An Introduction to the History of Psychology (with InfoTrac)

by Hergenhahn, B. R.

• ISBN13: 9780534554019
• ISBN10: 0534554016
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-23
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Dreams puzzled early man, Greek philosophers spun elaborate theories to explain human memory and perception, Descartes postulated that the brain was filled with "animal spirits," and psychology was officially deemed a "science" in the 19th century. In AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY, author B.R. Hergenhahn shows you that most of the concerns of contemporary psychologists are manifestations of themes that have been part of psychology for hundreds--or even thousands--of years. The book's numerous photographs and learning tools, along with its coverage of fascinating figures in psychology, engage you and will help you understand the material in each chapter. Chapter summaries, discussion questions, end-of-chapter glossaries, and a Book Companion Website will all help you prepare for success on your next exam.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction	1	(25)
Problems in Writing a History of Psychology	1	(2)
Where to Start	1	(1)
What to Include	2	(1)
Choice of Approach	3	(1)
Why Study the History of Psychology?	3	(2)
Perspective	3	(1)
Deeper Understanding	4	(1)
Recognition of Fads and Fashions	4	(1)
Avoiding Repetition of Mistakes	5	(1)
A Source of Valuable Ideas	5	(1)
Curiosity	5	(1)
What Is Science?	5	(2)
A Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism	6	(1)
The Search for Laws	6	(1)
The Assumption of Determinism	7	(1)
Revisions in the Traditional View of Science	7	(5)
Karl Popper	7	(2)
Thomas Kuhn	9	(2)
Paradigms and Psychology	11	(1)
Popper Versus Kuhn	11	(1)
Is Psychology a Science?	12	(3)
Determinism, Indeterminism, and Nondeterminism	12	(3)
Persistent Questions in Psychology	15	(11)
What Is the Nature of Human Nature?	15	(1)
How Are the Mind and Body Related?	15	(1)
Nativism Versus Empiricism	16	(1)
Mechanism Versus Vitalism	17	(1)
Rationalism Versus Irrationalism	18	(1)
How Are Humans Related to Nonhuman Animals?	18	(1)
What Is the Origin of Human Knowledge?	18	(2)
Objective Versus Subjective Reality	19	(1)
The Problem of the Self	19	(1)
Universalism Versus Relativism	20	(1)
Summary	20	(2)
Discussion Questions	22	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	23	(1)
Glossary	23	(3)
CHAPTER 2 The Early Greek Philosophers	26	(33)
The World of Precivilized Humans	26	(1)
Animism and Anthropomorphism	26	(1)
Magic	26	(1)
Early Greek Religion	27	(1)
The First Philosophers	28	(6)
Thales	28	(1)
Anaximander	29	(1)
Heraclitus	29	(1)
Parmenidcs	30	(1)
Pythagoras	30	(2)
Empedocles	32	(1)
Anaxagoras	33	(1)
Democritus	33	(1)
Early Greek Medicine	34	(3)
Alcmaeon	35	(1)
Hippocrates	35	(2)
The Relativity of Truth	37	(7)
Protagoras	37	(1)
Gorgias	38	(1)
Xenophanes	39	(1)
Socrates	39	(2)
Plato	41	(1)
The Theory of Forms or Ideas	41	(1)
The Analogy of the Divided Line	41	(1)
The Allegory of the Cave	42	(1)
The Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge	43	(1)
The Nature of the Soul	43	(1)
Plato's Legacy	44	(1)
Aristotle	44	(7)
The Basic Difference Between Plato and Aristotle	45	(1)
Causation and Teleology	46	(1)
The Hierarchy of Souls	47	(1)
Sensation	47	(1)
Common Sense, Passive Reason, and Active Reason	48	(1)
Memory and Recall	49	(1)
Imagination and Dreaming	49	(1)
Motivation and Happiness	50	(1)
The Emotions and Selective Perception	51	(1)
The Importance of Early Greek Philosophy	51	(1)
Summary	52	(2)
Discussion Questions	54	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	55	(1)
