Introduction to Comparative Politics

by Kesselman, Mark; Krieger, Joel; Joseph, William A.; Abrahamian, Ervand; Allen, Christopher S.

• ISBN13: 9780618214464
• ISBN10: 0618214461
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-24
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Written by a distinguished group of comparativists, this innovative and accessible introductory text surveys 12 key countries organized according to their level of political development: established democracies, transitional democracies, and non-democracies. The country studies illuminate four comparative themes in a global context: the world of states, examining the interaction of states within the international order; governing the economy, covering the role of the state in economic management; the democratic idea, discussing the pressure for more democracy and the challenges of democratization; and the politics of collective identities, studying the political impact of diverse attachments and sources of group identity. All 12 country studies, as well as two additional studies, are available in an online database. Instructors may choose from among these chapters (a minimum of 7) to create a customized text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
PART 1 Introduction 2	4	(20)
1 Introducing Comparative Politics	3	(21)
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, and William Joseph
1 The Global Challenge of Comparative Politics	5	(2)
Globalization and Comparative Politics	5	(1)
Making Sense of Turbulent Times	6	(1)
2 What--and How--Comparative Politics Compares	7	(3)
Level of Analysis	7	(1)
Casual Theories	8	(2)
3 Themes for Comparative Analysis	10	(6)
Theme 1: A World of States	10	(2)
Theme 2: Governing the Economy	12	(1)
Theme 3: The Democratic Idea	13	(1)
Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identity	14	(2)
4 Classifying Political Systems	16	(3)
Global Connection: Howls Development Measured?	17	(2)
5 Organization of the Text	19	(2)
1: The Making of the Modern State	19	(1)
2: Political Economy and Development	20	(1)
3: Governance and Policy-Making	20	(1)
4: Representation and Participation	20	(1)
5: Politics in Transition	21	(3)
PART 2 Established Democracies	24	(320)
2 Britain	25	(56)
Joel Krieger
1 The Making of the Modern British State	21	(18)
Geographic Setting	28	(1)
Critical Junctures	28	(1)
The Seventeenth-Century Settlement	30	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire	30	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	31	(1)
The British Empire	31	(1)
Industrial Change and the Struggle for Voting Rights	32	(1)
World Wars, Industrial Strife, and the Depression (1914-1945)	32	(1)
Collectivist Consensus (1945-1979)	33	(1)
Margaret Thatcher and the Enterprise Culture (1979-1990)	33	(1)
New Labour's Third Way	34	(1)
Blair's Agenda for Britain	35	(1)
Leaders: Tony Blair	35	(1)
After September 11	36	(1)
Themes and Implications	36	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	36	(2)
Implications for Comparative Politics	38	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	39	(10)
State and Economy	40	(1)
Economic Management	40	(1)
The Consensus Era	40	(1)
Thatcherite Policy Orientation	41	(1)
New Labour's Economic Policy Approach	41	(1)
Political Implications of Economic Policy	42	(1)
Social Policy	42	(1)
The Welfare State Under Thatcher and Major	42	(1)
New Labour Social Policy	43	(1)
Society and Economy	44	(1)
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities	45	(1)
Inequality and Women	46	(1)
Britain and the International Political Economy	47	(1)
Economic Integration and Political Disintegration	47	(1)
Making the Most of Globalization?	48	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	49	(9)
Organization of the State	49	(1)
The Executive	50	(1)
Cabinet Government	50	(1)
Bureaucracy and Civil Service	52	(1)
Public and Semipublic Institutions	54	(1)
Nationalized Industries	54	(1)
Nondepartmental Public Bodies	54	(1)
Other State Institutions	55	(1)
The Military and the Police	55	(1)
The Judiciary	56	(1)
Subnational Government	56	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	57	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	58	(13)
The Legislature	58	(1)
House of Commons	58	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: The Legislative Process	59	(1)
House of Lords	60	(1)
Reforms in Behavior and Structure	60	(1)
Behavioral Changes: Backbench Dissent	60	(1)
Structural Changes: Parliamentary Committees	60	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	61	(1)
Labour Party	61	(1)
Conservative Party	62	(1)
