Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers

by Shackelford, James F.

• ISBN13: 9780131424869
• ISBN10: 0131424866
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book provides balanced, current treatment of the full spectrum of engineering materials, covering all the physical properties, applications and relevant properties associated with engineering materials. The book explores all of major categories of materials while offering detailed examinations of a wide range of new materials with high-tech applications. The reader is treated to state-of-the-art computer generated crystal structure illustrations, offering the most technically precise and visually realistic illustrations available. The book includes over 350 exercises with sample problems to provide guidance.Materials for Engineering, Atomic Bonding, Crystal Structure and Defects, Diffusion, Mechanical Behavior, Thermal Behavior, Failure Analysis & Prevention. Phase Diagrams, Heat Treatment, Metals, Ceramics and Glasses, Polymers, Composites, Electrical Behavior, Optical Behavior, Semiconductor Materials, Magnetic Materials, Environmental Degradation, Materials Science.For mechanical and civil engineers and machine designers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Author	xviii
Materials for Engineering	1	(23)
The Material World	1	(2)
Materials Science and Engineering	3	(1)
Types of Materials	4	(10)
Metals	4	(1)
Ceramics and Glasses	5	(4)
Polymers	9	(2)
Composites	11	(2)
Semiconductors	13	(1)
From Structure to Properties	14	(3)
Processing Materials	17	(1)
Selection of Materials	17	(7)
PART I THE FUNDAMENTALS
Atomic Bonding	24	(40)
Atomic Structure	24	(7)
The Ionic Bond	31	(12)
Coordination Number	35	(8)
The Covalent Bond	43	(7)
The Metallic Bond	50	(2)
The Secondary, or van der Waals, Bond	52	(4)
Materials--The Bonding Classification	56	(8)
Crystalline Structure--Perfection	64	(55)
Seven Systems and Fourteen Lattices	65	(3)
Metal Structures	68	(5)
Ceramic Structures	73	(9)
Polymeric Structures	82	(3)
Semiconductor Structures	85	(5)
Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes	90	(14)
X-Ray Diffraction	104	(15)
Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure--Imperfection	119	(38)
The Solid Solution--Chemical Imperfection	120	(5)
Point Defects--Zero-Dimensional Imperfections	125	(2)
Linear Defects, or Dislocations--One-Dimensional Imperfections	127	(4)
Planar Defects--Two-Dimensional Imperfections	131	(8)
Noncrystalline Solids--Three-Dimensional Imperfections	139	(3)
Microscopy	142	(15)
Diffusion	157	(29)
Thermally Activated Processes	158	(3)
Thermal Production of Point Defects	161	(3)
Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion	164	(11)
Steady-State Diffusion	175	(4)
Alternate Diffusion Paths	179	(7)
Mechanical Behavior	186	(65)
Stress Versus Strain	187	(24)
Metals	187	(15)
Ceramics and Glasses	202	(4)
Polymers	206	(5)
Elastic Deformation	211	(2)
Plastic Deformation	213	(7)
Hardness	220	(3)
Creep and Stress Relaxation	223	(9)
Viscoelastic Deformation	232	(19)
Inorganic Glasses	233	(3)
Organic Polymers	236	(3)
Elastomers	239	(12)
Thermal Behavior	251	(18)
Heat Capacity	252	(2)
Thermal Expansion	254	(3)
Thermal Conductivity	257	(5)
Thermal Shock	262	(7)
Failure Analysis and Prevention	269	(35)
Impact Energy	270	(5)
Fracture Toughness	275	(5)
Fatigue	280	(9)
Nondestructive Testing	289	(6)
X-Radiography	290	(1)
Ultrasonic Testing	291	(2)
Other Nondestructive Tests	293	(2)
Failure Analysis and Prevention	295	(9)
Phase Diagrams--Equilibrium Microstructural Development	304	(51)
The Phase Rule	305	(4)
The Phase Diagram	309	(21)
Complete Solid Solution	309	(4)
Eutectic Diagram with No Solid Solution	313	(2)
Eutectic Diagram with Limited Solid Solution	315	(3)
Eutectoid Diagram	318	(2)
Peritectic Diagram	320	(4)
General Binary Diagrams	324	(6)
The Lever Rule	330	(5)
Microstructural Development During Slow Cooling	335	(20)
Kinetics--Heat Treatment	355	(49)
Time--The Third Dimension	356	(5)
The TTT Diagram	361	(16)
Diffusional Transformations	361	(2)
Diffusionless (Martensitic) Transformations	363	(6)
Heat Treatment of Steel	369	(8)
Hardenability	377	(4)
Precipitation Hardening	381	(3)
Annealing	384	(6)
Cold Work	384	(1)
Recovery	385	(1)
Recrystallization	385	(1)
Grain Growth	386	(4)
The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for Nonmetals	390	(14)
PART II THE STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Metals	404	(34)
Ferrous Alloys	405	(13)
