Introduction to Brain and Behavior & Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience, Second Edition CD-ROM

by Kolb, Bryan

• ISBN13: 9780716770695
• ISBN10: 0716770695
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Display
• Copyright: 2005-07-29
• Publisher: Worth Publishers
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

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Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?	1	(33)
Focus on Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury	1	(2)
Why Study Brain and Behavior?	2	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Linking Brain Function to Brain Injury	3	(2)
What Is the Brain?	5	(1)
Gross Structure of the Nervous System	6	(1)
What Is Behavior?	7	(2)
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior	8	(1)
Aristotle and Mentalism	9	(1)
Descartes and Dualism	9	(2)
Focus on New Research: The Origins of Spoken Language	11	(1)
Darwin and Materialism	11	(3)
Evolution of Brain and Behavior	13	(1)
Origin of Brain Cells and Brains	14	(1)
Classification of Life	14	(1)
Evolution of Animals with Nervous Systems	15	(1)
The Chordate Nervous System	16	(3)
Human Evolution	19	(1)
Humans: Members of the Primate Order	19	(1)
Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor	20	(1)
The First Humans	21	(1)
Evolution of the Human Brain	22	(1)
Brain Size and Behavior	22	(1)
Why the Hominid Brain Enlarged	23	(4)
Studying Brain and Behavior in Modern Humans	26	(1)
Fallacies of Human Brain-Size Comparisons	27	(1)
Culture	28	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Learning Disabilities	29	(5)
Summary	31	(1)
Key Terms	32	(1)
Review Questions	32	(1)
For Further Thought	32	(1)
Recommended Reading	32	(2)
How Does the Nervous System Function?	34	(40)
Focus on New Research: Optimizing Connections in the Brain	35	(1)
An Overview of Brain Function and Structure	36	(1)
The Brain's Primary Functions	36	(2)
Basic Brain Terminology	38	(2)
The Brain's Surface Features	40	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Meningitis and Encephalitis	42	(1)
The Brain's Internal Features	43	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Stroke	44	(1)
Microscopic Inspection: Cells and Fibers	45	(2)
Neuroanatomy and Functional Organization of the Nervous System	47	(1)
Evolutionary Development of the Nervous System	47	(1)
The Central Nervous System	48	(8)
The Somatic Nervous System	56	(4)
Focus on Disorders: Magendie, Bell, and Bell's Palsy	60	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	60	(2)
Eight Principles of Nervous System Function	62	(1)
Principle 1: The Sequence of Brain Processing Is ``In → Integrate → Out''	62	(2)
Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Exist Throughout the Nervous System	64	(1)
Principle 3: Many of the Brain's Circuits Are Crossed	65	(1)
Principle 4: The Brain Is Both Symmetrical and Asymmetrical	66	(1)
Principle 5: The Nervous System Works Through Excitation and Inhibition	66	(1)
Principle 6: The Central Nervous System Functions on Multiple Levels	67	(1)
Principle 7: Brain Systems Are Organized Both Hierarchically and in Parallel	68	(1)
Principle 8: Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized and Distributed	69	(5)
Summary	70	(2)
Key Terms	72	(1)
Review Questions	72	(1)
For Further Thought	72	(1)
Recommended Reading	72	(2)
What Are the Units of Nervous System Function?	74	(36)
Focus on New Research: Programming Behavior	75	(3)
Cells of the Nervous System	76	(2)
Neurons	78	(4)
Glial Cells	82	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Brain Tumors	83	(3)
Focus on Disorders: Multiple Sclerosis	86	(2)
Internal Structure of a Cell	87	(1)
Elements and Atoms	88	(1)
Molecules	89	(1)
Parts of a Cell	90	(9)
Genes, Cells, and Behavior	98	(1)
Chromosomes and Genes	99	(1)
Focus on New Research: Knocking out Genes	100	(1)
Genotype and Phenotype	101	(1)
Dominant and Recessive Alleles	102	(1)
Genetic Mutations	102	(1)
