Best Effort: Is It Enough?	6	(1)
1.2 Requirements to Be Met by IPv6	6	(9)
1.2.1 An Address Space to Last Forever	7	(1)
1.2.2 Multicast and Anycast Addresses	8	(1)
1.2.3 To Unify Intranets and the Internet	8	(1)
1.2.4 Using LANs Better	9	(1)
1.2.5 Security	9	(1)
1.2.6 Routing	10	(1)
1.2.7 A Good Support for ATM	11	(1)
1.2.8 The Concept of Flow	12	(1)
1.2.9 Priorities	12	(1)
1.2.10 Plug and Play	13	(1)
1.2.11 Mobility	13	(1)
1.2.12 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6	14	(1)
1.3 Choice Criteria	15	(1)
1.4 The Path Toward Standardization	16	(2)
1.4.1 TUBA	17	(1)
1.4.2 IPv7, TP/IX, CATNIP	17	(1)
1.4.3 IP in IP, IPAE	17	(1)
1.4.4 SIP	18	(1)
1.4.5 PIP	18	(1)
1.4.6 SIPP	18	(1)
1.5 The Evaluation	18	(1)
1.6 The Final Decision	19	(1)
1.7 Conclusion	19	(4)
Chapter 2 An Overview of IPv6	23	(16)
2.1 Terminology	24	(1)
2.2 Architecture of a Network	24	(1)
2.3 Addresses and Names	25	(1)
2.4 Routers and Internetworking	26	(1)
2.5 The Routing Table	27	(1)
2.6 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Addresses	28	(2)
2.7 Neighbor Discovery	30	(2)
2.7.1 Router Advertisement	30	(1)
2.7.2 Router Solicitation	31	(1)
2.7.3 Routing Redirect	31	(1)
2.7.4 Neighbor Solicitation	32	(1)
2.7.5 Neighbor Advertisement	32	(1)
2.8 Encapsulation of IPv6 on LANs	32	(1)
2.9 Impact of IPv6 on Upper Layers	33	(1)
2.10 Modifications to Sockets	34	(2)
2.10.1 New Macro Definition	34	(1)
2.10.2 Definition of the Data Structure for IPv6 Addresses	34	(1)
2.10.3 The socket () Function	35	(1)
2.10.4 Interoperability	35	(1)
2.10.5 Mapping Names into Addresses and Vice Versa	35	(1)
2.10.6 Mapping Binary Addresses into ASCII Addresses and Vice Versa	36	(1)
2.11 Domain Name Service (DNS) Modifications	36	(1)
2.12 DHCP Servers	37	(2)
Chapter 3 IPv6 Headers	39	(18)
3.1 The IPv6 Header	40	(5)
3.1.1 Version	40	(1)
3.1.2 Priority	40	(1)
3.1.3 Flow Label	41	(1)
3.1.4 Payload Length	42	(1)
3.1.5 Next Header	43	(1)
3.1.6 Hop Limit	43	(1)
3.1.7 Source Address	43	(1)
3.1.8 Destination Address	43	(2)
3.1.9 Examples of IPv6 Packets	45	(1)
3.2 Extension Header	45	(10)
3.2.1 Extension Headers Order	46	(1)
3.2.2 Options	47	(1)
3.2.3 Hop-by-Hop Options Header	48	(1)
3.2.4 The Jumbo Payload Option	49	(1)
3.2.5 Routing Header	50	(1)
3.2.6 Fragment Header	51	(1)
3.2.7 The Fragmentation Process	52	(1)
3.2.8 Destination Options Header	53	(1)
3.2.9 No Next Header	54	(1)
3.2.10 Security Header	54	(1)
3.3 Size of IPv6 Packets	55	(2)
Chapter 4 IPv6 Addresses	57	(26)
4.1 The Addressing Space	58	(2)
4.2 Syntax of IPv6 Addresses	60	(2)
4.3 Types of IPv6 Addresses	62	(1)
4.4 The Addressing Model	63	(1)
4.5 Assignment of IPv6 Addresses	64	(1)
4.6 Unicast Addresses	64	(9)
4.6.1 Example of a Unicast Address	65	(1)
4.6.2 Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses	66	(1)
4.6.3 Geographic-Based Addresses	67	(1)
4.6.4 Link Local Addresses	68	(1)
4.6.5 Site Local Addresses	69	(1)
4.6.6 The Unspecified Address	70	(1)
4.6.7 The Loopback Address	70	(1)
4.6.8 IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses	71	(1)
4.6.9 NSAP Addresses	71	(2)
4.6.10 IPX Addresses	73	(1)
4.7 Anycast Addresses	73	(2)
4.8 Multicast Addresses	75	(5)
4.8.1 Predefined Multicast Addresses	77	(3)
4.9 Which Addresses for a Node?	80	(1)
4.9.1 Addresses of a Host	80	(1)
4.9.2 Addresses of a Router	80	(1)
4.10 The EUI-64 Interface Identifier	81	(2)
Chapter 5 ICMPv6	83	(20)
5.1 Protocol Overview	84	(1)
5.2 Packets Format	84	(1)
5.3 ICMP Message Transmission	85	(1)
