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Preface | p. xiii |
List of Contributors | p. xv |
Abbreviations | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Challenges of Constitutional Interpretation | p. 1 |
Comparing Interpretive Methods and Philosophies | p. 3 |
An Outline of What Follows | p. 4 |
The United States: Eclecticism in the Service of Pragmatism | p. 7 |
The Constitution's Origins and Structure | p. 8 |
Formation of the Constitution | p. 8 |
Basis of the Constitution: Popular versus State Sovereignty | p. 9 |
The Legislature and the Executive | p. 10 |
The Supreme Court | p. 12 |
Constitutional Amendment | p. 15 |
Problems and Methods of Interpretation | p. 17 |
General Problems of Constitutional Interpretation | p. 17 |
Early Examples of Constitutional Interpretation | p. 22 |
Text | p. 27 |
Ordinary meaning | p. 27 |
Technical meaning | p. 28 |
Textual structure | p. 29 |
'Holistic' interpretation | p. 29 |
Text and practice | p. 29 |
Constitutional Structure | p. 30 |
'Representation-reinforcing Review' | p. 33 |
Original Understanding | p. 35 |
Appeals to Justice | p. 38 |
Precedent | p. 40 |
Considerations of Administrability | p. 42 |
(Moderately) Disfavoured Interpretive Methods | p. 44 |
Presumptive interpretation | p. 44 |
Academic writing | p. 44 |
Non-United States law | p. 45 |
Conclusion | p. 47 |
Preferred interpretive techniques | p. 47 |
Eclecticism in practice | p. 48 |
Techniques and subjects | p. 48 |
Critical Evaluation | p. 49 |
Canada: From Privy Council to Supreme Court | p. 55 |
Introduction to Canada's Constitution | p. 55 |
Constitution Act 1867 | p. 55 |
Constitution Act 1982 | p. 56 |
Amending Procedures | p. 56 |
Charter of Rights | p. 58 |
Supreme Court of Canada | p. 58 |
Separation of Powers | p. 60 |
Problems of Interpretation | p. 61 |
Interpretation of the Residuary Clause | p. 61 |
Interpretation of the Two Lists | p. 66 |
Interpretation of the Charter of Rights | p. 69 |
Interpretation of Aboriginal Rights | p. 72 |
Interpretation of Judicial Independence | p. 73 |
Sources of Interpretation | p. 74 |
Constitution as Statute | p. 74 |
Legislative History | p. 77 |
Previous Decisions | p. 79 |
Academic Writings | p. 80 |
Comparative and International Sources | p. 80 |
Modes of Interpretation | p. 82 |
Originalism | p. 82 |
Progressive Interpretation | p. 84 |
Generous Interpretation | p. 87 |
Purposive Interpretation | p. 88 |
Unwritten Constitutional Principles | p. 90 |
Influences on Interpretation | p. 93 |
Bilingual and Bicultural Country | p. 93 |
Aboriginal Peoples | p. 95 |
Crisis Management by the Court | p. 96 |
Conclusions on Interpretation | p. 100 |
Dialogue between the Court and Legislatures | p. 100 |
Presumption of Constitutionality | p. 102 |
Formalism and Creativity | p. 103 |
Australia: Devotion to Legalism | p. 106 |
The Constitution's Origins and Structure | p. 106 |
The Constitution | p. 106 |
Judicial Review | p. 110 |
The Judges | p. 112 |
Problems and Methods of Interpretation | p. 114 |
Causes of Interpretive Difficulties | p. 114 |
Sources of Interpretive Principles | p. 115 |
Current Interpretive Methodology | p. 121 |
Words | p. 121 |
Context | p. 123 |
Extrinsic evidence of framers' intentions and purposes | p. 123 |
'Structural' principles and implications | p. 128 |
Precedent | p. 130 |
Deference to other branches | p. 130 |
Policy considerations | p. 131 |
Formal and conceptual analysis | p. 133 |
Comparative and international law | p. 135 |
Academic writings | p. 136 |
Weighing the Factors | p. 136 |
Application of Interpretive Methodology | p. 136 |
Grants of powers | p. 136 |
Limitations on power, including rights | p. 141 |
Changes Over Time: Recent Debates | p. 144 |
Implied rights | p. 145 |
Separation of powers | p. 148 |
Original meaning and framers' intent | p. 150 |
The Balance Between Legitimate and Illegitimate Creativity | p. 152 |
Institutional and Cultural Factors | p. 155 |
Critical Evaluation | p. 158 |
Germany: Balancing Rights and Duties | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Genesis | p. 162 |
Constitutive assembly | p. 163 |
Constitutent power and reunification | p. 165 |
The Basic Law: General Features | p. 167 |
Supremacy of the Constitution | p. 168 |
The constitutional structure | p. 168 |
Rights, duties, and institutional guarantees | p. 169 |
The amending process | p. 171 |
The Federal Constitutional Court | p. 172 |
Organization and composition | p. 173 |
Authority and jurisdiction | p. 174 |
Workload and decisional procedures | p. 175 |
Problems of Interpretation | p. 177 |
Conception of the Constitution | p. 177 |
An objective order of values | p. 179 |
