Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective

by Nystul, Michael S.

• ISBN13: 9780205464104
• ISBN10: 0205464106
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Introduction to Counselingprovides an overview of counseling and the helping professions from the perspective of art and science: the science of counseling that generates a knowledge base proven to promote competency and efficacy in the practitioner, and the art of using this knowledge base to build skills that can be applied sensitively to clients in a multicultural society. The Third Edition has been organized into three sections: An overview of counseling and the counseling process; developing a personal approach to counseling from a multicultural perspective; and special approaches and settings. The text stays true to its original focus by using the concept of art and science as a unifying theme. This new edition addresses topics of multicultural counseling and diversity issues such as gender, culture, and sexual orientation in each chapter, communicating how multiculturalism can be integrated into all aspects of counseling rather than viewed as a separate entity.

Author Biography

Michael S. Nystul holds the position of professor in the department of counseling and educational psychology at New Mexico State University.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
About the Author	xix
PART ONE An Overview of Counseling and the Counseling Process	1	(136)
An Overview of Counseling	2	(23)
Welcome to the Field of Counseling	2	(1)
What Is Counseling?	3	(10)
The Art and Science of Counseling and Psychotherapy	3	(3)
Counseling as Storytelling	6	(1)
Counseling and Psychotherapy	7	(2)
Differentiating Formal from Informal Helping	9	(1)
Personal Qualities of Effective Helpers	10	(3)
The Helping Profession	13	(1)
Counseling: Past, Present, and Future	13	(10)
Counseling from a Historical Perspective	13	(4)
Present Trends	17	(6)
Summary	23	(1)
Personal Exploration	24	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 1	24	(1)
Professional Preparation and Ethical and Legal Issues	25	(28)
Becoming a Professional Counselor	25	(5)
Formal Study and Professional Affiliation	25	(1)
Certification and Licensure	26	(3)
Continuing Education	29	(1)
Professional Involvement	29	(1)
Ethical-Legal Issues	30	(21)
The Art and Science of Ethical-Legal Issues	30	(1)
Ethical Issues	31	(7)
Legal Issues	38	(3)
Special Ethical and Legal Issues	41	(5)
Ethical-Legal Decision Making	46	(2)
Clinical Examples	48	(3)
Summary	51	(1)
Personal Exploration	51	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 2	52	(1)
The Counseling Process	53	(37)
The Art and Science of the Counseling Process	53	(1)
The Six Stages of the Counseling Process	54	(13)
Stage One: Relationship Building	54	(6)
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis	60	(1)
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals	61	(2)
Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving	63	(3)
Stage Five: Termination and Follow-Up	66	(1)
Stage Six: Research and Evaluation	66	(1)
Listening Skills	67	(5)
Primary Listening Skills	67	(2)
Secondary Listening Skills	69	(1)
Counseling Vignette	70	(1)
Effective Listening ``Don'ts''	71	(1)
Effective Listening ``Do's''	72	(1)
A Final Thought Regarding Listening Skills	72	(1)
Recent Trends in the Counseling Process	72	(9)
Emotions	73	(1)
Postmodern Trends	74	(4)
Brief-Counseling Approaches	78	(1)
Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling	79	(2)
Common Problems for Beginning Counselors	81	(6)
Focusing on the First Issue in a Session	82	(1)
Overlooking Physical or Medical Issues	82	(1)
Wanting to Rescue Clients from Their Unhappiness	82	(1)
Having Perfectionist Tendencies	83	(1)
Having Unrealistic Expectations	83	(1)
Getting Carried Away with the Latest Technique	84	(1)
Getting Lost in the Counseling Process	84	(1)
Using Inappropriate Phrases	84	(1)
Having an Excessive Desire to Help	85	(1)
Having an Excessive Need to Be Liked	85	(1)
Getting Too Emotionally Involved	85	(1)
Taking Things Too Personally	86	(1)
Having Difficulty Differentiating Between Normal and Abnormal	86	(1)
Being Uncertain About Self-Disclosure	86	(1)
Being Uncertain About Confidentiality	86	(1)
Diversity Issues	87	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Personal Exploration	88	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 3	88	(2)
Assessment and Diagnosis	90	(27)
The Art and Science of Assessment and Diagnosis	90	(1)
