An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics

by Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A.

• ISBN13: 9780805304022
• ISBN10: 0805304029
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-18
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

KEY MESSAGE: An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Second Editionhas been thoroughly revised to reflect the dramatic changes and advancements in astrophysics that have occurred over the past decade. The Second Editionof this market-leading book has been updated to include the latest results from relevant fields of astrophysics and advances in our theoretical understanding of astrophysical phenomena. The Tools of Astronomy: The Celestial Sphere, Celestial Mechanics, The Continuous Spectrum of Light, The Theory of Special Relativity, The Interaction of Light and Matter, Telescopes; The Nature of Stars: Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters, The Classification of Stellar Spectra, Stellar Atmospheres, The Interiors of Stars, The Sun, The Process of Star Formation, Post-Main-Sequence Stellar Evolution, Stellar Pulsation, Supernovae, The Degenerate Remnants of Stars, Black Holes, Close Binary Star Systems; Planetary Systems: Physical Processes in the Solar System, The Terrestrial Planets, The Jovian Worlds, Minor Bodies of the Solar System, The Formation of Planetary Systems; Galaxies and the Universe: The Milky Way Galaxy, The Nature of Galaxies, Galactic Evolution, The Structure of the Universe, Active Galaxies, Cosmology, The Early Universe; Astronomical and Physical Constants, Unit Conversions Between SI and cgs, Solar System Data, The Constellations, The Brightest Stars, The Nearest Stars, Stellar Data, The Messier Catalog, Constants, A Constants Module for Fortran 95 (Available as a C++ header file), Orbits, A Planetary Orbit Code (Available as Fortran 95 and C++ command line versions, and Windows GUI), TwoStars, A Binary Star Code (Generates synthetic light and radial velocity curves; available as Fortran 95 and C++ command line versions, and Windows GUI), StatStar, A Stellar Structure Code (Available as Fortran 95 and C++ command line versions, and Windows GUI), StatStar, Stellar Models, Galaxy, A Tidal Interaction Code (Available as Java), WMAP Data. For all readers interested in moden astrophysics.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
I THE TOOLS OF ASTRONOMY	1	(178)
The Celestial Sphere	2	(21)
The Greek Tradition	2	(3)
The Copernican Revolution	5	(3)
Positions on the Celestial Sphere	8	(11)
Physics and Astronomy	19	(4)
Celestial Mechanics	23	(34)
Elliptical Orbits	23	(6)
Newtonian Mechanics	29	(10)
Kepler's Laws Derived	39	(11)
The Virial Theorem	50	(7)
The Continuous Spectrum of Light	57	(27)
Stellar Parallax	57	(3)
The Magnitude Scale	60	(3)
The Wave Nature of Light	63	(5)
Blackbody Radiation	68	(3)
The Quantization of Energy	71	(4)
The Color Index	75	(9)
The Theory of Special Relativity	84	(27)
The Failure of the Galilean Transformations	84	(3)
The Lorentz Transformations	87	(5)
Time and Space in Special Relativity	92	(10)
Relativistic Momentum and Energy	102	(9)
The Interaction of Light and Matter	111	(30)
Spectral Lines	111	(5)
Photons	116	(3)
The Bohr Model of the Atom	119	(8)
Quantum Mechanics and Wave--Particle Duality	127	(14)
Telescopes	141	(38)
Basic Optics	141	(13)
Optical Telescopes	154	(7)
Radio Telescopes	161	(6)
Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy	167	(3)
All-Sky Surveys and Virtual Observatories	170	(9)
II THE NATURE OF STARS	179	(534)
Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters	180	(22)
The Classification of Binary Stars	180	(3)
Mass Determination Using Visual Binaries	183	(3)
Eclipsing, Spectroscopic Binaries	186	(9)
The Search for Extrasolar Planets	195	(7)
The Classification of Stellar Spectra	202	(29)
The Formation of Spectral Lines	202	(17)
The Hertzsprung--Russell Diagram	219	(12)
Stellar Atmospheres	231	(53)
The Description of the Radiation Field	231	(7)
Stellar Opacity	238	(13)
Radiative Transfer	251	(4)
