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9780072521832

Introduction to Geography with Online Learning Center (OLC) Password Card

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780072521832

  • ISBN10:

    007252183X

  • Edition: 9th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2003-01-21
  • Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
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List Price: $130.30

Summary

This market-leading book introduces college students to the breadth and spatial insights of the field of geography. The authors' approach allows the major research traditions of geography to dictate the principal themes. Chapter 1 introduces students to the four organizing traditions that have emerged through the long history of geographical thought and writing: earth science, culture-environment, location, and area analysis. Each of the four parts of this book centers on one of these geographic perspectives.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Introduction
1(20)
The Nature of Geography
2(2)
Evolution of the Discipline
4(2)
Some Core Geographic Concepts
6(9)
Location, Direction, and Distance
7(1)
Location
7(1)
Direction
8(2)
Distance
10(1)
Size and Scale
10(1)
Physical and Cultural Attributes
10(2)
Attributes of Place Are Always Changing
12(1)
Interrelations between Places
12(2)
Place Similarity and Regions
14(1)
Geography's Themes and Standards
15(2)
Organization of This Book
17(3)
Key Words
20(1)
For Review and Consideration
20(1)
Selected References
20(1)
Maps
21(33)
Locating Points on a Sphere: The Grid System
22(4)
Map Projections
26(6)
Properties of Map Projections
26(1)
Area
26(1)
Shape
26(1)
Distance
26(2)
Direction
28(1)
Types of Projections
28(1)
Cylindrical Projections
28(1)
Conic Projections
29(1)
Planar Projections
29(1)
Other Projections
30(2)
Scale
32(2)
Types of Maps
34(8)
Topographic Maps and Terrain Representation
34(3)
Thematic Maps and Data Representation
37(1)
Point Symbols
37(3)
Area Symbols
40(1)
Line Symbols
40(1)
Deceptive Practices
41(1)
Remote Sensing
42(4)
Aerial Photography
43(1)
Nonphotographic Imagery
43(1)
Satellite Imagery
43(3)
Geographic Information Systems
46(3)
Summary
49(3)
Key Words
52(1)
For Review and Consideration
52(1)
Selected References
52(2)
PART ONE The Earth Science Tradition 54(128)
Physical Geography: Landforms
57(34)
Earth Materials
58(2)
Igneous Rocks
58(1)
Sedimentary Rocks
59(1)
Metamorphic Rocks
60(1)
Geologic Time
60(1)
Movements of the Continents
61(3)
Tectonic Forces
64(6)
Diastrophism
65(1)
Broad Warping
65(1)
Folding
65(1)
Faulting
66(1)
Volcanism
67(3)
Gradational Processes
70(15)
Weathering
70(1)
Mechanical Weathering
70(3)
Chemical Weathering
73(1)
Mass Movement
74(1)
Erosional Agents and Deposition
74(1)
Running Water
74(2)
Stream Landscapes
76(2)
Groundwater
78(1)
Glaciers
79(3)
Waves, Currents, and Coastal Landforms
82(2)
Wind
84(1)
Landform Regions
85(3)
Summary
88(1)
Key Words
88(1)
For Review and Consideration
88(1)
Selected References
88(3)
Physical Geography: Weather and Climate
91(48)
Air Temperature
93(3)
Earth Inclination
93(2)
Reflection and Reradiation
95(1)
The Lapse Rate
96(1)
Air Pressure and Winds
96(7)
Pressure Gradient Force
99(1)
The Convection System
99(1)
Land and Sea Breezes
100(1)
Coriolis Effect
100(1)
The Frictional Effect
100(1)
The Global Air-Circulation Pattern
100(3)
Ocean Currents
103(1)
Moisture in the Atmosphere
104(8)
Types of Precipitation
106(2)
Storms
108(4)
Climate
112(6)
Soils and Climate
112(1)
Soil Formation
112(2)
Soil Profiles and Horizons
114(1)
Soil Properties
114(1)
Soil Classification
115(1)
Natural Vegetation and Climate
116(1)
Succession
116(2)
Natural Vegetation Regions
118(1)
Climate Regions
118(15)
The Tropical Climates
123(1)
Tropical Rain Forest
123(1)
Savanna
123(3)
Dryland Climates
126(1)
Hot Deserts
126(1)
Midlatitude Deserts and Semideserts
126(1)
The Humid Midlatitude Climates
126(1)
Mediterranean Climate
126(2)
Humid Subtropical Climate
128(1)
Marine West Coast Climate
129(2)
Humid Continental Climate
131(1)
Subarctic and Arctic Climates
132(1)
Climatic Change
133(3)
Summary
136(1)
Key Words
136(1)
For Review and Consideration
137(1)
Selected References
137(2)
Human Impact on the Environment
139(43)
Ecosystems
141(1)
Food Chains and Renewal Cycles
141(1)
Impact on Water
142(8)
Availability of Water
142(2)
Modification of Streams
144(1)
Water Quality
144(2)
Agricultural Sources of Water Pollution
146(1)
Fertilizers
146(1)
Biocides
147(1)
Animal Wastes
147(1)
Other Sources of Water Pollution
