Introduction to Nonimaging Optics

by Chaves; Julio

• ISBN13: 9781420054293
• ISBN10: 1420054295
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-05-22
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The world's insatiable consumption of energy must be met with new, environmentally conscious technologies. The relatively young field of nonimaging optics greatly contributes to the development of these technologies, as it is an ideal tool for designing optimized solar energy collectors and illumination optics.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Author	p. xxi
List of Symbols	p. xxiii
List of Abbreviations and Terms	p. xxv
Nonimaging Optics	p. 1
Fundamental Concepts	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Imaging and Nonimaging Optics	p. 3
The Compound Parabolic Concentrator	p. 8
Maximum Concentration	p. 17
Examples	p. 22
References	p. 23
Design of Two-Dimensional Concentrators	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Concentrators for Sources at a Finite Distance	p. 25
Concentrators for Tubular Receivers	p. 27
Angle Transformers	p. 29
The String Method	p. 30
Optics with Dielectrics	p. 35
Asymmetrical Optics	p. 37
Examples	p. 41
References	p. 52
Etendue and the Winston-Welford Design Method	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Conservation of Etendue	p. 57
Nonideal Optical Systems	p. 63
Etendue as a Geometrical Quantity	p. 65
Two-Dimensional Systems	p. 68
Etendue as an Integral of the Optical Momentum	p. 70
Etendue as a Volume in Phase Space	p. 75
Etendue as a Difference in Optical Path Length	p. 78
Flow Lines	p. 83
The Winston-Welford Design Method	p. 87
Caustics as Flow Lines	p. 99
Maximum Concentration	p. 102
Etendue and the Shape Factor	p. 106
Examples	p. 110
References	p. 115
Vector Flux	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Definition of Vector Flux	p. 121
Vector Flux as a Bisector of the Edge Rays	p. 126
Vector Flux and Etendue	p. 127
Vector Flux for Disk-Shaped Lambertian Sources	p. 129
Design of Concentrators Using the Vector Flux	p. 134
Examples	p. 136
References	p. 138
Combination of Primaries with Flow-Line Secondaries	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Reshaping the Receiver	p. 141
Compound Elliptical Concentrator Secondary	p. 145
Truncated Trumpet Secondary	p. 148
Trumpet Secondary for a Large Receiver	p. 150
Secondaries with Multiple Entry Apertures	p. 152
Tailored Edge Ray Concentrators Designed for Maximum Concentration	p. 156
Tailored Edge Ray Concentrators Designed for Lower Concentration	p. 165
Fresnel Primaries	p. 168
Tailored Edge Ray Concentrators for Fresnel Primaries	p. 171
Examples	p. 178
References	p. 191
Stepped Flow-Line Nonimaging Optics	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Compact Concentrators	p. 193
Concentrators with Gaps	p. 200
Examples	p. 206
References	p. 209
Luminaires	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Luminaires for Large Source and Flat Mirrors	p. 212
The General Approach for Flat Sources	p. 224
Far-Edge Diverging Luminaires for Flat Sources	p. 227
Far-Edge Converging Luminaires for Flat Sources	p. 230
Near-Edge Diverging Luminaires for Flat Sources	p. 234
Near-Edge Converging Luminaires for Flat Sources	p. 239
Luminaires for Circular Sources	p. 241
Examples	p. 255
Appendix A: Mirror Differential Equation for Linear Sources	p. 266
Appendix B: Mirror Differential Equation for Circular Sources	p. 268
References	p. 270
Minano-Benitez Design Method (Simultaneous Multiple Surface)	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
The RR Optic	p. 273
The XR, RX, and XX Optics	p. 291
The Minano-Benitez Design Method with Generalized Wave Fronts	p. 300
The RXI Optic	p. 306
Other Types of Simultaneous Multiple Surface Optics	p. 313
Examples	p. 313
References	p. 324
The Minano Design Method Using Poisson Brackets	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Design of Two-Dimensional Concentrators for Inhomogeneous Media	p. 325
Edge Rays as a Tubular Surface in Phase Space	p. 329
Poisson Brackets	p. 335
Curvilinear Coordinate System	p. 338
Design of Two-Dimensional Concentrators	p. 340
An Example of an Ideal Two-Dimensional Concentrator	p. 342
Design of Three-Dimensional Concentrators	p. 349
An Example of an Ideal Three-Dimensional Concentrator	p. 355
References	p. 358
Geometrical Optics	p. 361
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Geometrical Optics	p. 363
Fermat's Principle	p. 363
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formulations	p. 370
Optical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian	p. 374
Another Form for the Hamiltonian Formulation	p. 378
Change of Coordinate System in the Hamilton Equations	p. 382
References	p. 388
Rays and Wave Fronts	p. 389
Optical Momentum	p. 389
The Eikonal Equation	p. 394
The Ray Equation	p. 395
Optical Path Length between Two Wave Fronts	p. 397
References	p. 401
Reflection and Refraction	p. 403
Reflected and Refracted Rays	p. 403
The Laws of Reflection and Refraction	p. 409
References	p. 413
Symmetry	p. 415
Conservation of Momentum and Apparent Refractive Index	p. 415
Linear Symmetry	p. 418
Circular Symmetry and Skew Invariant	p. 420
References	p. 429
Etendue in Phase Space	p. 431
Etendue and the Point Characteristic Function	p. 431
Etendue in Hamiltonian Optics	p. 434
References	p. 437
Classical Mechanics and Geometrical Optics	p. 439
Fermat's Principle and Maupertuis' Principle	p. 439
Skew Invariant and Conservation of Angular Momentum	p. 443
Potential in Mechanics and Refractive Index in Optics	p. 444
References	p. 444
Radiometry, Photometry, and Radiation Heat Transfer	p. 447
Definitions	p. 447
Conservation of Radiance in Homogeneous Media	p. 450
Conservation of Basic Radiance in (Specular) Reflections and Refractions	p. 453
Etendue and Shape Factor	p. 457
Two-Dimensional Systems	p. 460
Illumination of a Plane	p. 463
References	p. 466
Plane Curves	p. 467
General Considerations	p. 467
Parabola	p. 471
Ellipse	p. 474
Hyperbola	p. 475
Conics	p. 477
Involute	p. 478
Winding Macrofocal Parabola	p. 480
Unwinding Macrofocal Parabola	p. 483
Winding Macrofocal Ellipse	p. 485
Unwinding Macrofocal Ellipse	p. 488
Cartesian Oval for Parallel Rays	p. 490
Cartesian Oval for Converging or Diverging Rays	p. 492
Cartesian Ovals Calculated Point by Point	p. 500
Equiangular Spiral	p. 502
Function Definitions	p. 504
References	p. 512
Index	p. 513
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