An Introduction to Human Communication: Understanding and Sharing

by Pearson, Judy C.

• ISBN13: 9780072336948
• ISBN10: 0072336943
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Frank Amato Pubns

Table of Contents

part 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES	1	(94)
The Nature of Communication	3	(22)
Why Study Communication?	4	(1)
What is Communication?	5	(2)
Communication: The Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning	6	(1)
How Does Communication Work?	7	(3)
Communication Begins with the Self	8	(1)
Communication Involves Others	9	(1)
What are the Components of Communication	10	(3)
People	10	(1)
The Message	11	(1)
The Channel	11	(1)
Feedback	11	(1)
Code	12	(1)
Encoding and Decoding	12	(1)
Noise	13	(1)
How Does Communication Occur?	13	(3)
The Action Model	14	(1)
The Interaction Model	14	(1)
The Transaction Model	14	(1)
The Constructivist Model	15	(1)
What are Communication Contexts?	16	(9)
Intrapersonal Communication	17	(1)
Interpersonal Communication	18	(2)
Public Communication	20	(1)
Mass Communication	20	(1)
Summary	20	(2)
Issues in Communication: A Business Success?	22	(1)
Additional Resources	23	(1)
References	23	(2)
Perception, Self-Awareness, and Self-Concept	25	(26)
What is Perception?	26	(2)
Why Do Differences in Perception Occur?	28	(4)
Physiological Factors	28	(1)
Past Experiences and Roles	29	(1)
Culture and Co-culture	29	(1)
Present Feelings and Circumstances	30	(2)
What Occurs in Perception?	32	(7)
Selection	32	(1)
Organization	33	(4)
Interpretation	37	(2)
What is Self-Awareness?	39	(2)
What is Self-Concept?	41	(10)
Self-Image	42	(1)
Self-Esteem	43	(1)
Gender Differences	43	(1)
Improving Self-Concept	44	(2)
Summary	46	(1)
Issues in Communication: The Importance of Self-Concept	47	(1)
Additional Resources	48	(1)
References	48	(3)
Verbal Communication	51	(22)
What is Language?	52	(5)
Language Has Rules	53	(1)
Language Is Arbitrary	53	(1)
Language Is Representational and Presentational	54	(1)
Language Is Abstract	55	(1)
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality	56	(1)
Language Shapes Perceptions	56	(1)
How Can Language be an Obstacle to Communication?	57	(5)
Unconventional Language	58	(4)
How Can Language Skills be Improved?	62	(11)
Avoid Intentional Confusion	64	(1)
Use Descriptiveness	64	(1)
Be Concrete	65	(2)
Differentiate between Observations and Inferences	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Issues in Communication: Huck Finn's Language	69	(1)
Additional Resources	70	(1)
References	70	(3)
Nonverbal Communication	73	(22)
Why are Nonverbal Codes Difficult to Interpret?	74	(1)
One Code Communicates a Variety of Meanings	74	(1)
A Variety of Codes Communicate the Same Meaning	75	(1)
Interpretations of Intentionality Vary	75	(1)
What are Nonverbal Codes?	75	(13)
Bodily Movement and Facial Expression	76	(3)
Space	79	(3)
Touching	82	(2)
Vocal Cues	84	(2)
Clothing and Other Artifacts	86	(2)
What are Some Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication?	88	(7)
Summary	89	(1)
Issues in Communication: A Chinese Good-Bye	90	(1)
Additional Resources	91	(1)
References	91	(4)
part 2 RECEIVING COMMUNICATION: EMPATHIC AND CRITICAL LISTENING	95	(50)
Listening and Critical Thinking	97	(32)
What is Listening?	98	(2)
How Much do People Listen?	100	(1)
How Well do People Listen?	101	(1)
What Interferes With the Ability to Listen?	101	(5)
Noise	101	(2)
Perceptions of Others	103	(1)
Yourself	104	(2)
Three Kinds of Listening:Active, Empathic, and Critical	106	(4)
Active Listening	107	(1)
Empathic Listening	108	(1)
Critical Listening	109	(1)
Critical Thinking and Listening	110	(1)
Why is Critical Thinking Important?	110	(1)
What is Involved in Critical Thinking and Listening?	110	(2)
Identify the Source	110	(1)
Analyze the Message	111	(1)
What Abilities are Related to Critical Thinking?	112	(7)
Distinguish between Observations and Inferences	112	(1)
Categorize Emotional, Logical, and Personal Evidence	113	(1)
Types of Arguments	113	(2)
Identify Types of Fallacies	115	(4)
What Skills are Associated With Effective Listening?	119	(10)
Verbal Skills	119	(3)
Nonverbal Skills	122	(2)
Issues in Communication: Are You Listening?	124	(1)
Summary	125	(1)
Additional Resources	125	(1)
References	126	(3)
Mass Communication and Media Literacy	129	(16)
Why Should You Study Mass Communication?	130	(1)
What is Mass Communication?	130	(2)
What are the Effects of the Mass Media?	132	(5)
Shape Culture	132	(2)
Shape Attitudes	134	(1)
Influence Behavior	135	(1)