Glossary	55	(4)
CHAPTER 3 After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life	59	(30)
Skepticism and Cynicism	59	(2)
Skepticism	59	(1)
Cynicism	60	(1)
Epicureanism and Stoicism	61	(3)
Epicureanism	61	(2)
Stoicism	63	(1)
Neoplatonism	64	(2)
Philo	64	(1)
Plotinus	65	(1)
Emphasis on Spirit	66	(7)
Jesus	67	(1)
St. Paul	67	(2)
Emperor Constantine	69	(1)
St. Augustine	70	(3)
The Dark Ages	73	(1)
The Arabic and Jewish Influences	74	(3)
Avicenna	74	(1)
Averroes	75	(1)
Maimonides	76	(1)
Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason	77	(1)
St. Anselrn	77	(1)
Peter Lombard	77	(1)
Scholasticism	77	(6)
Peter Abelard	78	(2)
St. Albertus Magnus	80	(1)
St. Thomas Aquinas	80	(2)
Limitations of Scholastic Philosophy	82	(1)
William of Occam: A Turning Point	83	(1)
The Spirit of the Times Before the Renaissance	84	(1)
Summary	84	(2)
Discussion Questions	86	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	86	(1)
Glossary	87	(2)
CHAPTER 4 The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy	89	(28)
Renaissance Humanism	89	(4)
Major Themes	89	(1)
Francesco Petrarch	90	(1)
Giovanni Pico	90	(1)
Desiderius Erasmus	91	(1)
Martin Luther	91	(1)
Michel de Montaigne	92	(1)
Further Challenges to Church Authority	93	(1)
Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo	94	(6)
Ptolemy	94	(1)
Nicolaus Copernicus	95	(1)
Johannes Kepler	96	(1)
Galileo	97	(3)
Isaac Newton	100	(2)
Principles of Newtonian Science	101	(1)
Francis Bacon	102	(4)
Baconian Science	103	(1)
Science Should Provide Useful Information	104	(2)
René Descartes	106	(6)
Descartes's Search for Philosophical Truth	106	(1)
Innate Ideas	107	(1)
The Reflex	108	(1)
Descartes's Explanation of Sleep and Dreams	109	(1)
The Mind-Body Interaction	109	(1)
Descartes's Contributions to Psychology	110	(1)
Descartes's Fate	111	(1)
Summary	112	(1)
Discussion Questions	113	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	114	(1)
Glossary	114	(3)
CHAPTER 5 Empiricism, Sensationalism, and Positivism	117	(46)
British Empiricism	117	(1)
Thomas Hobbes	118	(3)
John Locke	121	(5)
George Berkeley	126	(3)
David Hume	129	(6)
David Hartley	135	(3)
James Mill	138	(2)
John Stuart Mill	140	(4)
Alexander Bain	144	(3)
French Sensationalism	147	(5)
Pierre Gassendi	147	(1)
Julien de La Mettrie	148	(2)
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac	150	(2)
Claude Helvetius	152	(1)
Positivism	152	(4)
Auguste Comte	153	(2)
A Second Type of Positivism	155	(1)
Summary	156	(2)
Discussion Questions	158	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	159	(1)
Glossary	160	(3)
CHAPTER 6 Rationalism	163	(26)
Baruch Spinoza	164	(4)
Nature of God	165	(1)
Mind-Body Relationship	165	(1)
Denial of Free Will	166	(1)
Self-Preservation as the Master Motive	166	(1)
Emotions and Passions	167	(1)
Spinoza's Influence	167	(1)
Nicolas de Malebranche	168	(1)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz	168	(4)
Disagreement with Locke	169	(1)
Monadology	170	(1)
Mind-Body Relationship	170	(1)
Conscious and Unconscious Perception	171	(1)
Thomas Reid	172	(3)
Common Sense	173	(1)
Direct Realism	173	(1)
Faculty Psychology	174	(1)
Immanuel Kant	175	(3)
Categories of Thought	176	(1)
Causes of Mental Experience	176	(1)
The Categorical Imperative	177	(1)
Kant's Influence	178	(1)
Johann Friedrich Herbart	178	(3)
Psychology as a Science	179	(1)
Psychic Mechanics	179	(1)
The Apperceptive Mass	180	(1)
Educational Psychology	181	(1)
Herbart's Influence	181	(1)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	181	(3)
The Absolute	182	(1)
Dialectic Process	183	(1)
Hegel's Influence	183	(1)
