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Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM
1.1.1 High Level Architecture
1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network
1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network
1.1.4 Communication Protocols
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems
1.2.1 From 1G to 3G
1.2.2 Third Generation Systems
1.3 The Need for LTE
1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data
1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System
1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity
1.3.4 Additional Motivations
1.4 From UMTS to LTE
1.4.1 High Level Architecture of LTE
1.4.2 Long Term Evolution
1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution
1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced
1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G
1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced
1.5.3 4G Communication Systems
1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G
1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE
References
2 System Architecture Evolution
2.1 Architecture of LTE
2.1.1 High Level Architecture
2.1.2 User Equipment
2.1.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
2.1.4 Evolved Packet Core
2.1.5 Roaming Architecture
2.1.6 Network Areas
2.1.7 Numbering, Addressing and Identification
2.2 Communication Protocols
2.2.1 Protocol Model
2.2.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols
2.2.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols
2.2.4 User Plane Protocols
2.2.5 Signalling Protocols
2.3 Example Information Flows
2.3.1 Access Stratum Signalling
2.3.2 Non Access Stratum Signalling
2.3.3 Data Transport
2.4 Bearer Management
2.4.1 The EPS Bearer
2.4.2 Tunnelling Using GTP
2.4.3 Tunnelling Using GRE and PMIP
2.4.4 Signalling Radio Bearers
2.5 State Diagrams
2.5.1 EPS Mobility Management
2.5.2 EPS Connection Management
2.5.3 Radio Resource Control
2.6 Spectrum Allocation
References
3 Digital Wireless Communications
3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception
3.1.1 Signal Transmission
3.1.2 Signal Reception
3.1.3 Channel Estimation
3.1.4 Multiple Access Techniques
3.1.5 FDD and TDD Modes
3.2 Multipath, Fading and Inter-Symbol Interference
3.2.1 Multipath and Fading
3.2.2 Inter-Symbol Interference
3.3 Error Management
3.3.1 Forward Error Correction
3.3.2 Automatic Repeat Request
3.3.3 Hybrid ARQ
References
4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
4.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
4.1.1 Reduction of Inter-Symbol Interference using OFDM
4.1.2 The OFDM Transmitter
4.1.3 Initial Block Diagram 65
4.2 OFDMA in a Mobile Cellular Network
4.2.1 Multiple Access
4.2.2 Fractional Frequency Re-Use
4.2.3 Channel Estimation
4.2.4 Cyclic Prefix Insertion
4.2.5 Use of the Frequency Domain
4.2.6 Choice of Sub-Carrier Spacing
4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
4.3.1 Power Variations from OFDMA
4.3.2 Block Diagram of SC-FDMA
References
5 Multiple Antenna Techniques
5.1 Diversity Processing
5.1.1 Receive Diversity
5.1.2 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
5.1.3 Open Loop Transmit Diversity
5.2 Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.1 Principles of Operation
5.2.2 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.3 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.4 Matrix Representation
5.2.5 Implementation Issues
5.2.6 Multiple User MIMO
5.3 Beamforming
5.3.1 Principles of Operation
5.3.2 Beam Steering
5.3.3 Dual Layer Beamforming
5.3.4 Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited
References
6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface
6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack
6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels
6.2.1 Logical Channels
6.2.2 Transport Channels
6.2.3 Physical Data Channels
6.2.4 Control Information
6.2.5 Physical Control Channels
6.2.6 Physical Signals
6.2.7 Information Flows
6.3 The Resource Grid
6.3.1 Slot Structure
6.3.2 Frame Structure
6.3.3 Uplink Timing Advance
6.3.4 Resource Grid Structure
6.3.5 Bandwidth Options
6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission
6.4.1 Downlink Antenna Ports
6.4.2 Downlink Transmission Modes
6.5 Resource Element Mapping
6.5.1 Downlink Resource Element Mapping
6.5.2 Uplink Resource Element Mapping