Mendel's Principles Apply to Genetic Disorders	103	(1)
Chromosome Abnormalities	104	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Huntington's Chorea	105	(1)
Genetic Engineering	106	(4)
Summary	108	(1)
Key Terms	109	(1)
Review Questions	109	(1)
For Further Thought	109	(1)
Recommended Reading	109	(1)
How Do Neurons Transmit Information?	110	(38)
Focus on Disorders: Epilepsy	111	(2)
Electricity and Neurons	112	(1)
Early Clues to Electrical Activity in the Nervous System	113	(3)
Modern Tools for Measuring a Neuron's Electrical Activity	116	(3)
How the Movement of Ions Creates Electrical Charges	119	(2)
Electrical Activity of a Membrane	121	(1)
Resting Potential	121	(2)
Graded Potentials	123	(2)
The Action Potential	125	(2)
Focus on New Research: Opening the Voltage-Sensitive Gates	127	(1)
The Nerve Impulse	128	(1)
Saltatory Conduction and Myelin Sheaths	129	(2)
How Neurons Integrate Information	131	(1)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials	131	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis	132	(1)
Summation of Inputs	133	(1)
The Axon Hillock	134	(1)
Into the Nervous System and Back Out	135	(1)
How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials	135	(1)
How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement	136	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Lou Gehrig's Disease	137	(2)
Studying the Brain's Electrical Activity	139	(1)
Single-Cell Recordings	139	(1)
EEG Recordings	140	(2)
Event-Related Potentials	142	(6)
Summary	144	(2)
Key Terms	146	(1)
Review Questions	146	(1)
For Further Thought	146	(1)
Recommended Reading	147	(1)
How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt?	148	(38)
Focus on Classic Research: The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat	149	(2)
A Chemical Message	150	(1)
Structure of Synapses	151	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Parkinson's Disease	152	(1)
Neurotransmission in Fours Steps	153	(3)
Varieties of Synapses	156	(1)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages	157	(1)
Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems	158	(1)
Varieties of Neurotransmitters	159	(1)
Identifying Neurotransmitters	159	(1)
Classifying Neurotransmitters	160	(3)
Focus on Disorders: Awakening with L-Dopa	163	(1)
Receptors for Direct and Indirect Effects	164	(3)
Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior	166	(1)
Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System	167	(1)
Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous System	167	(1)
Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System	168	(3)
Focus on Disorders: The Case of the Frozen Addict	171	(2)
Role of Synapses in Learning and Memory	172	(1)
Habituation Response	173	(2)
Sensitization Response	175	(2)
Long-Term Potentiation and Associative Learning	177	(3)
Learning at the Synapse	180	(1)
Focus on New Research: Dendritic Spines, Small but Mighty	181	(5)
Summary	183	(1)
Key Terms	184	(1)
Review Questions	184	(1)
For Further Thought	185	(1)
Recommended Reading	185	(1)
How Does the Brain Develop and Adapt?	186	(38)
Focus on Comparative Biology: Metamorphosis	187	(1)
Perspectives on Brain Development	188	(1)
Mr. Higgins Builds a House	188	(1)
Linking Brain and Behavioral Development	189	(2)
Neurobiology of Development	190	(1)
Gross Development of the Human Nervous System	191	(3)
Origins of Neurons and Glia	194	(1)
Growth and Development of Neurons	195	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Cerebral Palsy	196	(5)
Glial Development	201	(1)
Correlating Behavior with Brain Development	202	(1)
Motor Behaviors	202	(1)
Language Development	203	(1)
Development of Problem-Solving Ability	204	(3)
A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation	207
Brain Development and the Environment	208
Experience and Cortical Organization	205	(5)
Experience and Neural Connectivity	210	(1)
Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Development	211	(2)