The Transfer Equation	255	(12)
The Profiles of Spectral Lines	267	(17)
The Interiors of Stars	284	(65)
Hydrostatic Equilibrium	284	(4)
Pressure Equation of State	288	(8)
Stellar Energy Sources	296	(19)
Energy Transport and Thermodynamics	315	(14)
Stellar Model Building	329	(11)
The Main Sequence	340	(9)
The Sun	349	(49)
The Solar Interior	349	(11)
The Solar Atmosphere	360	(21)
The Solar Cycle	381	(17)
The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation	398	(48)
Interstellar Dust and Gas	398	(14)
The Formation of Protostars	412	(13)
Pre-Main Sequence Evolution	425	(21)
Main Sequence and Post-Main-Sequence Stellar Evolution	446	(37)
Evolution on the Main Sequence	446	(11)
Late Stages of Stellar Evolution	457	(17)
Stellar Clusters	474	(9)
Stellar Pulsation	483	(35)
Observations of Pulsating Stars	483	(8)
The Physics of Stellar Pulsation	491	(8)
Modeling Stellar Pulsation	499	(4)
Nonradial Stellar Pulsation	503	(6)
Helioseismology and Asteroseismology	509	(9)
The Fate of Massive Stars	518	(39)
Post-Main-Sequence Evolution of Massive Stars	518	(6)
The Classification of Supernovae	524	(5)
Core-Collapse Supernovae	529	(14)
Gamma-Ray Bursts	543	(7)
Cosmic Rays	550	(7)
The Degenerate Remnants of Stars	557	(52)
The Discovery of Sirius B	557	(2)
White Dwarfs	559	(4)
The Physics of Degenerate Matter	563	(6)
The Chandrasekhar Limit	569	(3)
The Cooling of White Dwarfs	572	(6)
Neutron Stars	578	(8)
Pulsars	586	(23)
General Relativity and Black Holes	609	(44)
The General Theory of Relativity	609	(13)
Intervals and Geodesics	622	(11)
Black Holes	633	(20)
Close Binary Star Systems	653	(60)
Gravity in a Close Binary Star System	653	(8)
Accretion Disks	661	(7)
A Survey of Interacting Binary Systems	668	(5)
White Dwarfs in Semidetached Binaries	673	(13)
Type la Supernovae	686	(3)
Neutron Stars and Black Holes in Binaries	689	(24)
III THE SOLAR SYSTEM	713	(160)
Physical Processes in the Solar System	714	(23)
A Brief Survey	714	(5)
Tidal Forces	719	(5)
The Physics of Atmospheres	724	(13)
The Terrestrial Planets	737	(38)
Mercury	737	(3)
Venus	740	(5)
Earth	745	(9)
The Moon	754	(8)
Mars	762	(13)
The Realms of the Giant Planets	775	(38)
The Giant Worlds	775	(15)
The Moons of the Giants	790	(11)
Planetary Ring Systems	801	(12)
Minor Bodies of the Solar System	813	(35)
Pluto and Charon	813	(3)
Comets and Kuiper Belt Objects	816	(14)
Asteroids	830	(8)
Meteorites	838	(10)
Formation of Planetary Systems	848	(25)
Characteristics of Extrasolar Planetary Systems	848	(9)
Planetary System Formation and Evolution	857	(16)
IV GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE	873
The Milky Way Galaxy	874	(66)
Counting the Stars in the Sky	874	(7)
The Morphology of the Galaxy	881	(17)
The Kinematics of the Milky Way	898	(24)
The Galactic Center	922	(18)
The Nature of Galaxies	940	(59)
The Hubble Sequence	940	(8)
Spiral and Irregular Galaxies	948	(16)
Spiral Structure	964	(19)
Elliptical Galaxies	983	(16)
Galactic Evolution	999	(39)
Interactions of Galaxies	999	(17)
The Formation of Galaxies	1016	(22)
The Structure of the Universe	1038	(47)
The Extragalactic Distance Scale	1038	(14)
The Expansion of the Universe	1052	(6)
Clusters of Galaxies	1058	(27)
Active Galaxies	1085	(59)
Observations of Active Galaxies	1085	(23)
A Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei	1108	(14)
Radio Lobes and Jets	1122	(8)
Using Quasars to Probe the Universe	1130	(14)
Cosmology	1144	(86)
Newtonian Cosmology	1144	(18)
The Cosmic Microwave Background	1162	(21)
Relativistic Cosmology	1183	(16)
Observational Cosmology	1199	(31)
The Early Universe	1230
The Very Early Universe and Inflation	1230	(17)
The Origin of Structure	1247
Astronomical and Physical Constants
Unit Conversions
Solar System Data	1	(2)
The Constellations	3	(2)
The Brightest Stars	5	(2)
The Nearest Stars	7	(2)
Stellar Data	9	(4)
The Messier Catalog	13	(3)
Constants, A Programming Module	16	(1)
Orbit, A Planetary Orbit Code	17	(1)
TwoStars, A Binary Star Code	18	(5)
StarStar, A Stellar Structure Code	23	(3)
Galaxy, A Tidal Interaction Code	26	(3)
WMAP Data	29	(1)
Suggested Reading	30
Index	1