Liberal Democrats and Other Parties	63	(1)
Elections	64	(1)
Electoral System	64	(1)
Trends in Electoral Behavior	66	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	66	(1)
Citizenship and National Identity	68	(1)
Ethnicity	68	(1)
Gender	69	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	69	(1)
Current Challenges: The Gender-Generation Gap	70	(1)
5 British Politics in Transition	71	(12)
Citizen Action: The Fuel Crisis	72	(1)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	73	(1)
Constitutional Reform	73	(1)
Identities in Flux	74	(1)
European Integration	75	(1)
Post-9/11: Britain's Special Relationship with the United States	76	(1)
British Politics in Comparative Perspective	76	(5)
3 France	81	(54)
Mark Kesselman
1 The Making of the Modern French State	83	(12)
Politics in Action	83	(1)
Geographic Setting	84	(1)
Critical Junctures	85	(1)
Creating Modern France	85	(1)
The Ancien Régime	86	(1)
The Two Faces of the French Revolution, 1789-1815	86	(1)
Many Regimes, Slow Industrialization: 1815-1940	87	(1)
Vichy France (1940-1944) and the Fourth Republic (1946-1958)	88	(1)
The Fifth Republic (1958 to the Present)	89	(1)
The Le Pen Bombshell	90	(1)
Leaders: Jean-Marie Le Pen	91	(1)
France in the Euro Era	92	(1)
Themes and Implications	93	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	93	(1)
France in a Globalized World	93	(1)
Governing the Economy	94	(1)
The Democratic Idea	94	(1)
Politics of Collective Identity	94	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	95	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	95	(10)
State and Economy	95	(1)
The New French Revolution	96	(1)
Planning	96	(1)
Dirigisme Under de Gaulle	96	(1)
France's Economic Miracle	97	(1)
May 1968 and Beyond: Economic Crisis and Political Conflict	97	(1)
Economic Instability	97	(1)
French Socialism in Practice-and Conservative Aftermath	98	(1)
France's Neoliberal Modernization Strategy	100	(1)
Privatization	100	(1)
Deregulation and Liberalization	100	(1)
Global Connection: France and the European Union	101	(1)
The End of Dirigisme or Dirigiste Disengagement?	101	(1)
Society and Economy	102	(1)
Welfare State	102	(1)
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities	103	(1)
Inequality and Women	103	(1)
The Generation Gap	103	(1)
France and the International Political Economy	103	(1)
Impact of the European Union	103	(1)
France in the Global Economy	104	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	105	(10)
Organization of the State	105	(1)
The Executive	106	(1)
The President	106	(1)
Presidential Personalities	106	(1)
The Constitutional Presidency	107	(1)
The Political President	108	(1)
The Prime Minister and Government	109	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: Of Presidents and Prime Ministers	110	(1)
Bureaucracy and Civil Service	111	(1)
Semipublic Agencies	111	(1)
Other State Institutions	112	(1)
The Military and the Police	112	(1)
The Judiciary and the Constitutional Council	112	(1)
State Council	113	(1)
The Economic and Social Council	113	(1)
Subnational Government	113	(1)
The European Dimension	114	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	114	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	115	(11)
The Legislature	115	(2)
Political Parties and the Party System	117	(1)
The Major Parties	118	(1)
Union pour un mouvement populaire	118	(1)
Parti socialiste	118	(1)
Small Parties	118	(1)
Parti communiste français (PCF)	119	(1)
Front national (FN)	119	(1)
Les Verts (Greens)	119	(1)
Union des démocrates pour la France	119	(1)
Elections	120	(2)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	122	(1)
Citizenship and National Identity	123	(1)
Ethnicity and Immigration	123	(1)
Social Class	124	(1)
Gender	124	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	124	(1)
Organized Interests	124	(1)
Social Movements and Protest	125	(1)
Citizen Action: French Trade Unions	125	(1)
5 French Politics in Transition	126	(5)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	126	(1)
The Strikes of December 1995: May 1968 Redux?	127	(1)
Oui to Roquefort Cheese, Non to Genetically Engineered Products	128	(1)
The Challenge of Le Pen	129	(1)
Muslim-Jewish Tensions	129	(1)
Institutional Strains and New Issues and Sources of Partisan Conflict: Economy and Identity	130	(1)
"It's the Economy, Stupid"	130	(1)
The Challenge of European and Global Integration	131	(1)
French Politics in Comparative Perspective	131	(4)
4 Germany	135	(58)
Christopher S. Allen
1 The Making of the Modern German State	131	(18)
Politics in Action	137	(1)
Geographic Setting	138	(1)
Critical Junctures	139	(1)
Nationalism and German Unification (1806-1871)	139	(1)