Summary	184	(2)
Discussion Questions	186	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	186	(1)
Glossary	187	(2)
CHAPTER 7 Romanticism and Existentialism	189	(22)
Romanticism	190	(8)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	190	(3)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe	193	(1)
Arthur Schopenhauer	194	(4)
Existentialism	198	(9)
Søren Kierkegaard	198	(3)
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche	201	(6)
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche	207	(4)
Summary	207	(2)
Discussion Questions	209	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	209	(1)
Glossary	209	(2)
CHAPTER 8 Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology	211	(29)
Individual Differences	211	(1)
Discrepancy Between Objective and Subjective Reality	211	(1)
Bell-Magendie Law	212	(1)
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies	213	(2)
Johannes Müller	213	(2)
Hermann von Helmholtz	215	(5)
Helmholtz's Stand Against Vitalism	215	(1)
Principle of Conservation of Energy	216	(1)
Rate of Nerve Conduction	216	(1)
Theory of Perception	217	(1)
Theory of Color Vision	218	(1)
Theory of Auditory Perception	219	(1)
Theory of Signs	219	(1)
Helmholtz's Contributions	219	(1)
Ewald Hering	220	(1)
Space Perception	221	(1)
Theory of Color Vision	221	(1)
Christine Ladd-Franklin	221	(1)
Early Research on Brain Functioning	222	(6)
Phrenology	223	(3)
Pierre Flourens	226	(1)
Paul Broca	226	(2)
Gustav Fritsch, Eduard Hitzig, and David Ferrier	228	(1)
The Rise of Experimental Psychology	228	(6)
Ernst Heinrich Weber	229	(1)
Gustav Theodor Fechner	230	(4)
Summary	234	(2)
Discussion Questions	236	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	237	(1)
Glossary	237	(3)
CHAPTER 9 Voluntarism, Structuralism, and Other Early Approaches to Psychology	240	(29)
Voluntarism	241	(1)
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt	241	(7)
Psychology's Goals	243	(1)
Wundt's Use of Introspection	244	(1)
Elements of Thought	244	(1)
Perception, Apperception, and Creative Synthesis	245	(1)
Mental Chronometry	246	(1)
Psychological Versus Physical Causation	247	(1)
Völkerpsychologie	248	(1)
The Historical Misunderstanding of Wundt	248	(1)
Edward Bradford Titchener	249	(6)
Psychology's Goals	252	(1)
Titchener's Use of Introspection	252	(1)
Mental Elements	252	(1)
Law of Combination	253	(1)
Neurological Correlates of Mental Events	253	(1)
Context Theory of Meaning	254	(1)
The Decline of Structuralism	254	(1)
Other Early Approaches to Psychology	255	(9)
Franz Clemens Brentano	255	(1)
Carl Stumpf	256	(2)
Edmund Husserl	258	(1)
Oswald Kulpe	259	(2)
Hans Vaihinger	261	(2)
Hermann Ebbinghaus	263	(1)
Summary	264	(2)
Discussion Questions	266	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	267	(1)
Glossary	267	(2)
CHAPTER 10 The Darwinian Influence and the Rise of Mental Testing	269	(38)
Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin	269	(4)
Jean Lamarck	269	(1)
Herbert Spencer	270	(3)
Charles Darwin	273	(4)
The Journey of the Beagle	274	(1)
Back in England	274	(1)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution	275	(1)
Darwin's Influence	276	(1)
Sir Francis Galton	277	(4)
The Measurement of Intelligence	278	(1)
The Word-Association Test	279	(1)
Mental Imagery	280	(1)
Anthropometry	280	(1)
The Concept of Correlation	281	(1)
Galton's Contributions to Psychology	281	(1)
Intelligence Testing After Galton	281	(8)
James McKeen Caren	281	(2)
Alfred Binet	283	(5)
Charles Spearman and the Concept of General Intelligence	288	(1)
Cyril Burt	288	(1)
The Binet-Simon Scale in the United States	289	(7)
Henry Herbert Goddard	289	(2)
