Introduction to Epidemiology

by Timmreck, Thomas C.

• ISBN13: 9780763706357
• ISBN10: 0763706353
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780763700607
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-05-01
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

The Second Edition of this successful text is intended for introductory courses in health-related programs at both the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels. It will serve as a valuable reference for epidemiologists working in the field, industrial hygienists, infectious disease nurses, and staff epidemiologists. A clear, organized presentation makes this thorough treatment of epidemiology more accessible to readers through the use of study questions, objectives, exercises, and case studies.

Table of Contents

About the Author	p. vi
Preface	p. xv
Preface to the Third Edition	p. xvii
Foreword	p. xix
Foundations of Epidemiology	p. 1
Chapter Objectives	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Epidemiology Defined	p. 2
Epidemiologist Defined	p. 3
Purposes of Epidemiology	p. 3
Scope and Application of Epidemiology	p. 4
Incidence and Prevalence Described	p. 5
Uses of Epidemiology	p. 5
The Epidemiology Triangle	p. 6
Some Disease Transmission Concepts	p. 9
Modes of Disease Transmission	p. 11
The Chain of Infection	p. 12
News File: Pediculosis (Person-to-Person Transmission)	p. 13
Classes of Epidemics/Outbreaks	p. 14
The Advanced Triangle of Epidemiology	p. 15
Goals of Epidemiology	p. 16
Case Concepts in Epidemiology	p. 16
Levels of Prevention	p. 18
Conclusion	p. 21
Exercises	p. 22
References	p. 25
Practical Disease Concepts in Epidemiology	p. 27
Chapter Objectives	p. 27
Introduction	p. 28
Essentials of Communicable Disease	p. 28
The Natural Course of Disease	p. 30
General Classification of Diseases	p. 32
Classification of Disease by Cause	p. 35
Inanimate Sources of Illness and Disability	p. 36
Portals of Entry of Infectious Disease Agents into the Human Body	p. 37
Time: Incubation Periods in Communicable Diseases	p. 37
Zoonosis	p. 40
International Classification of Diseases	p. 42
Notifiable Diseases in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)	p. 44
Immunizations: Protecting the Public from Disease	p. 47
Herd Immunity	p. 49
Communicable Disease Prevention and Control	p. 52
News File: Disease Transmission and Universal Precautions	p. 57
Noncommunicable Diseases and Chronic Disease Classification	p. 58
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Disorders	p. 60
Chronic Diseases and Conditions	p. 61
Health Goals for the Year 2010	p. 65
Exercises	p. 66
References	p. 69
Selected Historical Developments of Epidemiology	p. 71
Chapter Objectives	p. 71
Introduction	p. 72
Hippocrates, the First Epidemiologist	p. 72
Disease Observations of Sydenham	p. 73
The Epidemiology of Scurvy in 1753	p. 74
Cowpox and Its Epidemiological Connection to Smallpox	p. 75
The Epidemiology of Childbed Fever in a Lying-in Hospital	p. 76
Historical Epidemiological Assessment of Cholera in London	p. 77
News File: Cholera Epidemic	p. 80
Pasteur's and Koch's Contribution to Epidemiology	p. 81
The Microscope and Its Contribution to Epidemiology	p. 82
John Graunt and Vital Statistics Development	p. 83
Ramazzini and the Epidemiology of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene	p. 84
Typhoid Mary	p. 86
The Epidemiology of Vitamins in Curing Nutritional Diseases	p. 86
The Beginning of Epidemiology in the United States (1793-1913)	p. 87
Historical Developments of Morbidity in Epidemiology	p. 89
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study	p. 90
The Framingham Heart Study	p. 92
The Epidemiology of Cigarette Smoking and Cancer	p. 93
Exercises	p. 94
References	p. 95
Epidemiological Measures of Health Status: Mortality--Rates and Ratios	p. 97
Chapter Objectives	p. 97
Introduction	p. 98
Mortality Statistics	p. 98
Rates	p. 99
Ratios	p. 103
Proportions	p. 104