5.4 Error Messages	86	(4)
5.4.1 Destination Unreachable	86	(1)
5.4.2 Packet Too Big	87	(1)
5.4.3 Time Exceeded	88	(1)
5.4.4 Parameter Problems	89	(1)
5.5 Informational Messages	90	(13)
5.5.1 Echo Request Message	90	(1)
5.5.2 Echo Reply Message	91	(1)
5.5.3 Group Membership Messages	91	(1)
5.5.4 Router Solicitation Message	92	(1)
5.5.5 Router Advertisement Message	93	(2)
5.5.6 Neighbor Solicitation Message	95	(1)
5.5.7 Neighbor Advertisement Message	96	(1)
5.5.8 Redirect Message	96	(2)
5.5.9 Options Format	98	(1)
5.5.10 Source/Target Link Layer Address Option	98	(1)
5.5.11 Prefix Information Option	99	(1)
5.5.12 Redirect Header Option	100	(1)
5.5.13 MTU Option	101	(2)
Chapter 6 Neighbor Discovery	103	(22)
6.1 Terminology	104	(1)
6.2 Link Types	105	(1)
6.3 Neighbor Discovery Service	106	(4)
6.3.1 Router and Prefix Discovery	106	(2)
6.3.2 The Address Resolution	108	(1)
6.3.3 Redirect Function	109	(1)
6.3.4 Other Functions	109	(1)
6.4 Data Structures of a Host	110	(3)
6.4.1 Neighbor Cache	111	(1)
6.4.2 Destination Cache	111	(1)
6.4.3 Prefix List	111	(1)
6.4.4 Default Router List	112	(1)
6.4.5 An Example of a Cache	112	(1)
6.4.6 Possible States Associated with Entries	112	(1)
6.5 Transmission Algorithm of a Packet	113	(2)
6.6 Neighbor Unreachability Detection	115	(1)
6.7 Address Autoconfiguration	116	(5)
6.7.1 Stateless Autoconfiguration	116	(2)
6.7.2 Site Renumbering	118	(1)
6.7.3 DHCPv6 and Stateful Autoconfiguration	119	(2)
6.7.4 Duplicate Address Detection	121	(1)
6.8 IPv6 on Ethernet	121	(4)
6.8.1 Frame Format	121	(1)
6.8.2 Link Local Addresses	122	(1)
6.8.3 Link Source/Target Addresses	122	(1)
6.8.4 Multicast Addresses	122	(3)
Chapter 7 The Routing in IPv6	125	(26)
7.1 Terminology	126	(1)
7.2 Network Model	127	(2)
7.3 Routing Algorithms	129	(5)
7.3.1 Static Routing	129	(1)
7.3.2 Metrics	130	(1)
7.3.3 Distance Vector	131	(1)
7.3.4 Path Vector	132	(1)
7.3.5 Link State	132	(1)
7.3.6 Redistribution	133	(1)
7.3.7 Multi-Protocol Routing	133	(1)
7.4 Routing in IPv6	134	(4)
7.4.1 RIPv6	134	(1)
7.4.2 OSPFv6	135	(2)
7.4.3 IDRPv2	137	(1)
7.4.4 Other Routing Protocols	138	(1)
7.5 Relationships between Addressing and Routing	138	(8)
7.5.1 Internet Structure	139	(1)
7.5.2 IPv4 Problems	140	(1)
7.5.3 The IPv6 Solution	140	(1)
7.5.4 Drawbacks for Users	141	(1)
7.5.5 Multihomed Routing Domains	142	(3)
7.5.6 Tunnel	145	(1)
7.5.7 Private Links	146	(1)
7.6 Multicast Routing	146	(1)
7.7 Intranet	147	(4)
Chapter 8 Security Features of IPv6	151	(16)
8.1 Security Features	153	(5)
8.1.1 Authentication Header (AH)	153	(1)
8.1.2 Authentication Techniques	154	(2)
8.1.3 Encrypted Security Payload (ESP)	156	(2)
8.2 Key Management	158	(2)
8.2.1 Manual Key Management	158	(1)
8.2.2 Automatic Key Management	159	(1)
8.3 Application of IPv6 Security Features	160	(5)
8.3.1 Private Virtual Networks	160	(3)
8.3.2 Application-Level Security	163	(1)
8.3.3 Routing Security	164	(1)
8.4 Future Directions	165	(2)
Chapter 9 IPv6 over ATM	167	(24)
9.1 Defined Aspects	170	(4)
9.1.1 LLC/SNAP Encapsulation	170	(2)
9.1.2 VC Multiplexing	172	(1)
9.1.3 AAL Type 5	173	(1)
9.2 Work in Progress	174	(7)
9.2.1 Neighbor Discovery	174	(2)
9.2.2 Address Autoconfiguration	176	(1)
9.2.3 ICMP Redirect	176	(1)
9.2.4 MARS (Multicast Address Resolution Server)	177	(1)
9.2.5 NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)	177	(4)
9.3 Alternative Approaches	181	(10)
9.3.1 IP Switching	181	(3)
9.3.2 Tag Switching	184	(3)