Negative and positive rights | p. 183 |
The horizontality of rights | p. 184 |
Structures and relationships | p. 186 |
Sources of Interpretation | p. 189 |
Unwritten principles | p. 189 |
The written Constitution | p. 190 |
Historical materials | p. 191 |
Judicial precedents | p. 192 |
Academic writings | p. 193 |
Comparative and international materials | p. 194 |
Approaches to Interpretation | p. 196 |
Textual interpretation | p. 197 |
Drafting history | p. 197 |
Structural interpretation | p. 199 |
Teleological interpretation | p. 200 |
Proportionality | p. 201 |
Practical concordance | p. 203 |
Passive virtues and dialogical techniques | p. 204 |
Cultural and Institutional Determinants | p. 206 |
Parliamentary Government | p. 206 |
The Civil Law Tradition | p. 207 |
Legal Education and Scholarship | p. 208 |
Style of Judicial Decision-Making | p. 210 |
Specialization | p. 211 |
Conclusion | p. 212 |
India: From Positivism to Structuralism | p. 215 |
Introduction | p. 215 |
The Indian Constitution | p. 215 |
Salient Features | p. 216 |
Parliamentary government | p. 216 |
Federalism | p. 217 |
Bill of rights | p. 218 |
Directive principles | p. 220 |
Separation of powers | p. 221 |
Amendment of the Constitution | p. 221 |
Judicial review | p. 222 |
The Judges | p. 225 |
Problems and Methods of Interpretation | p. 226 |
The Choice of Methods | p. 226 |
Positivist and structuralist interpretation | p. 226 |
The colonial heritage | p. 227 |
The constituent assembly and the role of the judiciary | p. 227 |
The Legal Positivism of the Early Years | p. 229 |
External Aids to Interpretation | p. 232 |
Interpreting the Federal Distribution of Power | p. 232 |
Resolving Conflicts between Constitutional Provisions | p. 234 |
Freedom of religion | p. 234 |
Powers and privileges of legislatures | p. 235 |
Towards Sociological Interpretation | p. 236 |
Affirmative action for the weaker sections of society | p. 236 |
Freedom of speech | p. 238 |
Property rights | p. 239 |
Towards Structuralist Interpretation: the Basic Structure Doctrine | p. 242 |
Emergencies | p. 248 |
Post-emergency Judicial Activism | p. 251 |
Liberal interpretation of fundamental rights and directive principles | p. 251 |
Article 21 revisited | p. 252 |
International covenants and fundamental rights | p. 254 |
Competing values and balancing | p. 255 |
Procedural innovations for access to justice | p. 256 |
Transformation from adversarial to polycentric-law making through directions | p. 257 |
The independence of the judiciary | p. 259 |
The Court as a Political Institution | p. 261 |
Institutional and Cultural Factors | p. 263 |
Conclusion | p. 265 |
South Africa: From Constitutional Promise to Social Transformation | p. 266 |
Introduction to South Africa's Constitution | p. 266 |
Constitution, 1996 | p. 267 |
The Colonial Constitutional Order: the Union and Apartheid Constitutions | p. 268 |
Democratic Transition, Constitutional Principles and the 1993 Interim Constitution | p. 271 |
Regionalism and Cooperative Governance | p. 275 |
Rule of Law and the Bill of Rights | p. 278 |
Amending Procedures | p. 281 |
Constitutional Court | p. 282 |
Sources of Interpretation | p. 284 |
Constitution as Statute | p. 285 |
Legislative History | p. 286 |
Public Opinion and Constitutional Values | p. 287 |
International and Comparative Sources | p. 289 |
Modes of Interpretation | p. 292 |
Generous Interpretation | p. 292 |
Purposive Interpretation | p. 293 |
Positive Obligations and Accountability | p. 295 |
Duty to Develop the Common Law and Customary Law | p. 296 |
Internal Directives for Interpretation | p. 297 |
Problems of Interpretation | p. 298 |
Certification and the Problem of Future Constitutional Amendments | p. 299 |
Interpreting the Bill of Rights within the Frame of Dignity, Equality and Freedom | p. 302 |
Interpretation of Socio-economic Rights | p. 307 |
Interpretation of Regional and Concurrent Powers | p. 309 |
Influences on Interpretation | p. 314 |
History | p. 314 |
The Historical Exclusion of Indigenous Law and the Hope of Ubuntu | p. 316 |
Legal Legacies and Popular Experience of the Law | p. 318 |
Conclusion | p. 320 |
Conclusions | p. 321 |
Introduction | p. 321 |
Comparing Interpretive Methods and Philosophies | p. 325 |
The United States | p. 326 |
Canada | p. 328 |
Australia | p. 329 |
Germany | p. 330 |
India | p. 332 |
South Africa | p. 334 |
Explaining the Differences | p. 335 |
Legal Culture | p. 336 |
Judicial Appointments and Homogeneity | p. 337 |
Political Culture | p. 338 |
The Nature and Age of the Constitution | p. 341 |
'The Felt Necessities of the Time' | p. 343 |
Index | p. 347 |
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