Mortality	p. 105
News File: Top Causes of Death Worldwide	p. 110
Three Levels of Rates (General Use)	p. 110
Types of Mortality Rates/Ratios	p. 111
Infant Mortality	p. 113
Abortion	p. 119
Maternal Mortality Rates	p. 119
Adjusted Death Rates	p. 121
Mortality Crossover	p. 127
Mortality Time Trends	p. 127
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)	p. 128
Exercises	p. 129
References	p. 131
Epidemiological Measures of Health Status: Morbidity--Rates and Ratios	p. 133
Chapter Objectives	p. 133
Introduction	p. 134
Incidence and Incidence Rates	p. 134
Approaches to Incidence Rates	p. 137
Some Fundamental Concepts of Incidence	p. 138
Case File: Rubella (Incidence of Disease)	p. 140
Risk in Morbidity	p. 140
Relative Risk	p. 141
Incidence and Attack Rates	p. 147
Prevalence	p. 151
Case File: Pingpong Gonorrhea (Recurring Diseases)	p. 155
Epidemics: Two Types--Common Source and Propagated	p. 156
Odds Ratio	p. 159
News File: Hantavirus (Emerging Infections)	p. 160
Formalized Sources of Morbidity Statistics and Data	p. 162
Exercises	p. 167
References	p. 169
Epidemiology Vital Statistics and Health Status Indicators	p. 171
Chapter Objectives	p. 171
Introduction	p. 172
Census of the Population	p. 173
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)	p. 177
Vital Events Registration	p. 178
Birth Rate and Crude Birth Rate	p. 180
Mortality and Death Certificates in Vital Statistics	p. 180
The Role of the Medical Examiner and Coroner	p. 182
Marriage and Divorce Statistics	p. 183
Computer Use in Vital Statistics and Epidemiology	p. 184
Selected Sources of Data for Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Information	p. 185
Private Professional Associations as Sources of Data	p. 198
Exercises	p. 200
References	p. 201
Descriptive Statistics in Epidemiology	p. 203
Chapter Objectives	p. 203
Introduction	p. 204
Computers in Epidemiological Descriptive Statistics	p. 204
Descriptive Statistics Basics	p. 205
News File: AIDS/HIV (Epidemics, Prevalence, Prevention, and Control)	p. 207
Types and Sources of Data for Descriptive Statistics	p. 208
Parametric and Nonparametric Data	p. 210
Central Tendency	p. 211
Skewness of Standard Distribution Bell Curve	p. 212
Tables and the Presentation of Data in Epidemiology	p. 214
Graphs and Charts in the Presentation of Descriptive Statistics Data	p. 215
Rates, Ratios, and Proportions in Epidemiology	p. 220
Samples of Tables and Charts Used in Epidemiological Reports	p. 220
Exercises	p. 227
References	p. 229
Research Methods, Study Design, and Analytic Studies	p. 231
Chapter Objectives	p. 231
Introduction	p. 232
Observational Epidemiology Studies	p. 232
Descriptive vs Analytical Epidemiological Studies	p. 233
The Study Designs	p. 234
Experimental/Analytical Design in Epidemiology	p. 235
Observational Studies	p. 236
Case File: Data Collection in Case Control Studies	p. 238
Case File: Retrospective and Outcome Studies	p. 243
Cross-Sectional Studies/Survey Research	p. 244
Selection of Study Population	p. 249
Surveys in Cross-Sectional Studies	p. 250
Five Data Gathering Approaches	p. 251
Sampling the Population for Epidemiological Studies	p. 252
National Epidemiological Health Survey Methodology	p. 256
Prospective Studies/Longitudinal Studies	p. 258
Cohorts and Cohort Studies	p. 261
Survivorship Studies in Epidemiology	p. 266
Pretest/Intervention/Post-Test Design	p. 268
Ethics in Research	p. 269
Conclusion	p. 269
Exercises	p. 270
References	p. 272
Time, Place, and Person	p. 275
Chapter Objectives	p. 275
Introduction	p. 276
Time	p. 276
Time Clustering	p. 287
Place	p. 291
Maps and Spot/Dot Maps in Epidemiology	p. 296
Use of Building Maps in Epidemiology	p. 306
News File: Mapping in Epidemiology	p. 311
Zoonosis	p. 313
Person	p. 314
Sex	p. 321
Race and Ethnicity	p. 323
Marital and Family Status	p. 326
Family Structure and Genealogical Research	p. 328
Occupation	p. 328
Education as a Characteristic of the Person	p. 329