Lewis Madison Terman	291	(4)
Leta Stetter Hollingworth	295	(1)
Intelligence Testing in the Army	296	(2)
Robert M. Yerkes	296	(2)
The Deterioration of National Intelligence	298	(9)
Summary	300	(3)
Discussion Questions	303	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	303	(1)
Glossary	304	(3)
CHAPTER 11 Functionalism	307	(45)
Early U.S. Psychology	307	(2)
Stage One: Moral and Mental Philosophy (1640-1776)	307	(1)
Stage Two: Intellectual Philosophy (1776-1886)	308	(1)
Stage Three: The U.S. Renaissance (1886-1896)	308	(1)
Stage Four: U.S. Functionalism (1896 to Present)	308	(1)
Characteristics of Functionalistic Psychology	309	(1)
William James	309	(9)
James's Crisis	311	(1)
Opposition to Wundt's Approach to Psychology	312	(1)
Stream of Consciousness	313	(1)
Habits and Instincts	314	(2)
The Self 315 Emotions	316	(1)
Free Will	316	(1)
Pragmatism	317	(1)
James's Contributions to Psychology	318	(1)
Hugo Münsterberg	318	(6)
Miinsterberg's Applied Psychology	320	(1)
Miinsterberg's Fate	321	(1)
Mary Whiton Calkins	321	(3)
Granville Stanley Hall	324	(3)
President of Clark University	325	(1)
Recapitulation Theory	326	(1)
Francis Cecil Sumner	327	(5)
Psychology at Clark University	331	(1)
Functionalism at the University of Chicago	332	(12)
John Dewey	332	(1)
James Rowland Angell	333	(2)
Harvey Carr	335	(1)
Functionalism at Columbia University	336	(1)
James McKeen Cattell	336	(1)
Robert Sessions Woodworth	337	(1)
Edward Lee Thorndike	338	(6)
The Fate of Functionalism	344	(8)
Summary	345	(2)
Discussion Questions	347	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	348	(1)
Glossary	349	(3)
CHAPTER 12 Behaviorism	352	(35)
The Background of Behaviorism	352	(1)
Russian Objective Psychology	353	(10)
Ivan M. Sechenov	353	(2)
Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov	355	(6)
Vladimir M. Bechterev	361	(2)
John B. Watson and Behaviorism	363	(14)
Watson's Objective Psychology	369	(8)
Watson's Influence	377	(1)
William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism	377	(5)
McDougall's Definition of Psychology	378	(1)
Purposive Behavior	379	(1)
The Importance of Instincts	379	(1)
The Battle of Behaviorism	380	(2)
Summary	382	(2)
Discussion Questions	384	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	385	(1)
Glossary	385	(2)
CHAPTER 13 Neobehaviorism	387	(31)
Positivism	387	(1)
Logical Positivism	387	(1)
Operationism	388	(1)
Physicalism	389	(1)
Neobehaviorism	389	(1)
Edward Chace Tolman	390	(6)
Purposive Behaviorism	391	(1)
Tolman's Use of Rats	392	(1)
The Use of Intervening Variables	393	(1)
Tolman's Position on Reinforcement	394	(1)
Learning Versus Performance	394	(1)
Tolman's Influence	395	(1)
Clark Leonard Hull	396	(4)
Hull's Hypothetico-Deductive Theory	398	(1)
Reinforcement	399	(1)
Reaction Potential	399	(1)
Hull's Theory in General	399	(1)
Hull's Influence	400	(1)
Edwin Ray Guthrie	400	(4)
The One Law of Learning	401	(1)
One-Trial Learning	401	(1)
Why Practice Improves Performance	402	(1)
The Nature of Reinforcement	402	(1)
Forgetting	402	(1)
Breaking Habits	403	(1)
Punishment	403	(1)
Drives and Intentions	403	(1)
The Formalization of Guthrie's Theory	403	(1)
B.F. Skinner	404	(7)
Skinner's Positivism	406	(1)
Functional Analysis of Behavior	406	(1)
Operant Behavior	407	(1)
The Nature of Reinforcement	408	(1)
The Importance of the Environment	408	(1)
The Positive Control of Behavior	409	(1)
Skinner's Attitude Toward Theory	409	(1)
Applications of Skinnerian Principles	410	(1)
Behaviorism Today	411	(2)
Summary	413	(1)
Discussion Questions	414	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	415	(1)