The Second Reich (1871-1918)	140	(1)
The Weimar Republic (1918-1933)	141	(1)
The Third Reich (1933-1945)	141	(1)
A Divided Germany (1945-1994)	143	(1)
The Challenge of German Unification (1990-1998)	144	(1)
Germany in the Euro Era (1998- )	145	(2)
Themes and Implications	147	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	147	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	148	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	149	(10)
State and Economy	149	(1)
The Role of the State Before 1945	149	(1)
The Social Market Economy	150	(1)
Welfare Provision	153	(1)
Current Strains on the Social Market Economy	154	(1)
Society and Economy	155	(3)
Germany and the International Political Economy	158	(1)
The European Union	158	(1)
Germany in a Globalizing World	159	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	159	(11)
Organization of the State	160	(1)
The Basic Law and Promoting Stability	160	(1)
Government Institutions	161	(1)
The Executive	162	(1)
The Bureaucracy	163	(1)
Semipublic Institutions	164	(1)
Citizen Action: Co-Determination	165	(1)
Other State Institutions	166	(1)
The Military and Police	166	(1)
The Judiciary	167	(1)
Subnational Government	168	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	169	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	170	(14)
The Legislature	170	(1)
The Bundestag	172	(1)
The Bundesrat	172	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	173	(1)
The Social Democratic Party	173	(1)
The Greens	175	(1)
Leaders: Gerhard Schröder	176	(1)
The Christian Democrats	177	(1)
The Free Democratic Party	177	(1)
The Party of Democratic Socialism	178	(1)
Elections	178	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: Proportional Representation and the Story of the German "Double Ballot"	179	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	180	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest	181	(1)
Current Challenges: The Complicated Politics of Immigration	181	(3)
5 German Politics in Transition	184	(11)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	184	(4)
Global Connection: The EU and the Euro	188	(1)
German Politics in Comparative Perspective	188	(5)
5 Japan	193	(54)
Shigeko N. Fukai and Haruhiro Fukui
1 The Making of the Modern Japanese State	195	(13)
Politics in Action	195	(1)
Geographic Setting	195	(2)
Critical Junctures	197	(1)
Ancient and Medieval Japan	197	(1)
The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867)	198	(1)
Japan in the Meiji-Taisho Era (1868-1925)	198	(1)
Japan Under Military Rule and in War	201	(1)
The Allied Occupation (1945-1952)	203	(1)
Contemporary Japan (1952 to the Present)	203	(3)
Themes and Implications	206	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	206	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	207	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	208	(8)
State and Economy	208	(1)
Wars and Japanese Economic Development	208	(1)
The State's Role in the Economy	209	(2)
Society and Economy	211	(1)
The Private Sector	211	(1)
Employment, Social Security, and Taxation	212	(1)
Current Challenges: The Protracted Recession	213	(1)
Japan and the International Political Economy	214	(1)
The Trading State	214	(1)
Japan in International Organizations	216	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	216	(13)
Organization of the State	216	(1)
The Japanese Monarchy and the Royal Family	217	(1)
The Executive	218	(1)
The Cabinet	218	(1)
Leaders: Japan's Royal Family	218	(1)
The National Bureaucracy	220	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: Vicissitudes of Bureaucratic Power and Pride	221	(1)
Public and Semipublic Agencies	223	(1)
Other State Institutions	224	(1)
The Military	224
Institutional Intricacies: Japan's Self Defense Forces	125	(1)
The Judiciary	226	(1)
Subnational Government	227	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	227	(2)
4 Representation and Participation	229	(11)
The Legislature	229	(2)
Political Parties and the Party System	231	(2)
Elections	233	(2)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	235	(2)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest	237	(1)
Energy and Environmental Issues	237	(1)
Ethnic Minorities: Ainu, Outcastes, Koreans, and Immigrants	237	(1)
Women's Movement	239	(1)
Japan: A Classless Society?	239	(1)
5 Japanese Politics in Transition	240	(9)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	241	(2)
Japanese Politics in Comparative Perspective	243	(4)
6 India	247	(50)
Atut Kohl and Amrita Basu
1 The Making of the Modern Indian State	249	(12)
Politics in Action	249	(2)