Exercises	p. 333
References	p. 335
Observational Methodology, Association, and Causality Development	p. 337
Chapter Objectives	p. 337
Introduction	p. 338
Causality in Epidemiology	p. 338
Prevention and Control Approaches Derived from Causation	p. 342
Factors in Causation of Disease	p. 342
Webs of Causation	p. 344
Epidemiological Association in Causation of Disease	p. 349
Hypothesis Development for Epidemiology	p. 354
Analytical Epidemiology	p. 356
Risk in Association and Causality	p. 361
Screening and Disease Detection in Populations	p. 362
Sensitivity and Specificity: Tests of Validity	p. 364
Exercises	p. 370
References	p. 371
Developing and Conducting Investigations and Studies	p. 373
Chapter Objectives	p. 373
Introduction	p. 374
Planning and Administration of Epidemiological Studies	p. 374
Working Up an Epidemiology Study	p. 375
Steps in an Epidemiology Investigation	p. 375
News File: Disease Investigation and Control	p. 382
Setting Up a Cohort Occupational Epidemiology Study	p. 382
Steps in Working Up a Foodborne Illness Investigation	p. 384
Basic Epidemiological Questions	p. 385
Exercises	p. 388
References	p. 390
Behavioral and Chronic Disease Epidemiology	p. 391
Chapter Objectives	p. 391
Introduction	p. 392
Chronic Disease Epidemiology	p. 392
Risk Factors in Chronic Diseases and Behaviorally Caused Diseases	p. 395
Odds Ratio in Chronic Diseases	p. 396
News File: Teenage Smoking (Behavioral Epidemiology)	p. 397
Developing Webs of Causation for Chronic Diseases or Behaviorally Caused Disorders	p. 397
Chronic Disease, Behaviorally Caused, and Noncommunicable Disease Epidemiological Studies (Some Examples)	p. 403
Prevention and Control: A Hallmark of Epidemiology	p. 410
Quality of Adjusted Life Years/Healthy People 2000	p. 410
Priorities for Prevention and Health Promotion Activities Related to Epidemiology	p. 411
Health Belief Model in Chronic Disease Epidemiology	p. 412
Exercises	p. 414
References	p. 415
Case Studies	p. 417
Snow on Cholera	p. 419
Cholera--Examples, Cases, and Observations	p. 419
Case Study Questions	p. 423
Cholera and the Broad Street Pump Outbreak	p. 424
Case Study Questions	p. 431
Cholera Epidemic of 1853 and Two London Water Companies	p. 431
Cholera Epidemic of 1854	p. 433
Case Study Questions	p. 435
Epidemiological Issues	p. 438
Case Study Questions	p. 441
Working through a Foodborne Illness Epidemic Investigation: Typhoid Fever in Schenectady	p. 443
Case of Typhoid Fever in Schenectady, New York	p. 444
Case Study Questions	p. 444
Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School	p. 451
Case of Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School	p. 451
Case Study Questions	p. 456
Retrospective Analysis of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Mortality	p. 459
Case of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Causes of Death, California	p. 459
Case Study Questions	p. 462
Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association of Congenital Malformations and Hazardous Waste	p. 463
Case on Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites	p. 464
Case Study Questions	p. 468
History and Epidemiology of Polio Epidemics	p. 471
Brief Review of Poliomyelitis as It Is Known Today	p. 472
Case Study Questions	p. 473
First Polio Epidemics Studied and Reported: Sweden	p. 473
Case Study Questions	p. 479
First Major Epidemic of Poliomyelitis in America: Rutland, Vermont	p. 480
Case Study Questions	p. 481
Simon Flexner, M.D. and Wade Hamilton Frost, M.D.: American Epidemiologists Who Investigated Poliomyelitis	p. 481
Case Study Questions	p. 485
Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Los Angeles, 1934	p. 486
Case Study Questions	p. 487
Epilogue	p. 487
References	p. 488
Epidemiological Associations and Societies	p. 489
Epi Info and Epi Map Epidemiology Software	p. 491
EPI Info	p. 491
EPI Map	p. 492
Internet Sites	p. 495
Index	p. 497
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