Intonation

by Alan Cruttenden

• ISBN13: 9780521598255
• ISBN10: 0521598257
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-10-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

When originally published in 1986, this book was the first to survey intonation in all its aspects, both in English and universally. In this updated edition, while the basic descriptive facts of the form and use of intonation are presented in the British nuclear tone tradition, there is nevertheless extensive comparison with other theoretical frameworks, in particular with the ToBI framework, which has become widespread in the United States. In this new edition Alan Cruttenden has expanded the sections on historical background, different theoretical approaches and sociolinguistic variation. After introductory chapters on the physiology and acoustics of pitch, he describes in detail the forms and functions of intonation in English and discusses the sociolinguistic and dialectal variations in intonation. The concluding chapter provides an overview of the state of the art in intonational studies.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xi
Preface	xiii
Transcriptions	xv
Preliminaries	1	(12)
Prosodic features	1	(4)
Length, loudness, and pitch	2	(1)
Length	2	(1)
Loudness	2	(1)
Pitch	3	(2)
Summary	5	(1)
Auditory and instrumental	5	(1)
Prominence	6	(1)
Intonation	7	(1)
Tone languages	8	(2)
Pitch accent languages	10	(2)
Summary	12	(1)
Sources and further reading	12	(1)
Stress, Accent, and Rhythm	13	(13)
Stress and accent	13	(1)
Word-stress	14	(3)
English word-stress	15	(2)
Degrees of stress/accent	17	(3)
Rhythm	20	(2)
Prosodic hierarchies	22	(3)
Summary	25	(1)
Sources and further reading	25	(1)
The Forms of Intonation	26	(42)
The historical background to intonational studies	26	(3)
Intonation-groups	29	(9)
Pause	30	(2)
Other boundary markers	32	(3)
Internal structure as group marker	35	(1)
Problems in group delimitation	35	(3)
Contours and levels	38	(2)
Pitch accents and nucleus	40	(4)
Accent range, key, and register	44	(3)
Whole tunes and nuclear tones	47	(3)
English nuclear tones	50	(4)
Pre-nuclear pitch accents	54	(1)
Alternatives to nuclear tones	55	(11)
Autosegmental approaches (1)	56	(3)
Autosegmental approaches (2)	59	(7)
Summary and preview	66	(2)
Sources and further reading	66	(2)
The Functions of Intonation	68	(60)
Introduction	68	(1)
Intonation-groups	68	(5)
Nucleus placement	73	(14)
Broad focus	74	(6)
Narrow focus	80	(1)
New and old information	81	(1)
Contrastivity	82	(2)
Echoes	84	(1)
Insists	85	(1)
`Normal stress'	86	(1)
English nuclear tones	87	(36)
Local meanings	91	(1)
Falls	91	(2)
Rises (dependent)	93	(4)
Rises (independent)	97	(6)
Tonal sequences	103	(1)
Conditioning factors	104	(2)
Abstract meanings	106	(1)
A two-tone approach	106	(2)
A three-tone approach	108	(2)
A compositional approach	110	(4)
Tonal features	114	(1)
Accent range	115	(2)
Complexity	117	(2)
Stylisation	119	(1)
Declination and downstep	120	(3)
Key and register	123	(2)
Summary	125	(3)
Sources and further reading	125	(3)
Comparative Intonation	128	(44)
Introduction	128	(1)
Style, class, and sex	128	(3)
Dialectal variation	131	(7)
British English	133	(3)
Variation in English dialects outside Britain	136	(2)
Cross-linguistic comparisons	138	(23)
Comparative intonation-groupings	139	(1)
Comparative nucleus placement	139	(5)
Comparative tone: alternative models	144	(5)
Comparative tone: basic typology	149	(2)
Declaratives	151	(4)
Yes/no interrogatives	155	(4)
Question word interrogatives	159	(1)
Imperatives and exclamatives	160	(1)
Pre-nuclear accents	160	(1)
Stereotyped patterns and chants	161	(1)
Intonational universals	161	(3)
Declination	162	(1)
Tonal universals	163	(1)
Intonational change	164	(2)
Intonation acquisition	166	(3)
Summary	169	(3)
Sources and further reading	169	(3)
Conspectus	172	(8)
Prosodic, paralinguistic, and extralinguistic	172	(3)
Prosodic features	173	(1)
Paralinguistic effects	174	(1)
Intonation and punctuation	175	(2)
Intonation and gesture	177	(1)
State-of-the-art	178	(2)
Sources and further reading	178	(2)
References	180	(17)
Index	197