Abnormal Experience and Brain Development	213	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Romanian Orphans	214	(1)
Hormones and Brain Development	214	(3)
Focus on New Research: Hormones and the Range of a Behavior	217	(1)
Injury and Brain Development	217	(1)
Drugs and Brain Development	218	(1)
Other Kinds of Abnormal Brain Development	218	(1)
Mental Retardation	219	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Schizophrenia	220	(4)
How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain?	220	(2)
Summary	222	(1)
Key Terms	222	(1)
Review Questions	223	(1)
For Further Thought	223	(1)
Recommended Reading	223	(1)
How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?	224	(42)
Focus on New Research: The Neural Basis of Drug Cravings	225	(2)
The Domoic Acid Mystery	226	(1)
Principles of Psychopharmacology	227	(1)
Drug Routes into the Nervous System	227	(4)
Individual Differences in Response to Psychoactive Drugs	231	(1)
Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists	231	(1)
An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action	232	(3)
Classification of Psychoactive Drugs	233	(2)
Antianxiety Agents and Sedative Hypnotics	235	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	236	(1)
Antipsychotic Agents	237	(1)
Antidepressants	238	(1)
Narcotic Analgesics	239	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Major Depression	240	(1)
Stimulants	241	(3)
Drugs, Experience, Context, and Genes	243	(1)
Tolerance	244	(1)
Sensitization	245	(2)
Addiction and Dependence	247	(1)
Explaining Drug Abuse	248	(2)
Behavior on Drugs	250	(2)
Why Doesn't Everyone Abuse Drugs?	252	(1)
Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage?	253	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Drug-Induced Psychosis	255	(3)
Hormones	257	(1)
Hierarchical Control of Hormones	258	(1)
Homeostatic Hormones	259	(1)
Gonadal Hormones	259	(1)
Stress Hormones	260	(1)
Ending a Stress Response	261	(5)
Summary	263	(1)
Key Terms	264	(1)
Review Questions	265	(1)
For Further Thought	265	(1)
Recommended Reading	265	(1)
How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World?	266	(40)
Focus on Disorders: Migraines and a Case of Blindsight	267	(2)
The Nature of Sensation and Perception	268	(1)
Sensory Experience and Sensory Reality	269	(1)
Focus on New Research: Testing Vision in Nonhuman Subjects	270	(1)
Analyzing Sensory Information	270	(2)
Anatomy of the Visual System	272	(1)
Light: The Stimulus for Vision	272	(1)
Structure of the Eye	273	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Optical Errors of Refraction and Visual Illuminance	275	(1)
Photoreceptors	276	(2)
Retinal-Neuron Types	278	(1)
Visual Pathways	279	(1)
Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams	280	(5)
Location in the Visual World	284	(1)
Coding Location in the Retina	285	(1)
Location in the LGN and Cortical Region V1	285	(2)
The Visual Corpus Callosum	287	(1)
Neural Activity	288	(1)
Seeing Shape	288	(6)
Seeing Color	294	(3)
Neural Activity in the Dorsal Stream	297	(1)
The Visual Brain in Action	298	(1)
Injury to the Visual Pathway Leading to the Cortex	298	(1)
Injury to the ``What'' Pathway	299	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	300	(2)
Injury to the ``How'' Pathway	302	(4)
Summary	302	(2)
Key Terms	304	(1)
Review Questions	304	(1)
For Further Thought	304	(1)
Recommended Reading	305	(1)
How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music?	306	(36)
Focus on New Research: The Evolution of Language and Music	307	(2)
Sound Waves: The Stimulus for Audition	308	(1)
Physical Properties of Sound Waves	309	(3)
Perception of Sound	312	(1)
Properties of Language and Music As Sounds	313	(2)
Anatomy of the Auditory System	314	(1)
Structure of the Ear	315	(2)
Auditory Receptors	317	(1)
Pathways to the Auditory Cortex	318	(1)
Auditory Cortex	319	(2)
Neural Activity and Hearing	321	(1)
Hearing Pitch	321	(1)
Detecting Loudness	322	(1)