Assessment and Diagnosis	91	(1)
Assessment	91	(12)
Evaluation of Tests	92	(1)
Administration and Interpretation of Tests	93	(1)
Test Bias	94	(2)
Types of Tests	96	(7)
Diagnosis	103	(10)
Historical Perspective	103	(1)
The DSM-IV-TR	104	(4)
The Clinical Interview	108	(2)
Treatment Planning	110	(3)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Assessment and Diagnosis	113	(3)
Summary	116	(1)
Personal Exploration	116	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 4	116	(1)
Counseling Research and Evaluation	117	(20)
The Art and Science of Research and Evaluation	117	(1)
The Purpose of Research and Evaluation	118	(3)
Theory, Research, and Practice	118	(1)
Research, Evaluation, and Counselor Accountability	119	(1)
The Contribution of Research to the Counseling Field	120	(1)
Overview of the Types of Research	121	(14)
Types of Research Methodologies	122	(2)
Shortcomings of Traditional Counseling Research	124	(11)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Research and Evaluation	135	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Personal Exploration	136	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 5	136	(1)
PART TWO Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective	137	(136)
Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective	138	(35)
The Art and Science of Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective	138	(1)
Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling	139	(2)
An Eight-Stage Model for Developing a Personal Approach	141	(8)
Stage One: Self-Assessment	141	(1)
Stage Two: Survey of Supportive Disciplines	142	(5)
Stage Three: Overview of Major Counseling Theories	147	(1)
Stage Four: Intensive Study of One Counseling Theory	147	(1)
Stage Five: Sensitivity to Individual Differences	148	(1)
Stage Six: Integration of Techniques from Counseling Theories	149	(1)
Stage Seven: Implementation	149	(1)
Stage Eight: Research and Evaluation	149	(1)
Multicultural Counseling	149	(2)
Terms and Concepts	149	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives for Multicultural Counseling	150	(1)
Potential Challenges in Multicultural Counseling	151	(11)
Counseling as a White Middle-Class Activity	151	(1)
Social Class	151	(1)
Gender	152	(1)
The Intrapsychic Perspective	152	(1)
Sexual Orientation	153	(1)
Stereotyping	154	(1)
Communication Problems	154	(1)
Faulty Assumptions	155	(2)
Test Bias	157	(1)
Prejudice	158	(1)
Racism	159	(1)
The Efficacy of Multicultural Counseling	160	(2)
Suggestions for Incorporating a Multicultural Perspective	162	(9)
Beliefs, Knowledge, and Skills	162	(2)
Recent Trends in Multicultural Competency	164	(1)
Worldview	165	(1)
Identity Development	166	(1)
Methods to Evaluate Counseling Theories	167	(2)
Guidelines for Multicultural Counseling	169	(2)
Summary	171	(1)
Personal Exploration	172	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 6	172	(1)
The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung	173	(31)
The Art and Science of the Classic Theories	173	(1)
An Overview of Freud, Adler, and Jung	174	(1)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory	175	(10)
Background Information	175	(1)
Theory of Personality	176	(4)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	180	(1)
Techniques	181	(1)
Contemporary Issues	182	(1)
Freudian Brief Approaches to Counseling	183	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	184	(1)
Adler's Individual Psychology	185	(10)
Background Information	185	(1)
Theory of Personality	186	(3)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	189	(1)
Techniques	190	(2)
Contemporary Issues	192	(1)
Adlerian Brief Approaches to Counseling	193	(1)
Postmodern Trends and Adlerian Psychology	194	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	194	(1)
Jung's Analytic Psychology	195	(6)
Background Information	195	(1)
Theory of Personality	196	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	198	(1)
Techniques	199	(1)
Contemporary Issues	199	(1)
Jungian Brief Approaches to Counseling	200	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	200	(1)
The Classic Theories and Their Use in Contemporary Practice	201	(1)
Diversity Issues in the Classic Theories	201	(1)
Brief Counseling and the Classic Theories	202	(1)
Summary	202	(1)
Personal Exploration	203	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 7	203	(1)
Experiential Theories and Approaches	204	(30)
The Art and Science of Experiential Counseling	204	(1)
Experiential Counseling	205	(1)
Experiential Theories	205	(1)