Perpetuate Stereotypes	136	(1)
What are the Mass Media?	137	(4)
Newspapers	137	(2)
Television	139	(1)
News Magazines	139	(1)
The Internet	140	(1)
Professional Journals	140	(1)
How can you be a Critical Consumer of Mass Media?	141	(4)
Issues in Communication: Cultural Democracy	143	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Additional Resources	144	(1)
References	144	(1)
part 3 COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS: COUPLES, TEAMS, AND CULTURES	145	(120)
Interpersonal and Family Communication	147	(40)
The Nature of Interpersonal Relationships	148	(10)
The Definition of Interpersonal Relationships	148	(1)
The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships	149	(5)
The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships	154	(4)
Self-Disclosure	158	(7)
What Is Self-Disclosure?	158	(1)
Why Is Self-Disclosure Important?	159	(1)
Concerns about Self-Disclosure	159	(1)
Gender Differences	160	(2)
Unwillingness to Self-Disclose	162	(3)
Interpersonal Communication with Friends	165	(2)
Improving Communication in Interpersonal Relationships	167	(3)
The Possibilities for Improvement	168	(1)
Behavioral Flexibility	168	(2)
Interpersonal Communication in the Family	170	(17)
What Is the Definition of Family?	171	(2)
What Are the Different Types of Families?	173	(3)
What Are the Factors That Contribute to Family Satisfaction?	176	(3)
Summary	179	(2)
Issues in Communication: The Case of Paul Erdo	181	(1)
Additional Resources	181	(1)
References	182	(5)
Intercultural Communication	187	(16)
Why is the Study of Intercultural Communication Important?	188	(1)
What are Cultures and Co-Cultures?	189	(2)
Co-languages	189	(2)
What are Some Potential Intercultural Communication Problems?	191	(1)
Ethnocentrism	191	(1)
Stereotyping	192	(1)
What are Some Characteristics of Different Cultures?	192	(5)
Individualistic versus Collectivist Cultures	193	(1)
Uncertainty-Accepting versus Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures	194	(1)
Implicit-Rule versus Explicit-Rule Cultures	195	(2)
What are Some Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication?	197	(6)
Summary	199	(1)
Issues in Communication: Korea Hosts WCA Officers	200	(1)
Additional Resources	201	(1)
References	201	(2)
The Dynamics of Small-Group Discussion	203	(32)
Why you Should Learn About Small Groups	204	(3)
What is Small-Group Communication?	207	(1)
The Role of Communication in the Small Group	207	(3)
How Should you Communicate in Groups?	210	(1)
The Types of Small Groups	211	(3)
Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture in Small Groups	214	(21)
The Development of Group Norms	216	(2)
The Development of Role Structure	218	(4)
The Networks of Communication	222	(1)
Group Fantasy	223	(2)
Group Climate	225	(3)
Being an Ethical Group Member	228	(1)
Summary	228	(2)
Issues in Communication: Teamwork at PRI, Inc.	230	(1)
Additional Resources	230	(1)
References	231	(4)
Group Leadership, Conflict, and Problem Solving	235	(30)
What is Leadership?	236	(1)
The Sources of Influence (Power)	237	(1)
The Theoretical Approaches to Leadership	238	(6)
Trait Approaches	238	(2)
Style Approaches	240	(1)
Contingency Approaches	240	(2)
The Communicative Competencies Approach	242	(2)
The Distributed-Leadership Approach	244	(1)
Problem Solving	244	(21)
Problem Solving and Decision Making	245	(1)
Effective Group Problem Solving	246	(8)
The Leader's Role in Problem Solving	254	(2)
Summary	256	(2)
Issues in Communication: Campus Speaker Committee	258	(1)
Additional Resources	259	(1)
References	259	(6)
part 4 FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING: PREPARATION AND DELIVERY	265	(194)
Topic Selection and Audience Analysis	267	(26)
How do I Select a Topic?	268	(4)
Individual Brainstorming	268	(1)
Personal Inventories	269	(1)
Involvement in the Topic	269	(1)
Knowledge of the Topic	270	(2)
How do I Narrow My Topic?	272	(2)
How do I Analyze My Audience?	274	(10)
Four Levels of Audience Analysis	274	(5)
Three Methods of Audience Analysis	279	(5)
How do I Adapt to the Audience?	284	(9)
Adapting Yourself	285	(1)
Adapting Your Verbal and Nonverbal Codes	286	(1)
Adapting Your Topic	286	(1)
Adapting Your Purpose	286	(2)
Adapting Your Supporting Materials	288	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Issues in Communication: Woops! Wrong Audience	289	(1)
Additional Resources	290	(3)
Finding Information and Establishing Credibility	293	(32)
What Information Sources can you Use?	294	(13)
Personal Experiences	294	(1)