Detecting Location	322	(2)
Detecting Patterns in Sound	324	(1)
Anatomy of Language and Music	324	(1)
Processing Language	325	(5)
Focus on Disorders: Left-Hemisphere Dysfunction	330	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Arteriovenous Malformations	332	(1)
Processing Music	333	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Cerebral Aneurysms	334	(2)
Auditory Communication in Nonhuman Species	335	(1)
Birdsong	336	(1)
Echolocation in Bats	337	(5)
Summary	339	(1)
Key Terms	340	(1)
Review Questions	341	(1)
For Further Thought	341	(1)
Recommended Reading	341	(1)
How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement?	342	(46)
Focus on Comparative Biology: Portrait of an Artist	343	(2)
Hierarchical Control of Movement	344	(1)
The Forebrain and Initiating Movement	345	(2)
The Brainstem and Species-Typical Movement	347	(2)
The Spinal Cord and Executing Movement	349	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Autism	350	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Spinal-Cord Injury	352	(1)
Organization of the Motor System	353	(1)
The Motor Cortex	353	(2)
Corticospinal Tracts	355	(1)
Motor Neurons	356	(1)
Control of Muscles	357	(1)
The Motor Cortex and Skilled Movements	358	(1)
Investigating Neural Control of Skilled Movements	358	(2)
Control of Skilled Movements in Nonhuman Species	360	(1)
How Motor-Cortex Damage Affects Skilled Movements	361	(2)
The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum	363	(1)
The Basal Ganglia and Movement Force	363	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Tourette's Syndrome	364	(1)
The Cerebellum and Movement Skill	365	(4)
Organization of the Somatosensory System	368	(1)
Somatosensory Receptors and Perception	369	(2)
Dorsal-Root Ganglion Neurons	371	(2)
Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain	373	(1)
Spinal Reflexes	374	(1)
Feeling and Treating Pain	375	(2)
The Vestibular System and Balance	377	(2)
Exploring the Somatosensory Cortex	379	(1)
The Somatosensory Homunculus	379	(2)
Focus on New Research: Tickling	381	(1)
Effects of Damage to the Somatosensory Cortex	382	(1)
The Somatosensory Cortex and Complex Movement	383	(5)
Summary	385	(1)
Key Terms	386	(1)
Review Questions	386	(1)
For Further Thought	387	(1)
Recommended Reading	387	(1)
What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior?	388	(50)
Focus on New Research: The Pain of Rejection	389	(2)
Identifying the Causes of Behavior	390	(1)
Behavior for Brain Maintenance	391	(1)
Drives and Behavior	392	(1)
Neural Circuits and Behavior	393	(1)
The Nature of Behavior: Why Cats Kill Birds	394	(1)
Biology, Evolution, and Environment	395	(1)
Evolutionary Influences on Behavior	395	(2)
The Chemical Senses	397	(3)
Environmental Influences on Behavior	400	(2)
Inferring Purpose in Behavior: To Know a Fly	402	(2)
Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior	404	(1)
Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior	404	(2)
The Hypothalamic Circuit's Regulatory Function	406	(4)
The Limbic Circuit's Organizing Function	410	(2)
The Frontal Lobes' Executive Function	412	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobe	414	(2)
Stimulating Emotion	415	(1)
The Amygdala and Emotional Behavior	416	(1)
The Prefrontal Cortex and Emotional Behavior	417	(2)
Emotional Disorders	419	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Anxiety Disorders	420	(1)
Control of Regulatory Behavior	421	(1)
Controlling Eating	421	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Weight-Loss Strategies	422	(4)
Controlling Drinking	426	(1)
Control of Nonregulatory Behavior	427	(1)
Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain	427	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome and the Androgenital Syndrome	429	(1)
The Hypothalamus, the Amygdala, and Sexual Behavior	430	(1)
Sexual Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization	431	(1)
Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior	432	(6)