Person-Centered Therapy	206	(4)
Background Information	206	(1)
Theory of Personality	207	(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	208	(1)
Techniques	209	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	209	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	210	(3)
Background Information	210	(1)
Theory of Personality	210	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	212	(1)
Techniques	212	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	213	(1)
Existential Therapy	213	(4)
Background Information	213	(1)
Theory of Personality	213	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	215	(1)
Techniques	216	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	216	(1)
Creative Arts Therapy	217	(12)
Professional Issues	217	(4)
Music Therapy	221	(1)
Art Therapy	222	(1)
Drama Therapy	223	(2)
Dance Therapy	225	(1)
Bibliotherapy	226	(1)
Multimodality CAT	227	(1)
Summary and Evaluation of CAT	228	(1)
Research Trends in Experiential Counseling	229	(3)
Brief Approaches to Experiential Counseling	230	(1)
Diversity Issues in Experiential Counseling	231	(1)
Summary	232	(1)
Personal Exploration	233	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 8	233	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories	234	(39)
The Art and Science of Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling	234	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories	235	(1)
Behavior Therapy	235	(7)
Background Information	235	(2)
Theory of Personality	237	(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	238	(4)
Summary and Evaluation	242	(1)
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	242	(5)
Background Information	242	(1)
Theory of Personality	243	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	245	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	246	(1)
Cognitive Therapy	247	(4)
Background Information	247	(1)
Theory of Personality	247	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	249	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	250	(1)
Transactional Analysis (TA)	251	(7)
Background Information	251	(1)
Theory of Personality	252	(4)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	256	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	257	(1)
Reality Therapy	258	(4)
Background Information	258	(1)
Theory of Personality	259	(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	261	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	262	(1)
Feminist Therapy	262	(5)
Background Information	262	(1)
Theory of Personality	263	(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy	264	(2)
Summary and Evaluation	266	(1)
Special Issues in Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling	267	(3)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories from a Brief-Counseling Perspective	267	(1)
Diversity Issues	268	(1)
Postmodern Trends	269	(1)
Summary	270	(1)
Personal Exploration	271	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 9	271	(2)
PART THREE Special Approaches and Settings	273	(183)
Marriage and Family Counseling	274	(25)
The Art and Science of Marriage and Family Counseling	274	(1)
Evolution of Marriage and Family Counseling	275	(1)
Psychoanalysis	275	(1)
General Systems Theory	275	(1)
Research on Schizophrenia	275	(1)
Marriage Counseling and Child Guidance	275	(1)
Group Therapy	275	(1)
Changing Family Structure	276	(1)
Marriage Counseling Versus Couples Counseling	276	(1)
Professional Issues and Organizations	276	(1)
Theoretical Foundations	277	(5)
Systems Theory	277	(1)
Key Concepts	277	(3)
Evaluation of Systems Theory	280	(1)
The Family Life Cycle	280	(2)
Evaluation of the Family Life Cycle	282	(1)
Marriage Counseling	282	(5)
The Counseling Process	283	(1)
Skills-Based Marriage Counseling	283	(1)
Marital Assessment	284	(3)
Family Counseling	287	(8)
Psychodynamic Family Counseling	287	(1)
Experiential Family Counseling	287	(2)
Structural Family Counseling	289	(1)
Strategic Family Counseling	289	(1)
Adlerian Family Counseling	290	(1)
Postmodern/Social Constructionist Trends in Family Counseling	291	(3)
The Counseling Process	294	(1)
Diversity Issues in Marriage and Family Counseling	295	(2)
Evaluation of Marriage and Family Counseling	297	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Personal Exploration	298	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 10	298	(1)
Child and Adolescent Counseling	299	(42)
The Art and Science of Child and Adolescent Counseling	299	(1)
Children and Adolescents from a Historical Perspective	300	(2)