147(1)
Industry
148(1)
Mining
149(1)
Municipalities and Residences
149(1)
Controlling Water Pollution
150(1)
Impact on Air and Climate
150(10)
Air Pollutants
150(1)
Factors Affecting Air Pollution
151(1)
Acid Rain
152(1)
Photochemical Smog
153(1)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer
154(2)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
156(3)
Controlling Air Pollution
159(1)
Impact on Land and Soils
160(7)
Landforms Produced by Excavation
160(1)
Landforms Produced by Dumping
161(1)
Formation of Surface Depressions
161(1)
Soils
162(5)
Impact on Plants and Animals
167(4)
Habitat Disruption
168(1)
Hunting and Commercial Exploitation
168(1)
Exotic Species
169(2)
Poisoning and Contamination
171(1)
Solid-Waste Disposal
171(7)
Municipal Waste
171(2)
Landfills
173(1)
Incineration
173(2)
Source Reduction and Recycling
175(1)
Hazardous Waste
175(3)
Summary
178(1)
Key Words
179(1)
For Review and Consideration
179(1)
Selected References
179(3)
PART TWO The Culture--Environment Tradition 182(168)
Population Geography
185(40)
Population Growth
186(2)
Some Population Definitions
188(15)
Birth Rates
189(1)
Fertility Rates
190(3)
Death Rates
193(4)
Population Pyramids
197(3)
Natural Increase
200(1)
Doubling Times
200(3)
The Demographic Transition
203(5)
The Western Experience
204(1)
A Divided World Converging
205(3)
The Demographic Equation
208(2)
Population Relocation
208(1)
Immigration Impacts
209(1)
World Population Distribution
210(2)
Population Density
212(5)
Overpopulation
214(1)
Urbanization
215(2)
Population Data and Projections
217(2)
Population Data
217(1)
Population Projections
218(1)
Population Controls
219(2)
Population Prospects
221(2)
Summary
223(1)
Key Words
223(1)
For Review and Consideration
223(1)
Selected References
224(1)
Cultural Geography
225(54)
Components of Culture
226(2)
Interaction of People and Environment
228(1)
Environments as Controls
228(1)
Human Impacts
229(1)
Subsystems of Culture
229(8)
The Technological Subsystem
230(3)
The Sociological Subsystem
233(2)
The Ideological Subsystem
235(2)
Culture Change
237(7)
Innovation
239(1)
Diffusion
240(2)
Acculturation
242(2)
Cultural Diversity
244(1)
Language
245(11)
Language Spread and Change
249(1)
Standard and Variant Languages
250(3)
Language and Culture
253(3)
Religion
256(12)
Classification and Distribution of Religions
257(2)
The Principal Religions
259(1)
Judaism
260(1)
Christianity
260(1)
Islam
261(2)
Hinduism
263(3)
Buddhism
266(1)
East Asian Ethnic Religions
267(1)
Ethnicity
268(4)
Gender and Culture
272(2)
Other Aspects of Diversity
274(1)
Culture Realms
274(2)
Summary
276(1)
Key Words
276(1)
For Review and Consideration
277(1)
Selected References
277(2)
Spatial Interaction
279(30)
The Definition of Spatial Interaction
281(1)
Distance and Spatial Interaction
281(1)
Barriers to Interaction
281(1)
Spatial Interaction and Innovation
282(1)
Individual Activity Space
283(4)
Stage in Life
286(1)
Mobility
286(1)
Opportunities
287(1)
Diffusion and Innovation
287(3)
Contagious Diffusion
288(2)
Hierarchical Diffusion
290(1)
Spatial Interaction and Technology
290(2)
Automobiles
290(1)
Telecommunications
291(1)
Migration
292(10)
The Decision to Migrate
294(6)
Barriers to Migration
300(1)
Patterns of Migration
301(1)
Globalization
302(5)
Economic Integration
303(1)
International Banking
303(1)
Transnational Corporations
304(1)
Global Marketing
305(1)
Political Integration
305(2)
Cultural Integration
307(1)
Summary
307(1)
Key Words
308(1)
For Review and Consideration
308(1)
Selected References
308(1)
Political Geography
309(41)
National Political Systems
311(23)
States, Nations, and Nation-States
312(1)
The Evolution of the Modern State
313(1)
Geographic Characteristics of States
313(1)
Size
313(2)
Shape
315(1)
Location
316(3)
Cores and Capitals
319(1)
Boundaries: The Limits of the State
320(1)
Natural and Artificial Boundaries
321(1)
Boundaries Classified by Settlement
321(1)
Boundaries as Sources of Conflict
322(4)
Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion
326(1)
Nationalism
326(1)
Unifying Institutions
327(1)
Organization and Administration
327(2)
Transportation and Communication
329(1)
Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority
329(5)
Cooperation among States
334(6)
Supranationalism
334(1)
The United Nations and Its Agencies
334(1)
Maritime Boundaries
335(1)
An International Law of the Sea
336(2)
Regional Alliances
338(2)
Military and Political Alliances
340(1)
Local and Regional Political Organization
340(7)