Reward	433	(2)
Summary	435	(1)
Key Terms	436	(1)
Review Questions	436	(1)
For Further Thought	437	(1)
Recommended Reading	437	(1)
Why Do We Sleep and Dream?	438	(44)
Focus on Comparative Biology: The Variety of Biological Rhythms	439	(1)
A Clock for All Seasons	440	(1)
Origins of Biological Rhythms	440	(1)
Biological Clocks	441	(1)
Biological Rhythms	442	(1)
Free-Running Rhythms	443	(2)
Zeitgebers	445	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Seasonal Affective Disorder	446	(2)
Neural Basis of the Biological Clock	448	(1)
Suprachiasmatic Rhythms	448	(1)
Evidence for Dual Clocks	449	(1)
Immortal Time	450	(1)
What Ticks?	450	(1)
Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms	451	(1)
Focus on New Research: Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level	452	(1)
Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms	452	(2)
Sleep Stages and Dreaming	454	(1)
Measuring How Long We Sleep	454	(1)
Measuring Sleep in the Laboratory	454	(2)
A Typical Night's Sleep	456	(1)
Non-REM Sleep	457	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Restless Legs Syndrome	458	(1)
REM Sleep and Dreaming	458	(2)
What We Dream About	460	(4)
What Does Sleep Accomplish?	464	(1)
Sleep As a Passive Process	464	(1)
Sleep As a Biological Adaptation	465	(1)
Sleep As a Restorative Process	466	(1)
Sleep and Memory Storage	467	(3)
Neural Basis of Sleep	469	(1)
Reticular Activating System and Sleep	470	(1)
Neural Basis of the EEG Changes Associated with Waking	471	(1)
Neural Basis of REM Sleep	472	(1)
Sleep Disorders	473	(1)
Disorders of Non-REM Sleep	473	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Sleep Apnea	475	(1)
Disorders of REM Sleep	475	(2)
Sleep and Consciousness	477	(5)
Summary	479	(1)
Key Terms	480	(1)
Review Questions	480	(1)
For Further Thought	480	(1)
Recommended Reading	481	(1)
How Do We Learn and Remember?	482	(38)
Focus on New Research: Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity	483	(1)
Connecting Learning and Memory	484	(1)
Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory	484	(4)
Two Categories of Memory	488	(2)
What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different?	490	(2)
What Is Special about Personal Memories?	492	(3)
Dissociating Memory Circuits	493	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Patient Boswell's Amnesia	495	(1)
Neural Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memories	496	(1)
Neural Circuit for Explicit Memories	496	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Alzheimer's Disease	498	(2)
Neural Circuit for Implicit Memories	500	(2)
Focus on Disorders: Korsakoff's Syndrome	502	(1)
Neural Circuit for Emotional Memories	503	(2)
Structural Basis of Brain Plasticity	504	(1)
Measuring Synaptic Change	505	(2)
Enriched Experience and Plasticity	507	(1)
Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity	508	(3)
Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs	511	(3)
Recovery from Brain Injury	514	(1)
Donna's Experience with Brain Injury	514	(1)
Three-Legged Cat Solution	515	(1)
New-Circuit Solution	516	(1)
Lost-Neuron-Replacement Solution	517	(3)
Summary	518	(1)
Key Terms	518	(1)
Review Questions	518	(1)
For Further Thought	519	(1)
Recommended Reading	519	(1)
How Does the Brain Think?	520	(48)
Focus on Comparative Biology: Animal Intelligence	521	(2)
The Nature of Thought	522	(1)
Characteristics of Human Thought	523	(2)
The Neural Unit of Thought	525	(2)
Cognition and the Association Cortex	527	(1)
Knowledge about Objects	527	(1)
Spatial Cognition	528	(2)
Attention	530	(1)
Focus on New Research: Pay Attention!	530	(4)
Planning	534	(1)
Imitation and Understanding	535	(1)
Studying the Human Brain and Cognition	536	(1)
Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience	536	(1)
Focus on Disorders: Neuropsychological Assessment	537	(2)
The Power of Cognitive Neuroscientific Analysis	539	(4)
Cerebral Asymmetry in Thinking	542	(1)
