Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface to the Eleventh Edition | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Walk-through of eLogic Online Tutorial | p. xxii |
Logic and Language | p. 1 |
Basic Logical Concepts | p. 3 |
What Logic Is | p. 3 |
Propositions and Sentences | p. 4 |
Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions | p. 6 |
Analyzing Arguments | p. 11 |
Recognizing Arguments | p. 21 |
Arguments and Explanations | p. 35 |
Deduction and Validity | p. 42 |
Induction and Probability | p. 43 |
Validity and Truth | p. 46 |
Complex Argumentative Passages | p. 50 |
Reasoning | p. 58 |
Challenge to the Reader | p. 67 |
Summary of Chapter 1 | p. 68 |
The Uses of Language | p. 71 |
Three Basic Functions of Language | p. 71 |
Discourse Serving Multiple Functions | p. 74 |
The Forms of Discourse | p. 76 |
Emotive Words | p. 86 |
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement | p. 88 |
Emotively Neutral Language | p. 95 |
Summary of Chapter 2 | p. 97 |
Definition | p. 99 |
Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions | p. 99 |
Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes | p. 102 |
Extension and Intension | p. 114 |
Extensional Definitions | p. 118 |
Intensional Definitions | p. 120 |
Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference | p. 125 |
Summary of Chapter 3 | p. 134 |
Fallacies | p. 137 |
What Is a Fallacy? | p. 137 |
Fallacies of Relevance | p. 139 |
Fallacies of Presumption | p. 156 |
Fallacies of Ambiguity | p. 163 |
Summary of Chapter 4 | p. 177 |
Deduction | p. 179 |
Categorical Propositions | p. 181 |
The Theory of Deduction | p. 181 |
Categorical Propositions and Classes | p. 182 |
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | p. 185 |
The Traditional Square of Opposition | p. 188 |
Further Immediate Inferences | p. 193 |
Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions | p. 202 |
Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions | p. 208 |
Summary of Chapter 5 | p. 214 |
Categorical Syllogisms | p. 217 |
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms | p. 217 |
The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument | p. 221 |
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms | p. 224 |
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies | p. 232 |
Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism | p. 236 |
Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism | p. 242 |
Summary of Chapter 6 | p. 246 |
Arguments in Ordinary Language | p. 249 |
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language | p. 249 |
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument | p. 250 |
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form | p. 253 |
Uniform Translation | p. 261 |
Enthymemes | p. 269 |
Sorites | p. 275 |
Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms | p. 279 |
The Dilemma | p. 287 |
Summary of Chapter 7 | p. 296 |
Symbolic Logic | p. 299 |
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic | p. 299 |
The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction | p. 300 |
Conditional Statements and Material Implication | p. 312 |
Argument Forms and Arguments | p. 321 |
Statement Forms and Material Equivalence | p. 335 |
Logical Equivalence | p. 340 |
The Paradoxes of Material Implication | p. 343 |
The Three "Laws of Thought" | p. 344 |
Summary of Chapter 8 | p. 346 |
The Method of Deduction | p. 349 |
Formal Proof of Validity | p. 349 |
The Rule of Replacement | p. 359 |
Proof of Invalidity | p. 372 |
Inconsistency | p. 375 |
Summary of Chapter 9 | p. 382 |
Quantification Theory | p. 385 |
Singular Propositions | p. 385 |
Quantification | p. 387 |
Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions | p. 391 |
Proving Validity | p. 398 |
Proving Invalidity | p. 406 |
Asyllogistic Inference | p. 411 |
Summary of Chapter 10 | p. 419 |
Induction | p. 421 |
Analogy and Probable Inference | p. 423 |
Argument by Analogy | p. 423 |
Appraising Analogical Arguments | p. 430 |
Refutation by Logical Analogy | p. 440 |
Summary of Chapter 11 | p. 446 |
Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry | p. 449 |
Cause and Effect | p. 449 |
Mill's Methods | p. 455 |
Critique of Mill's Methods | p. 480 |
Summary of Chapter 12 | p. 491 |
Science and Hypothesis | p. 493 |
The Values of Science | p. 493 |
Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific | p. 494 |
Evaluating Scientific Explanations | p. 496 |
Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation | p. 500 |
Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation | p. 504 |
Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses | p. 510 |
Classification as Hypothesis | p. 518 |
Summary of Chapter 13 | p. 530 |
Probability | p. 533 |
Alternative Conceptions of Probability | p. 533 |
The Probability Calculus | p. 536 |
Probability of Joint Occurrences | p. 537 |
Probability of Alternative Occurrences | p. 543 |
Challenge to the Reader | p. 549 |
Expected Value | p. 549 |
Challenge to the Reader | p. 558 |
Summary of Chapter 14 | p. 558 |
Solutions to Selected Exercises | p. 560 |
Special Symbols | p. 621 |
Glossary/Index | p. 623 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.