Glossary	415	(3)
CHAPTER 14 Gestalt Psychology	418	(28)
Antecedents of Gestalt Psychology	418	(2)
Immanuel Kant	418	(1)
Ernst Mach	419	(1)
Christian von Ehrenfels	419	(1)
William James	419	(1)
Act Psychology	420	(1)
Developments in Physics	420	(1)
The Founding of Gestalt Psychology	420	(4)
Max Wertheimer	420	(1)
Kurt Koffka	421	(1)
Wolfgang Kohler	422	(2)
Isomorphism and the Law of Pragnanz	424	(3)
Application of Field Theory	425	(1)
Psychophysical Isomorphism	425	(1)
Opposition to the Constancy Hypothesis	426	(1)
Analysis: Top Down, Not Bottom Up	426	(1)
The Law of Pragnanz	427	(1)
Perceptual Constancies	427	(1)
Perceptual Gestalten	428	(2)
The Figure-Ground Relationship	428	(1)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization	429	(1)
Subjective and Objective Reality	430	(1)
The Gestalt Explanation of Learning	431	(3)
Cognitive Trial and Error	431	(1)
Insightful Learning	431	(2)
Transposition	433	(1)
Productive Thinking	434	(2)
Memory	436	(1)
Memory Processes, Traces, and Systems	436	(1)
Lewin's Field Theory	437	(3)
Aristotelian Versus Galilean Conception of Science	437	(1)
Life Space	438	(1)
Motivation	439	(1)
Conflict	439	(1)
Group Dynamics	440	(1)
The Impact of Gestalt Psychology	440	(1)
Summary	441	(1)
Discussion Questions	442	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	443	(1)
Glossary	443	(3)
CHAPTER 15 Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness	446	(27)
What Is Mental Illness?	446	(1)
Early Explanations of Mental Illness	447	(1)
Biological Explanations	447	(1)
Psychological Explanations	447	(1)
Supernatural Explanations	447	(1)
Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness	448	(6)
The Psychological Approach	449	(1)
The Supernatural Approach	449	(1)
The Biological Approach	450	(2)
The Return of the Supernatural Approach	452	(2)
Gradual Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness	454	(7)
Philippe Pinel	455	(2)
Benjamin Rush	457	(1)
Dorothea Lynde Dix	457	(1)
Emil Kraepelin	458	(1)
Lightner Witmer	459	(2)
The Tension Between the Psychological and Medical Models of Mental Illness	461	(1)
The Use of Hypnotism	462	(6)
Franz Anton Mesmer	462	(2)
Marquis de Puysegur	464	(1)
John Elliotson, James Esdaile, and James Braid	465	(1)
The Nancy School	465	(1)
Charcot's Proposed Explanation of Hypnosis anc Hysteria	466	(2)
Summary	468	(1)
Discussion Questions	469	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	470	(1)
Glossary	471	(2)
CHAPTER 16 Psychoanalysis	473	(34)
Antecedents of the Development of Psychoanalysis	473	(2)
Sigmund Freud	475	(6)
The Cocaine Episode	477	(1)
Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis	477	(1)
Josef Breuer and the Case of Anna O.	477	(2)
Freud's Visit with Charcot	479	(2)
The Birth of Free Association	481	(1)
Studies on Hysteria	481	(2)
Project for a Scientific Psychology	482	(1)
The Seduction Theory	482	(1)
Freud's Self-Analysis	483	(2)
Analysis of Dreams	483	(1)
The Oedipus Complex	484	(1)
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life	485	(1)
Freud's Trip to the United States	486	(1)
A Review of the Basic Components of Freud's Theory of Personality	487	(5)
The Id, Ego, and Superego	487	(2)
Anxiety and the Ego Defense Mechanisms	489	(1)
Psychosexual Stages of Development	490	(2)
Freud's View of Human Nature	492	(2)
Freud's Fate	494	(1)
Revisions of the Freudian Legend	495	(4)
The Reality of Repressed Memories	495	(4)
Evaluation of Freud's Theory	499	(2)
Criticisms	499	(1)
Contributions	500	(1)
Summary	501	(2)
Discussion Questions	503	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	504	(1)
Glossary	505	(2)