Written and Visual Resources	295	(4)
The Internet	299	(5)
People Sources	304	(3)
What Supporting Materials are Appropriate?	307	(6)
Examples	307	(1)
Surveys	308	(1)
Testimonial Evidence	309	(1)
Numbers and Statistics	310	(1)
Analogies	310	(1)
Explanations	311	(1)
Definitions	311	(1)
Evidence and Proof	312	(1)
What is Source Credibility?	313	(12)
Four Aspects of Credibility	314	(3)
Research Findings about Increasing Credibility	317	(2)
Ethical Considerations	319	(1)
Summary	320	(1)
Issues in Communication: Speaker Credibility	321	(1)
Additional Resources	321	(1)
References	322	(3)
Organizing Your Speech	325	(40)
The Introduction	326	(6)
Gaining and Maintaining Audience Attention	327	(3)
Arousing Audience Interest	330	(1)
Stating the Purpose	331	(1)
Establishing Your Qualifications	332	(1)
Forecasting Development and Organization	332	(1)
The Body	332	(22)
The Principles of Outlining	333	(5)
The Development of a Rough Draft	338	(2)
The Sentence Outline	340	(2)
The Key-Word Outline	342	(3)
Organizational Patterns	345	(7)
Transitions and Signposts	352	(2)
The Conclusion	354	(2)
The Bibliography	356	(9)
Summary	359	(1)
Issues in Communication: Making a Difference	360	(1)
Additional Resources	361	(1)
References	361	(4)
Communication Apprehension, Delivery, and Visual Resources	365	(38)
What is Communication Apprehension?	366	(7)
Normal Communication Apprehension	367	(1)
Reducing the Fear of Public Speaking	368	(3)
High Communication Apprehension	371	(2)
What is Delivery?	373	(1)
What are the Four Modes of Speech Delivery?	374	(3)
The Extemporaneous Mode	375	(1)
The Impromptu Mode	375	(1)
The Manuscript Mode	375	(1)
The Memorized Mode	376	(1)
What are the Vocal and Bodily Aspects of Speech Delivery?	377	(10)
The Vocal Aspects of Speech Delivery	377	(6)
The Bodily Aspects of Speech Delivery	383	(4)
What are Visual Aids?	387	(16)
The Uses of Visual Aids	388	(1)
The Types of Visual Aids	388	(9)
Summary	397	(2)
Issues in Communication: Style and Substance	399	(1)
Additional Resources	399	(1)
References	400	(3)
The Informative Speech	403	(26)
How do you Prepare an Informative Speech?	404	(6)
The Goal of Informative Speaking	405	(1)
Topics for Informative Speeches	406	(2)
The Behavioral Purposes of Informative Speeches	408	(2)
How do you Effectively Present Information to an Audience?	410	(5)
Information Hunger	410	(1)
Information Relevance	410	(1)
Extrinsic Motivation	411	(1)
Informative Content	412	(1)
Information Overload	413	(1)
Content Organization	414	(1)
Skills for Informative Speaking	415	(4)
Defining	415	(2)
Describing	417	(1)
Explaining	417	(1)
Narrating	418	(1)
An Example of an Informative Speech?	419	(10)
Summary	424	(1)
Issues in Communication: Learning to Teach	425	(1)
Additional Resources	426	(1)
References	426	(3)
Persuasive and Presentational Speaking	429	(30)
What is Persuasion and What are the Goals of Persuasive Speaking?	430	(3)
What are Some Persuasive Speech Topics?	433	(2)
How do you Persuade an Audience?	435	(10)
Motivational Appeals	435	(1)
Emotional Appeals	436	(1)
Logical Appeals	437	(1)
Organizational Considerations	438	(2)
Speaker Credibility	440	(2)
Ethical Considerations	442	(3)
What are Some Persuasive Speaking Skills?	445	(1)
How do you Resist Persuasion?	446	(2)
What is Presentational Speaking?	448	(3)
Source Credibility	449	(1)
The Audience	449	(1)
The Setting	450	(1)
Types of Presentations	450	(1)
A Presentational Speech Example	451	(8)
Summary	454	(1)
Issues in Communication: Beauty and Dieting	455	(1)
Additional Resources	455	(1)
References	456	(3)
appendix INTERVIEWING FOR INFORMATION AND EMPLOYMENT	459	(20)
What is Interviewing?	460	(1)
What are the Relationship Dimensions of an Interview?	461	(1)
What are Interview Approaches?	462	(1)
What are the Types of Interviews?	463	(1)
What is the Structure of an Interview?	464	(2)
The Opening	464	(1)
The Body	465	(1)
The Closing	465	(1)
What are the Types of Interview Questions?	466	(2)
Open and Closed Questions	466	(1)
Primary and Secondary Questions	467	(1)
Neutral and Leading Questions	467	(1)
How can you be an Effective Participant in Information-Seeking Interviews?	468	(2)
How can you be an Effective Participant in Job-Seeking Interviews?	470	(3)
A Prescription for Success in Job-Seeking Interviews	471	(2)
Employer Preparation for Job-Seeking Interviews	473	(1)
The Types and Uses of Job-Seeking Interviews	473	(6)
Summary	476	(1)
Additional Resources	477	(1)
References	477	(2)
Glossary	479	(20)
Credits	499	(2)
Index	501