The Geography of Representation: The Districting Problem
342(1)
The Fragmentation of Political Power
343(4)
Summary
347(1)
Key Words
347(1)
For Review and Consideration
347(1)
Selected References
348(2)
PART THREE The Locational Tradition 350(138)
Economic Geography
353(46)
The Classification of Economic Activity and Economies
354(3)
Categories of Activity
355(1)
Types of Economic Systems
356(1)
Primary Activities: Agriculture
357(16)
Subsistence Agriculture
360(1)
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
360(2)
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
362(1)
Green Revolution
363(2)
Commercial Agriculture
365(1)
Production Controls
365(1)
A Model of Agricultural Location
366(2)
Intensive Commercial Agriculture
368(3)
Extensive Commercial Agriculture
371(1)
Special Crops
371(1)
Agriculture in Planned Economies
372(1)
Other Primary Activities
373(2)
Fishing and Forestry
373(1)
Mining and Quarrying
373(2)
Trade in Primary Products
375(4)
Secondary Activities: Manufacturing
379(12)
Industrial Locational Models
379(1)
Other Locational Considerations
380(1)
Transport Characteristics
381(1)
Agglomeration Economies
381(1)
Just-in-Time and Flexible Production
382(1)
Comparative Advantage
383(1)
Imposed Considerations
384(1)
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
385(1)
World Manufacturing Patterns and Trends
386(2)
High-Tech Patterns
388(3)
Tertiary and Beyond
391(3)
Tertiary Services
392(1)
Beyond Tertiary
393(1)
Services in World Trade
394(3)
Summary
397(1)
Key Words
397(1)
For Review and Consideration
398(1)
Selected References
398(1)
The Geography of Natural Resources
399(44)
Resource Terminology
401(2)
Renewable Resources
401(1)
Nonrenewable Resources
401(1)
Resource Reserves
402(1)
Energy Resources and Industrialization
403(1)
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
403(11)
Crude Oil
404(2)
Coal
406(3)
Natural Gas
409(1)
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
410(1)
Nuclear Energy
410(1)
Nuclear Fission
410(4)
Nuclear Fusion
414(1)
Renewable Energy Resources
414(6)
Biomass Fuels
415(1)
Wood
415(1)
Waste
415(1)
Hydroelectric Power
415(1)
Solar Energy
416(1)
Other Renewable Energy Resources
417(1)
Geothermal Energy
417(3)
Wind Power
420(1)
Nonfuel Mineral Resources
420(5)
The Distribution of Resources
422(1)
Copper: A Case Study
423(2)
Food Resources
425(5)
Expansion of Cultivated Areas
428(1)
Increasing Yields
428(1)
Increasing Fish Consumption
429(1)
Land Resources
430(8)
Wetlands
430(4)
Forest Resources
434(1)
U.S. National Forests
435(2)
Tropical Forests
437(1)
Resource Management
438(3)
Summary
441(1)
Key Words
442(1)
For Review and Consideration
442(1)
Selected References
442(1)
Urban Geography
443(45)
The Functions of Urban Areas
446(5)
Some Definitions
448(3)
The Location of Urban Settlements
451(1)
The Economic Base
452(3)
Systems of Urban Settlements
455(5)
The Urban Hierarchy
457(1)
Rank-Size and Primacy
457(1)
World Cities
458(1)
Urban Influence Zones
458(1)
Towns in Agricultural Areas
459(1)
Network Cities
460(1)
Inside the City
460(8)
The Competitive Bidding for Land
460(2)
Land Values and Population Density
462(1)
Models of Urban Land Use Structure
463(1)
Social Areas of Cities
464(1)
Social Status
465(1)
Family Status
466(1)
Ethnicity
466(1)
Institutional Controls
467(1)
Suburbanization in the United States
468(2)
Central City Change
470(7)
Constricted Central Cities
470(5)
Expanding Central Cities
475(2)
World Urban Diversity
477(8)
The United States and Canadian City
477(1)
The West European City
478(2)
The East European City
480(1)
Cities in the Developing World
480(1)
The Latin American City
481(3)
The Asian and African City
484(1)
Summary
485(1)
Key Words
486(1)
For Review and Consideration
486(1)
Selected References
486(2)
PART FOUR The Area Analysis Tradition 488(23)
The Regional Concept
491(20)
The Nature of Regions
492(2)
The Structure of This Chapter
494(1)
Part I: Regions in the Earth Science Tradition
494(4)
Landforms as Regions
494(1)
Dynamic Regions in Weather and Climate
495(2)
Ecosystems as Regions
497(1)
Part II: Regions in the Culture--Environment Tradition
498(6)
Population as Regional Focus
498(2)
Language as Region
500(1)
Mental Regions
501(1)
Political Regions
502(2)
Part III: Regions in the Locational Tradition
504(6)
Economic Regions
504(1)
Natural Resource Regions
505(2)
Urban Regions
507(3)
Summary
510(1)
Key Words
510(1)
For Review and Consideration
510(1)
Selected References
510(1)
Appendix 511(7)
Glossary 518(12)
Index 530

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