CHAPTER 17 Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis	507	(16)
Anna Freud	507	(3)
Anna Freud's and Melanie Klein's Conflicting Views on Child Analysis	508	(1)
Ego Psychology	508	(2)
Carl Jung	510	(3)
Libido	510	(1)
The Ego	510	(1)
The Personal Unconscious	511	(1)
The Collective Unconscious and the Archetypes	511	(1)
The Attitudes	512	(1)
Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity	512	(1)
Dreams	512	(1)
The Importance of Middle Age	513	(1)
Criticisms and Contributions	513	(1)
Alfred Adler	513	(3)
Organ Inferiority and Compensation	514	(1)
Feelings of Inferiority	514	(1)
Worldviews, Fictional Goals, and Lifestyles	515	(1)
The Creative Self	515	(1)
Karen Horney	516	(3)
General Disagreement with Freudian Theory	517	(1)
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety	517	(1)
Adjustments to Basic Anxiety	517	(1)
Feminine Psychology	518	(1)
Summary	519	(1)
Discussion Questions	520	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	521	(1)
Glossary	521	(2)
CHAPTER 18 Humanistic (Third-Force) Psychology	523	(33)
The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit	523	(1)
Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology	524	(1)
Phenomenology	525	(1)
Existential Psychology	526	(10)
Martin Heidegger	526	(2)
Ludwig Binswangcr	528	(1)
Rollo May	529	(3)
George Kelly	532	(4)
Humanistic Psychology	536	(10)
Abraham Maslow	536	(6)
Carl Rogers	542	(4)
Comparison of Existential and Humanistic Psychology	546	(3)
Evaluation	547	(1)
Criticisms	547	(1)
Contributions	548	(1)
Summary	549	(3)
Discussion Questions	552	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	552	(1)
Glossary	553	(3)
CHAPTER 19 Psychobiology	556	(15)
Karl S. Lashley	556	(2)
Mass Action and Equipotentiality	557	(1)
In Search of the Engram	557	(1)
Donald O. Hebb	558	(2)
Cell Assemblies and Phase Sequences	559	(1)
Roger W. Sperry	560	(2)
The Split-Brain Preparation	560	(2)
Behavioral Genetics	562	(6)
Ethology	562	(1)
Sociobiology	563	(1)
Noam Chomsky's Influence	564	(1)
The Misbehavior of Organisms	565	(1)
Genetic Influences on Intelligence and Personality	566	(2)
Summary	568	(1)
Discussion Questions	569	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	569	(1)
Glossary	570	(1)
CHAPTER 20 Cognitive Psychology	571	(18)
Developments Before 1950	571	(2)
Developments During the 1950's	573	(1)
Developments After the 1950's	574	(2)
Artificial Intelligence	576	(3)
The Turing Test	576	(1)
Weak Versus Strong Artificial Intelligence	576	(1)
Searle's Argument Against Strong Artificial Intelligence	576	(2)
Are Humans Machines?	578	(1)
Information-Processing Psychology	579	(2)
The Return of Faculty Psychology	580	(1)
The Return of the Mind-Body Problem	580	(1)
New Connectionism	581	(4)
Antecedents	581	(1)
Neural Networks	582	(2)
Back-Propagation Systems	584	(1)
Summary	585	(1)
Discussion Questions	586	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	587	(1)
Glossary	587	(2)
CHAPTER 21 Contemporary Psychology	589	(19)
The Diversity of Contemporary Psychology	589	(3)
Divisions of the American Psychological Association	589	(3)
The Tension Between Pure, Scientific and Applied Psychology	592	(6)
Controversy Concerning the Training of Clinical Psychologists	596	(1)
Psychology's Two Cultures	597	(1)
Psychology's Status as a Science	598	(2)
Postmodernism	600	(3)
Is There Anything New in Psychology?	603	(2)
Summary	605	(1)
Discussion Questions	606	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	607	(1)
Glossary	607	(1)
Appendix: significant Individuals and Events in the History of Psychology	608	(7)
References	615	(36)
Credits	651	(2)
Name Index	653	(8)
Subject Index	661