References
7 Cell Acquisition
7.1 Acquisition Procedure
7.2 Synchronization Signals
7.2.1 Physical Cell Identity
7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal
7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal
7.3 Downlink Reference Signals
7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel
7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
7.6 System Information
7.6.1 Organization of the System Information
7.6.2 Transmission and Reception of the System Information
7.7 Procedures After Acquisition
References
8 Data Transmission and Reception
8.1 Data Transmission Procedures
8.1.1 Downlink Transmission and Reception
8.1.2 Uplink Transmission and Reception
8.1.3 Semi Persistent Scheduling
8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH
8.2.1 Downlink Control Information
8.2.2 Resource Allocation
8.2.3 Example: DCI Format 1
8.2.4 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers
8.2.5 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH
8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH
8.3.1 Transport Channel Processing
8.3.2 Physical Channel Processing
8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH
8.4.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH
8.5 Uplink Control Information
8.5.1 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements
8.5.2 Channel Quality Indicator
8.5.3 Rank Indication
8.5.4 Precoding Matrix Indicator
8.5.5 Channel State Reporting Mechanisms
8.5.6 Scheduling Requests
8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH
8.6.1 PUCCH Formats
8.6.2 PUCCH Resources
8.6.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH
8.7 Uplink Reference Signals
8.7.1 Demodulation Reference Signal
8.7.2 Sounding Reference Signal
8.8 Uplink Power Control
8.8.1 Uplink Power Calculation
8.8.2 Uplink Power Control Commands
8.9 Discontinuous Reception
8.9.1 Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE
8.9.2 Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED
References
9 Random Access
9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH
9.1.1 Resource Element Mapping
9.1.2 Preamble Sequence Generation
9.1.3 Signal Transmission
9.2 Non Contention Based Procedure
9.3 Contention Based Procedure
References
10 Air Interface Layer 2
10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol
10.1.1 Protocol Architecture
10.1.2 Timing Advance Commands
10.1.3 Buffer Status Reporting
10.1.4 Power Headroom Reporting
10.1.5 Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing
10.1.6 Logical Channel Prioritization
10.1.7 Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface
10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol
10.2.1 Protocol Architecture
10.2.2 Transparent Mode
10.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode
10.2.4 Acknowledged Mode
10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol
10.3.1 Protocol Architecture
10.3.2 Header Compression
10.3.3 Prevention of Packet Loss during Handover
References
11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures
11.1 Power-On Sequence
11.2 Network and Cell Selection
11.2.1 Network Selection
11.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection
11.2.3 Cell Selection
11.3 RRC Connection Establishment
11.3.1 Basic Procedure
11.3.2 Relationship with Other Procedures
11.4 Attach Procedure
11.4.1 IP Address Allocation
11.4.2 Overview of the Attach Procedure
11.4.3 Attach Request
11.4.4 Identification and Security Procedures
11.4.5 Location Update
11.4.6 Default Bearer Creation
11.4.7 Attach Accept
11.4.8 Default Bearer Update
11.5 Detach Procedure
References
12 Security Procedures
12.1 Network Access Security
12.1.1 Security Architecture
12.1.2 Key Hierarchy
12.1.3 Authentication and Key Agreement
12.1.4 Security Activation
12.1.5 Ciphering
12.1.6 Integrity Protection
12.2 Network Domain Security
12.2.1 Security Protocols
12.2.2 Security in the Evolved Packet Core
12.2.3 Security in the Radio Access Network
References
13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging
13.1 Policy and Charging Control
13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.2 Quality of Service Parameters
13.1.3 Policy Control Architecture
13.2 Session Management Procedures
13.2.1 IP-CAN Session Establishment
13.2.2 Mobile Originated QoS Request
13.2.3 Server Originated QoS Request
13.2.4 Dedicated Bearer Establishment