Anatomical Asymmetry	543	(1)
Functional Asymmetry in Neurological Patients	543	(2)
Functional Asymmetry in the Normal Brain	545	(1)
The Split Brain	546	(3)
Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry	549	(1)
The Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought	549	(2)
Variations in Cognitive Organization	550	(1)
Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization	551	(4)
Handedness and Cognitive Organization	555	(1)
Synesthesia	555	(1)
Focus on Disorders: The Sodium Amobarbital Test	556	(1)
Focus on Disorders: A Case of Synesthesia	557	(1)
Intelligence	558	(1)
The Concept of General Intelligence	558	(1)
Multiple Intelligences	559	(1)
Divergent and Convergent Intelligence	560	(1)
Intelligence, Heredity, Environment, and the Synapse	561	(1)
Consciousness	562	(1)
Why Are We Conscious?	562	(1)
What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness?	563	(5)
Summary	564	(2)
Key Terms	566	(1)
Review Questions	566	(1)
For Further Thought	566	(1)
Recommended Reading	566	(2)
What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?	568	(40)
Focus on New Research: Neuropsychoanalysis	569	(2)
Research on Brain and Behavioral Disorders	571	(1)
Multidisciplinary Research Methods	571	(1)
Causes of Abnormal Behavior	572	(1)
Investigating the Neurobiology of Behavior Disorders	573	(4)
Classifying and Treating Brain and Behavioral Disorders	576	(1)
Identifying and Classifying Mental Disorders	577	(1)
Treatments for Disorders	578	(3)
Focus on New Research: Treating Behavioral Disorders with TMS	581	(4)
Understanding and Treating Neurological Disorders	585	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury	585	(1)
Stroke	586	(1)
Epilepsy	587	(2)
Multiple Sclerosis	589	(1)
Neurodegenerative Disorders	590	(6)
Are Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Aspects of One Disease?	596	(2)
Understanding and Treating Psychiatric Disorders	597	(1)
Psychotic Disorders	598	(2)
Mood Disorders	600	(2)
Focus on New Research: Antidepressant Action in Neurogenesis	602	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	603	(1)
Is Misbehavior Always Bad?	604	(4)
Summary	605	(1)
Key Terms	606	(1)
Review Questions	606	(1)
For Further Thought	606	(1)
Recommended Reading	607	(1)
Epilogue What Have We Learned and What Is Its Value?	608
Neuroscience in an Evolutionary Context	609	(1)
Revisiting the Principles of Nervous System Function	609	(1)
Principle 1: Information-Processing Sequence in the Brain Is ``In → Integrate → Out''	610	(3)
Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Functions Throughout the Nervous System Are Separated	613	(2)
Principle 3: Inputs and Outputs to the Brain Are Crossed	615	(1)
Principle 4: Brain Anatomy and Function Display Both Symmetry and Asymmetry	616	(1)
Principle 5: The Nervous System Works Through Excitation and Inhibition	616	(1)
Principle 6: The Nervous System Functions on Multiple Levels	617	(1)
Principle 7: Brain Components Operate Both Hierarchically and in Parallel	618	(1)
Principle 8: Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized in Specific Regions and Distributed	619
Neuroscience in the Twenty-first Century	620
Appendix Why Do Scientists Use Animals in Research?
Focus on Comparative Biology: Ethics and Animal Research
Framing the Animal Research Controversy	1	(1)
Arguments That Favor the Use of Animals in Research	2	(1)
Argument 1. The Health and Well-being of Animals and Humans	3	(1)
Argument 2. Insights into the Evolution of the Human Body	4	(1)
Argument 3. Restricted Experimentation on Humans	4	(2)
Arguments Against the Use of Animals in Research	5	(1)
The Scientific Arguments	6	(1)
The Philosophical Arguments	7
Legislation and Professional Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research	8	(1)
Policies of Professional Societies on the Use of Animals in Research	9	(1)
The Future of Research with Animals	10
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Name Index
Subject Index	1