Geographic Setting	251	(1)
Critical Junctures	251	(1)
The Colonial Legacy (1757-1947)	251	(1)
The Nationalist Movement (1885-1947)	253	(1)
Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi	254	(1)
The Nehru Era (1947-1964)	255	(1)
Leaders: The Nehru-Gandhi Dynasty	256	(1)
The Indira Gandhi Era (1966-1984)	257	(1)
Coalition Governments and the Growth of the BJP (1989 to the Present)	259	(1)
Themes and Implications	259	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	259	(1)
India in a World of States	259	(1)
Governing the Economy	259	(1)
The Democratic Idea	260	(1)
The Politics of Collective Identity	260	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	260	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	261
State and Economy	261	(1)
The Economy Under British Rule	261	(1)
The Economy After Independence	262	(1)
Economic liberalization	263	(1)
Reforms in Agriculture	265	(1)
Social Welfare Policy	266	(1)
Society and Economy	267	(2)
India and the International Political Economy	269	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: The Caste System	269
3 Governance and Policy-Making	210	(68)
Organization of the State	270	(1)
The Executive	271	(1)
The President and the Prime Minister	271	(1)
The Cabinet	272	(1)
The Bureaucracy	272	(1)
Other State Institutions	273	(1)
The Military and the Police	273	(1)
The Judiciary	273	(1)
Subnational Government	274
Institutional Intricacies: The Executive Versus the Judiciary	215	(62)
The Policy-Making Process	277	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	278	(11)
The Legislature	278	(2)
Political Parties and the Party System	280	(1)
The Congress Party	280	(1)
The Janata Party	281	(1)
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)	282	(1)
The Communist Parly of India (CPM)	284	(1)
Elections	284	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	285	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest	286	(3)
5 Indian Politics in Transition	289	(10)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	289	(1)
Kashmir Within a World of States	289	(1)
The Effects of September 11	290	(1)
Nuclear Power Status	291	(1)
Civil Liberties	291	(1)
The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity	292	(1)
Economic Performance	292	(1)
Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective	293	(4)
7 The United States	297	(47)
Louis DeSipio
1 The Making of the Modern American State	299	(11)
Politics in Action	299	(2)
Leaders: George Walker Bush	301	(1)
Geographic Setting	302	(1)
Critical Junctures	303	(1)
The Revolutionary Era (1773-1789)	304	(1)
The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1876)	304	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: The Electoral College	305	(1)
The New Deal Era (1933-1940)	306	(1)
Divided Government and Political Contestation of the Scope of Government (1968 to the Present)	307	(1)
Themes and Implications	308	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	308	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	310	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	310	(10)
State and Economy	310	(4)
Society and Economy	314	(3)
The United States and the International Political Economy	317	(3)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	320	(8)
Organization of the State	320	(1)
The Executive	321	(1)
The Presidency	321	(1)
The Cabinet and the Bureaucracy	323	(1)
Other State Institutions	324	(1)
The Military	324	(1)
The Judiciary	325	(1)
Subnational Government	326	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	327	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	328	(10)
The Legislature	328	(2)
Political Parties and the Party System	330	(2)
Elections	332	(1)
Citizen Action: The Green Party	333	(3)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	336	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest	337	(1)
5 United States Politics in Transition	338	(3)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	338	(2)
United States Politics in Comparative Perspective	340	(1)
Current Challenges: Incorporating Immigrants	341	(3)
PART 3 Developing Democracies	344	(226)
8 Russia	345	(62)
Joan DeBardeleben
1 The Making of the Modern Russian State	341	(19)
Politics in Action	347	(1)
Geographic Setting	347	(2)
Critical Junctures	349	(1)
The Decline of the Russian Tsarist State	349	(1)
The Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet Power (1917-1929)	350	(1)
The Stalin Revolution (1929-1953)	351	(1)
Attempts at De-Stalinization (1953-1985)	353	(1)
Perestroika and Glasnost (1985-1991)	354	(1)
Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of the Russian Federation (1991 to the Present)	355