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	405	(1)
High-Alloy Steels	406	(6)
Cast Irons	412	(3)
Rapidly Solidified Ferrous Alloys	415	(3)
Nonferrous Alloys	418	(5)
Aluminum Alloys	418	(1)
Magnesium Alloys	419	(1)
Titanium Alloys	419	(1)
Copper Alloys	420	(1)
Nickel Alloys	421	(1)
Zinc, Lead, and Other Alloys	422	(1)
Processing of Metals	423	(15)
Ceramics and Glasses	438	(23)
Ceramics--Crystalline Materials	439	(5)
Glasses--Noncrystalline Materials	444	(3)
Glass-Ceramics	447	(2)
Processing of Ceramics and Glasses	449	(12)
Polymers	461	(39)
Polymerization	462	(9)
Structural Features of Polymers	471	(5)
Thermoplastic Polymers	476	(7)
Thermosetting Polymers	483	(5)
Additives	488	(2)
Processing of Polymers	490	(10)
Composites	500	(50)
Fiber-Reinforced Composites	502	(10)
Conventional Fiberglass	502	(1)
Advanced Composites	503	(4)
Wood--A Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composite	507	(5)
Aggregate Composites	512	(7)
Property Averaging	519	(12)
Loading Parallel to Reinforcing Fibers--Isostrain	519	(4)
Loading Perpendicular to Reinforcing Fibers--Isostress	523	(3)
Loading a Uniformly Dispersed Aggregate Composite	526	(3)
Interfacial Strength	529	(2)
Mechanical Properties of Composites	531	(7)
Processing of Composites	538	(12)
PART III THE ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Electrical Behavior	550	(44)
Charge Carriers and Conduction	551	(5)
Energy Levels and Energy Bands	556	(7)
Conductors	563	(12)
Thermocouples	566	(2)
Superconductors	568	(7)
Insulators	575	(8)
Ferroelectrics	576	(4)
Piezoelectrics	580	(3)
Semiconductors	583	(3)
Composites	586	(1)
Electrical Classification of Materials	587	(7)
Optical Behavior	594	(28)
Visible Light	595	(3)
Optical Properties	598	(11)
Refractive Index	598	(2)
Reflectance	600	(2)
Transparency, Translucency, and Opacity	602	(1)
Color	603	(1)
Luminescence	604	(1)
Reflectivity and Opacity of Metals	605	(4)
Optical Systems and Devices	609	(13)
Lasers	609	(4)
Optical Fibers	613	(2)
Liquid Crystal Displays	615	(1)
Photoconductors	616	(6)
Semiconductor Materials	622	(48)
Intrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors	623	(6)
Extrinsic, Elemental Semiconductors	629	(14)
n-Type Semiconductors	629	(3)
p-Type Semiconductors	632	(11)
Compound Semiconductors	643	(4)
Amorphous Semiconductors	647	(1)
Processing of Semiconductors	648	(5)
Semiconductor Devices	653	(17)
Magnetic Materials	670	(36)
Magnetism	671	(5)
Ferromagnetism	676	(8)
Ferrimagnetism	684	(2)
Metallic Magnets	686	(7)
Soft Magnets	686	(4)
Hard Magnets	690	(1)
Superconducting Magnets	690	(3)
Ceramic Magnets	693	(13)
Low-Conductivity Magnets	693	(3)
Superconducting Magnets	696	(10)
PART IV MATERIALS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Environmental Degradation	706	(46)
Oxidation-Direct Atmospheric Attack	707	(7)
Aqueous Corrosion-Electrochemical Attack	714	(2)
Galvanic Two-Metal Corrosion	716	(4)
Corrosion by Gaseous Reduction	720	(5)
Effect of Mechanical Stress on Corrosion	725	(1)
Methods of Corrosion Prevention	726	(4)
Polarization Curves	730	(3)
Chemical Degradation of Ceramics and Polymers	733	(1)
Radiation Damage	734	(3)
Wear	737	(4)
Surface Analysis	741	(11)
Materials Selection	752	(42)
Material Properties--Engineering Design Parameters	753	(5)
Selection of Structural Materials--Case Studies	758	(13)
Materials for Windsurfer Masts	759	(3)
Metal Substitution with a Polymer	762	(2)
Metal Substitution with Composites	764	(1)
Honeycomb Structure	764	(2)
Materials for Hip-Joint Replacement	766	(5)
Selection of Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials--Case Studies	771	(11)
Amorphous Metal for Electric-Power Distribution	771	(5)
Replacement of a Thermosetting Polymer with a Thermoplastic	776	(1)
Metal Alloy Solder for Flip-Chip Technology	777	(1)
Light-Emitting Diode	778	(2)
Polymer as an Electrical Conductor	780	(2)
Materials and Our Environment	782	(12)
Environmental Aspects of Design	782	(4)
Recycling	786	(8)
Appendix One: Physical and Chemical Data for the Elements	794	(3)
Appendix Two: Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements	797	(3)
Appendix Three: Constants and Conversion Factors	800	(2)
Appendix Four: Properties of the Structural Materials	802	(9)
Appendix Five: Properties of the Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials	811	(5)
Appendix Six: Materials Characterization Locator	816	(1)
Appendix Seven: Glossary	817	(33)
Answers to Practice Problems (PP) and Odd-Numbered Problems	850	(9)
Index	859