13.2.5 Other Session Management Procedures
13.3 Charging and Billing
13.3.1 High Level Architecture
13.3.2 Offline Charging
13.3.3 Online Charging
References
14 Mobility Management
14.1 Transitions between Mobility Management States
14.1.1 S1 Release Procedure
14.1.2 Paging Procedure
14.1.3 Service Request Procedure
14.2 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE
14.2.1 Objectives
14.2.2 Cell Reselection on the Same LTE Frequency
14.2.3 Cell Reselection to a Different LTE Frequency
14.2.4 Fast Moving Mobiles
14.2.5 Tracking Area Update Procedure
14.2.6 Network Reselection
14.3 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED
14.3.1 Objectives
14.3.2 Measurement Procedure
14.3.3 Measurement Reporting
14.3.4 Measurement Gaps
14.4 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED
14.4.1 X2 Based Handover Procedure
14.4.2 Handover Variations
References
15 Inter-System Operation
15.1 Inter-Operation with UMTS and GSM
15.1.1 S3-Based Architecture
15.1.2 Gn/Gp-Based Architecture
15.1.3 Bearer Management
15.1.4 Power-On Procedures
15.1.5 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE
15.1.6 Idle Mode Signalling Reduction
15.1.7 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED
15.1.8 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED
15.2 Inter-Operation with Generic Non 3GPP Technologies
15.2.1 Network Based Mobility Architecture
15.2.2 Host Based Mobility Architecture 241
15.2.3 Attach Procedure
15.2.4 Cell Reselection and Handover
15.3 Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD
15.3.1 System Architecture
15.3.2 Preregistration with cdma2000
15.3.3 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE
15.3.4 Measurements and Handover in RRC_CONNECTED
References
16 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE
16.1 The Market for Voice and SMS
16.2 Third Party Voice over IP
16.3 The IP Multimedia Subsystem
16.3.1 IMS Architecture
16.3.2 IMS Procedures
16.3.3 SMS over the IMS
16.4 Circuit Switched Fallback
16.4.1 Architecture
16.4.2 Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure
16.4.3 Voice Call Setup
16.4.4 SMS over SGs
16.4.5 Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT
16.5 VoLGA
References
17 Enhancements in Release 9
17.1 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
17.1.1 Introduction
17.1.2 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
17.1.3 Implementation of MBSFN in LTE
17.1.4 Architecture of MBMS
17.1.5 Operation of MBMS
17.2 Location Services
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Positioning Techniques
17.2.3 Location Service Architecture
17.2.4 Location Service Procedures
17.3 Other Enhancements in Release 9
17.3.1 Dual Layer Beamforming
17.3.2 Commercial Mobile Alert System
17.3.3 Enhancements to Earlier Features of LTE
References
18 LTE-Advanced and Release 10
18.1 Carrier Aggregation
18.1.1 Principles of Operation
18.1.2 UE Capabilities
18.1.3 Scheduling
18.1.4 Data Transmission and Reception
18.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Feedback
18.1.6 Other Physical Layer and MAC Procedures
18.1.7 RRC Procedures
18.2 Enhanced Downlink MIMO
18.2.1 Objectives
18.2.2 Downlink Reference Signals
18.2.3 Downlink Transmission and Feedback
18.3 Enhanced Uplink MIMO
18.3.1 Objectives
18.3.2 Implementation
18.4 Relays
18.4.1 Principles of Operation
18.4.2 Relaying Architecture
18.4.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface
18.5 Release 11 and Beyond
18.5.1 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception
18.5.2 Enhanced Carrier Aggregation
References
19 Self Optimizing Networks
19.1 Self Optimizing Networks in Release 8
19.1.1 Self Configuration of an eNB
19.1.2 Automatic Neighbour Relations
19.1.3 Interference Coordination
19.1.4 Mobility Load Balancing
19.2 New Features in Release 9
19.2.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization
19.2.2 Random Access Channel Optimization
19.2.3 Energy Saving
20 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced
20.1 Coverage Estimation
20.2 Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced
20.2.1 Increase of the Peak Data Rate
20.2.2 Limitations on the Peak Data Rate
20.3 Typical Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced
20.3.1 Total Cell Capacity
20.3.2 Data Rate at the Cell Edge
References
Bibliography
Index
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