9.3.3 Other Approaches	187	(4)
Chapter 10 User Mobility in IPv6	191	(16)
10.1 Mobility Problems	192	(2)
10.2 Operation of a Mobile Host in IPv6	194	(1)
10.3 Examples of Operation of a Mobile Host in IPv6	195	(2)
10.4 Options Format	197	(5)
10.4.1 Binding Update Option	197	(2)
10.4.2 The Binding Acknowledgment Option	199	(1)
10.4.3 The Binding Request Option	200	(1)
10.4.4 The Home Address Option	201	(1)
10.5 Characteristics of Nodes	202	(1)
10.5.1 General Requirements	202	(1)
10.5.2 Router Requirements	202	(1)
10.5.3 Mobile Node Requirements	203	(1)
10.6 Transmission of Packets to a Mobile Node	203	(1)
10.7 Other Functions of Mobile Nodes	204	(3)
10.7.1 Mobility Detection	204	(1)
10.7.2 Multicast Traffic Handling	204	(1)
10.7.3 Home Again	205	(2)
Chapter 11 IPv6 and Multimedia Traffic	207	(20)
11.1 The Integrated Services Model	209	(2)
11.2 Coding of Multimedia Information	211	(1)
11.3 Reference Implementation	212	(3)
11.4 Traffic Control	215	(2)
11.4.1 The Packet Scheduler	215	(1)
11.4.2 Buffer Management	215	(1)
11.4.3 Packet Classification	216	(1)
11.4.4 Access Control	217	(1)
11.5 RSVP	217	(4)
11.5.1 Flowspec and Filterspec	219	(1)
11.5.2 Reservation Styles	219	(1)
11.5.3 Reservation by Receiver	220	(1)
11.5.4 The Soft-State Approach	220	(1)
11.5.5 Routing and Reservations	220	(1)
11.6 Integrated Services in an IP over ATM Architecture	221	(6)
11.6.1 The Service Model	223	(4)
Chapter 12 The Migration from IPv4 to IPv6	227	(14)
12.1 Tunneling	229	(4)
12.1.1 Alternative Tunneling Schemes	230	(2)
12.1.2 IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses	232	(1)
12.1.3 MTU	232	(1)
12.1.4 Hop Limit	233	(1)
12.1.5 Default Configured Tunnel	233	(1)
12.2 Dual Stack Approach	233	(1)
12.3 6-Bone	234	(7)
12.3.1 The 6-Bone Node at Politecnico di Torino	235	(1)
12.3.2 Registration to RIPE-NCC	236	(5)
Chapter 13 Cisco and IPv6	241	(16)
IPv6 in IOS(TM)	243	(4)
IPv6 commands	247	(6)
show ipv6 route	247	(1)
show ipv6 tunnel	248	(1)
show ipv6 neighbors	249	(1)
show ipv6 interface	249	(1)
show ipv6 traffic	250	(1)
traceroute ipv6	250	(1)
ping ipv6	250	(1)
ipv6 unicast-routing	250	(1)
interface tunnel	250	(1)
ipv6 address	251	(1)
ipv6 address ... eui-64	251	(1)
ipv6 unnumbered	251	(1)
ipv6 route	252	(1)
ipv6 mtu	252	(1)
ipv6 hop-limit	252	(1)
ipv6 auto-tunnel	252	(1)
RIP Protocol	253	(1)
BGP4+	253	(1)
ipv6 bgp redistribute connected	253	(1)
ipv6 bgp redistribute static	254	(1)
ipv6 bgp redistribute rip	254	(1)
ipv6 bgp neighbor	254	(1)
ipv6 bgp network	254	(1)
NAT	254	(3)
Appendix A Excerpts from RFCs	257	(12)
A.1 Routing Header Pseudo Code	257	(1)
A.2 Example of Routing Header Processing	258	(1)
A.3 Processing of ICMPv6 Packets	259	(1)
A.4 Addresses to Be Used During the Testing Phase	260	(3)
A.5 MTU of a Tunnel and Fragmentation	263	(1)
A.6 Transmission of IP Packets	264	(3)
References	267	(2)
Appendix B Analysis of IPv6 Packets	269	(10)
B.1 Introduction	269	(1)
B.2 Example of Decoding	269	(2)
B.3 TCP Packet	271	(1)
B.4 UDP Packet	272	(1)
B.5 Router Solicitation Packet	273	(1)
B.6 Router Advertisement Packet	274	(1)
B.7 Neighbor Solicitation Packet	275	(1)
B.8 Neighbor Advertisement Packet	276	(3)
Appendix C How to Obtain More Information	279	(4)
C.1 Author's Address	279	(1)
C.2 Author's WWW Address	279	(1)
C.3 Mailing List	279	(1)
C.4 Where You Can Find RFCs and Internet Drafts	280	(1)
C.5 The Playground Server	281	(1)
C.6 6-Bone	281	(1)
C.7 Other WWW Servers	282	(1)
Appendix D Glossary	283	(30)
Index	313