Leaders: Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin	351	(7)
Themes and Implications	358	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	358	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	359	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	360	(11)
State and Economy	360	(1)
The Soviet Economic System	360	(1)
State and Economy in the Russian Federation	362	(5)
Society and Economy	367	(1)
Soviet Social Policy	367	(1)
Economic Reform and Russian Society	368	(1)
Russian Political Culture and Economic Change	369	(1)
Russia and the International Political Economy	370	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	371	(14)
Organization of the State	372	(1)
The Soviet State	372	(1)
Current Challenges: The Chechnya Crisis	373	(1)
The New Russian State	374	(1)
The Executive	374	(1)
The National Bureaucracy	376	(1)
Other State Institutions	377	(1)
The Military and Security Organs	377	(1)
The Judiciary	378	(1)
Subnational Government	379	(2)
The Policy-Making Process	381	(2)
Current Challenges: Russian Oligarchs: A New Ruling Class?	383	(2)
4 Representation and Participation	385	(11)
The Legislature	385	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	386	(1)
The Russian Left: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation	389	(1)
Centrist Parties: Unity and the Fatherland-All Russia	390	(1)
Yabloko and Other Liberal/Reform Parties	390	(1)
Nationalist/Patriotic Parties	391	(1)
Elections	392	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	393	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	394	(2)
5 Russian Politics in Transition	396	(13)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	396	(1)
Russia in the World of States	396	(1)
Governing the Economy	397	(1)
The Democratic Idea	397	(1)
The Politics of Collective Identities	398	(1)
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective	398	(3)
Global Connection: Joining the West or Aid Recipient?	401	(6)
9 Brazil	407	(56)
Alfred P. Montero
1 The Making of the Modern Brazilian State	409	(12)
Politics in Action	409	(1)
Geographic Setting	409	(2)
Critical Junctures	411	(1)
The Brazilian Empire (1822-1889)	411	(1)
The Old Republic (1889-1930)	412	(1)
The 1930 Revolution	413	(1)
Leaders: Getúlio Dornelles Vargas	414	(1)
The Populist Republic (1945-1964)	415	(1)
The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964-1985)	417	(1)
The Transition to Democracy and the First Civilian Governments (1974-2002)	417	(2)
Themes and Implications	419	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	419	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	421	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	421	(13)
State and Economy	422	(1)
The Environmental Costs of State-Led Growth	424	(1)
The Fiscal System	425	(1)
The Problem of Inflation	426	(1)
Society and Economy	427	(1)
The Welfare System	428	(1)
Agrarian Reform	429	(1)
Brazil and the International Political Economy	430	(3)
Global Connection: Governing the Economy in a World of States: MERCOSUL	433	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	434	(8)
Organization of the State	434	(1)
The Executive	435	(1)
The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms	436	(1)
The Military and the Police	438	(1)
Other State Institutions	439	(1)
The Judiciary	439	(1)
Subnational Government	440	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	441	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	442	(12)
The Legislature	443	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	444	(1)
Institutional Intricacies: Proportional Representation	445
Citizen Action: the Workers' Party	441	(7)
Elections	448	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	449	(3)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest	452	(2)
5 Brazilian Politics in Transition	454	(11)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	454	(3)
Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective	457	(6)
10 Mexico	463	(50)
Merilee S. Grindle
1 The Making of the Modern Mexican State	465	(12)
Politics in Action	465	(1)
Geographic Setting	466	(1)
Critical Junctures	466	(1)
Independence and Instability (1810-1876)	467	(1)
The Porfiriato (1876-1911)	468	(1)
Global Connection: Conquest or Encounter?	469	(1)
The Revolution of 1910 and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910-1934)	470	(1)
Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform, and the Workers (1934-1940)	471	(1)
The Politics of Rapid Development (1940-1982)	472	(1)
Crisis and Reform (1982 to the Present)	473	(1)
Citizen Action: Rebellion in Chiapas	474	(1)