Children	300	(1)
Adolescents	301	(1)
Developmental Theories	302	(11)
Cognitive Theories	303	(2)
Theories of Moral Development	305	(1)
Psychosocial Theories	305	(1)
Developmental Psychopathology	306	(1)
The Classic Theories	307	(1)
Emerging Developmental Trends	307	(6)
Treatment Issues	313	(12)
Assessment Procedures	313	(3)
Child and Adolescent Counseling Goals	316	(1)
Child and Adolescent Counseling Research	317	(1)
Special Counseling Approaches for Children and Adolescents	317	(5)
Guidelines for Child and Adolescent Counseling	322	(3)
Special Problems of Children and Adolescents	325	(13)
Child Abuse and Neglect	325	(4)
Depression	329	(3)
Suicide	332	(2)
Antisocial Behavior	334	(4)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Child and Adolescent Counseling	338	(2)
Summary	340	(1)
Personal Exploration	340	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 11	340	(1)
Group Counseling	341	(19)
The Art and Science of Group Counseling	341	(1)
Group Counseling	342	(1)
Group Counseling from a Historical Perspective	342	(1)
Comparison to Individual and Family Counseling	343	(6)
Group Counseling Versus Individual Counseling	344	(1)
Group Counseling Versus Family Counseling	345	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Counseling	346	(1)
Group Goals and Processes	347	(1)
Types of Groups	347	(2)
Problem Solving and Group Process	349	(1)
Group Size, Composition, and Duration	350	(1)
Use of Coleaders	351	(1)
Pregroup Screening and Orientation	351	(1)
Stages in Group Counseling	352	(1)
Stage 1: The Initial Stage	352	(1)
Stage 2: The Transition Stage	353	(1)
Stage 3: The Working Stage	353	(1)
Stage 4: The Final Stage	353	(1)
Brief-Solution-Focused Group Counseling	353	(1)
Dealing with Disruptive Group Members	354	(1)
Common Mistakes of Group Leaders	355	(1)
Qualities of Effective Group Leaders	356	(1)
Diversity Issues	357	(1)
Summary	358	(1)
Personal Exploration	359	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 12	359	(1)
Career Counseling	360	(23)
The Art and Science of Career Counseling	360	(1)
Evolution of Career Counseling	361	(1)
Theoretical Foundations	362	(7)
Career Development Theories	362	(5)
Career Decision-Making Theories	367	(2)
Treatment Issues	369	(6)
Personal Counseling Versus Career Counseling	369	(2)
Assessment Instruments	371	(2)
The Process of Career Counseling	373	(1)
Intervention Strategies	374	(1)
Special Issues	375	(5)
Career Counseling for Women	375	(3)
Computer-Assisted Career Counseling	378	(2)
Diversity Issues in Career Counseling	380	(2)
Summary	382	(1)
Personal Exploration	382	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 13	382	(1)
School Counseling	383	(39)
The Art and Science of School Counseling	383	(1)
A Comprehensive Developmental Model for School Counseling	384	(3)
A Developmental Perspective	386	(1)
Role and Function of School Counselors	387	(9)
A Historical Perspective	388	(2)
The Current ASCA Role Statement, Definition, Standards, and National Model	390	(2)
Role and Function by Grade Level and Setting	392	(4)
Special Skills and Problems	396	(18)
Consultation	396	(4)
Counseling Exceptional Students	400	(7)
Special Problems	407	(7)
Trends in School Counseling	414	(7)
Diversity Issues	417	(2)
Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling	419	(1)
Use of Technology	420	(1)
Summary	421	(1)
Personal Exploration	421	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 14	421	(1)
Mental Health Counseling	422	(34)
The Art and Science of Mental Health Counseling	422	(1)
Professional Issues	423	(2)
The Role and Function of Mental Health Counselors	425	(6)
Direct Intervention Strategies	426	(2)
Indirect Intervention Strategies	428	(3)
Categories of Mental Health Services	431	(4)
Problems of Living	431	(1)
Mental Disorders	432	(3)
Strategies for Suicidal Clients	435	(5)
Causes	435	(1)
Myths About Suicide	436	(1)
Treatment Strategies	436	(4)
Strategies for Clients with Substance-Abuse Problems	440	(8)
Diagnosis	440	(2)
Special Treatment Issues	442	(1)
Counseling Goals	442	(1)
Treatment Strategies	443	(2)
Stages of Change	445	(1)
Prevention of Relapses	446	(2)
Trends and Perspectives	448	(6)
Postmodern Trends	448	(2)
Mental Health Counseling and the Internet	450	(1)
Ecosystemic Mental Health Counseling	451	(1)
Diversity Issues	452	(1)
Managed Care	453	(1)
Summary	454	(1)
Personal Exploration	455	(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 15	455	(1)
References	456	(47)
Name Index	503	(12)
Subject Index	515	(17)
Credits	532