Themes and Implications	475	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	475	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	476	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	477	(10)
State and Economy	477	(1)
Import Substitution and Its Consequences	477	(1)
Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis	481	(1)
New Strategies and Democratic Institutions	483	(1)
Society and Economy	483	(2)
Mexico and the International Political Economy	485	(1)
Global Connection: NAFTA and Beyond	486	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	487	(7)
Organization of the State	487	(1)
The Executive	488	(1)
The President and the Cabinet	488	(1)
Leaders: Vicente Fox Quesada	489	(1)
The Bureaucracy	491	(1)
The Para-Statal Sector	491	(1)
Other State Institutions	492	(1)
The Military	492	(1)
The Judiciary	492	(1)
Subnational Government	493	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	494	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	494	(12)
The Legislature	495	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	496	(1)
The PRI	497	(1)
The PAN	498	(1)
The PRD	500	(1)
Other Parties	501	(1)
Elections	501	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	502	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	503	(2)
Citizen Action: Urban Popular Movements	505	(1)
5 Mexican Politics in Transition	506	(9)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	506	(2)
Current Challenges: Human Rights in Mexico	508	(1)
Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective	509	(4)
11 Nigeria	513	(57)
Darren Kew and Peter Lewis
1 The Making of the Modern Nigerian State	515	(13)
Politics in Action	515	(1)
Geographic Setting	516	(1)
Critical Junctures	516	(1)
The Precolonial Period (800-1900)	517	(1)
Colonial Rule and Its Impact (1860-1945)	520	(1)
Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism (1945-1960)	520	(1)
The First Republic (1960-1966)	521	(1)
Civil War and Military Rule (1966-1979)	522	(1)
The Second and Third Republics, and Predatory Military Rule (1979-1999)	522	(1)
The Fourth Republic (1999 to the Present)	523	(2)
Themes and Implications	525	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	525	(1)
Nigeria in the World of States: Oil Dependence and Decline	525	(1)
Governing Nigeria's Economy	525	(1)
Democratic Ideas Amid Colonialism and Military Rule	526	(1)
Nigeria's Fragile Collective Identity	526	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	527	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	528	(12)
State and Economy	528	(1)
Origins of Economic Decline	528	(1)
From 1985 to the Present: Deepening Economic Crisis and the Search for Solutions	529	(1)
Structural Adjustment	529	(2)
Global Connection: Structural Adjustment Programs	531	(1)
Economic Planning	532	(1)
Social Welfare	532	(1)
Current Challenges: Vision 2010	533	(2)
Society and Economy	535	(1)
Ethnic and Religious Cleavages	535	(1)
Gender Differences	537	(1)
Nigeria and the International Political Economy	537	(1)
Nigeria and the Regional Political Economy	538	(1)
Nigeria and the Political Economy of the West	538	(2)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	540	(12)
Organization of the State	540	(1)
The National Question and Constitutional Governance	540	(1)
Federalism and State Structure	541	(1)
The Executive	541	(1)
Evolution of the Executive Function	541	(1)
Current Challenges: Nigeria's Federal Character	542	(1)
The Executive Under Military Rule	542	(1)
Current Challenges: Federalism in Nigeria	543	(1)
The Obasanjo Administration	544	(1)
The Bureaucracy	545	(1)
Para-statals	545	(1)
Current Challenges: Prebendalism	545	(1)
Other State Institutions	546	(1)
The Judiciary	546	(1)
State and Local Judiciaries	547	(1)
State and Local Government	547	(3)
The Policy-Making Process	550	(2)
4 Representation and Participation	552	(10)
The Legislature	552	(2)
The Party System and Elections	554	(1)
New Alignments: Abacha's Ambition and Abubakar's Promise	555	(4)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	559	(1)
Modernity Versus Traditionalism	559	(1)
Religion	559	(1)
The Press	560	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	560	(1)
Labor	560	(1)
The Business Community	561	(1)
Other Social Groups	561	(1)
5 Nigerian Politics in transition	562	(11)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	563	(2)
Nigerian Politics in Comparative Perspective	565	(1)
A World of States	565	(1)
Governing the Economy	566	(1)
The Democratic Idea	566	(1)
Collective Identities	567	(3)
PART 4 Non-Democracies	570
12 Iran	571	(48)
Ervand Abrahamian
1 The Making of the Modern Iranian State	573	(15)
Politics in Action	573	(1)
Geographic Setting	574	(1)
Critical Junctures	575	(1)
The Safavids (1501-1722)	575	(1)
Background: Islam and Shi'ism	576	(1)
The Qajars (1794-1925)	577	(1)
The Pahlavis (1925-1979)	579	(1)
The Islamic Revolution (1979)	581	(1)
Leaders: Ayatollah Ruholiah Khomeini	582	(1)
The Islamic Republic (1979 to the Present)	583	(2)
Themes and Implications	585	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	585	(1)
Implications for Comparative Politics	587	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	588	(1)
State and Economy	588	(1)
The Economy in the Nineteenth Century	588	(1)
The Oil Economy	589	(1)
Society and Economy	589	(4)
Iran and the International Political Economy	593	(1)
Under the Shah	593	(1)
The Islamic Republic	593	(2)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	595	(9)
Organization of the State	596	(1)
The Supreme Leader	596	(1)
The Executive	597	(1)
The President and the Cabinet	597	(2)
Leaders: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei	599	(1)
The Bureaucracy	599	(1)
Semipublic Institutions	599	(1)
Leaders: Sayyid Muhammad Khatami	600	(1)
Other State Institutions	600	(1)
The Military	600	(1)
The Judiciary	600	(1)
Leaders: Hojjat al-Islam Ali-Akbar Hashetui Rafsanjani Ali-Akbar	601	(1)
Subnational Government	601	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	602	(2)
4 Representation and Participation	604	(10)
The Legislature	604	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	605	(1)
Elections	605	(1)
The First Majles (1980)	606	(1)
The Second Majles (1984)	607	(1)
The Third (1988), Fourth (1992), and Fifth (1996) Majteses	608	(1)
The Sixth Majles (2000)	610	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	611	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	612	(2)
5 Iranian Politics in Transition	614	(7)
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	614	(2)
Iranian Politics in Comparative Perspective	616	(3)
13 China	619
William A. Joseph
1 The Making of the Modern Chinese State	621	(12)
Politics in Action	621	(1)
Geographic Setting	621	(2)
Critical Junctures	623	(1)
From Empire to Republic (221 B.C.-1911 A.D)	623	(1)
Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists (1912-1949)	624	(1)
Mao in Power (1949-1976)	625	(1)
Global Connection: The Republic of China on Taiwan	626	(1)
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of Chinese Communism (1977-1997)	627	(1)
From Revolutionary leaders to Technocrats (1997 to the Present)	628	(1)
Themes and Implications	629	(1)
Historical Junctures and Political Themes	629	(1)
The World of States	629	(1)
Governing the Economy	631	(1)
The Democratic Idea	631	(1)
The Politics of Collective Identity 631
Implications for Comparative Politics	632	(1)
2 Political Economy and Development	633	(10)
State and Economy	633	(1)
The Maoist Economy	633	(1)
China Goes to Market	634	(1)
Remaking the Chinese Countryside	635	(1)
The Political Impact of Economic Reform	637	(1)
Current Challenges: China's One-Child Policy	638	(1)
Society and Economy	639	(1)
China and the International Political Economy	640	(2)
Global Connection: Hong Kong: From China to Britain-and Back Again	642	(1)
3 Governance and Policy-Making	643	(11)
Organization of the State	643	(1)
The Executive	644	(1)
The Chinese Communist Party	646	(1)
The Government of the PRC	648	(1)
The Bureaucracy	649	(1)
Other State Institutions	650	(1)
The Military and the Police	650	(1)
The Judiciary	652	(1)
Subnational Government	653	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	653	(1)
4 Representation and Participation	654	(10)
The Legislature	655	(1)
Political Parties and the Party System	655	(1)
The Chinese Communist Party	655	(1)
China's Noncommunist Parties	656	(1)
Elections	656	(1)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity	657	(1)
From Communism to Consumerism	657	(1)
Citizenship and National Identity	659	(1)
China's Non-Chinese Citizens	659	(1)
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests	660	(1)
Current Challenges: Tibet and China	661	(1)
Mechanisms of Social Control	662	(1)
Protest and the Party-State	662	(2)
5 Chinese Politics in Transition	664
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas	664	(1)
Scenes from the Chinese Countryside	664	(1)
Economic Management, Social Tension, and Political Legitimacy	665	(1)
China and the Democratic Idea	666	(1)
Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective	667	(1)
China as a Communist Party-State	667	(1)
China as a Third World State	668
Glossary	A-1
About the Editors and Contributors	A-11
Index	A-19