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9780534408336

Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques : A Small Scale Approach

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  • ISBN13:

    9780534408336

  • ISBN10:

    0534408338

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2004-03-12
  • Publisher: Brooks Cole
  • View Upgraded Edition

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Summary

Part I: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES. Experiment 1. Solubility. Experiment 2. Crystallization. Experiment 3. Extraction. Experiment 4. Chromatography. Experiment 5. Simple and Fractional Distillation. Experiment 6. Infrared Spectroscopy and Boiling-Point Determination. Essay: Aspirin. Experiment 7. Acetylsalicylic Acid. Essay: Analgesics. Experiment 8. Acetanilide. Experiment 9. Acetaminophen. Essay: Identification of Drugs. Experiment 10. TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs. Essay: Caffeine. Experiment 11. Isolation of Caffeine. Experiment 11A. Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves. Experiment 11B. Isolation of Caffeine from a Tea Bag. Essay: Esters -- Flavors and Fragrances. Experiment 12. Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil). Experiment 13. Methyl Salicylate (Oil of Wintergreen). Essay: Terpenes and Phenylpropanoids. Experiment 14. Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves. Essay: Stereochemical Theory of Odor. Experiment 15. Spearmint and Caraway Oil: (+)- and (-)- Carvones. Essay: The Chemistry of Vision. Experiment 16. Isolation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spinach. Essay: Ethanol and Fermentation Chemistry. Experiment 17. Ethanol from Sucrose. Part II: INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR MODELING. Essay: Molecular Modeling and Molecular Mechanics. Experiment 18. An Introduction to Molecular Modeling. Experiment 18A. The Conformations of n-Butane: Local Minima. Experiment 18B. Cyclohexane Chair and Boat Conformations. Experiment 18C. Substituted Cyclohexane Rings. Experiment 18D. cis- and trans-2-Butene. Essay: Computational Chemistry -- Ab initio and Semiempirical Methods. Experiment 19. Computational Chemistry. Experiment 19A. Heats of Formation: Isomerism, Tautomerism, and Regioselectivity. Experiment 19B. Heats of Reactions: SN1 Reaction Rates. Experiment 19C. Density-Electrostatic Potential. Maps -- Acidities of Carboxylic Acids. Experiment 19D. Density -- Electrostatic Potential Maps: Carbocations. Experiment 19E. Density -- LUMO Maps: Reactivities of Carbonyl Groups. Part III: PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Experiment 20. Reactivities of Some Alkyl Halides. Experiment 21. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Competing Nucleophiles. Experiment 21A. Competing Nucleophiles with 1-Butanol or 2-Butanol. Experiment 21B. Competing Nucleophiles with 2-Methyl-2-Propanol. Experiment 21C. Analysis. Experiment 22. Hydrolysis of Some Alkyl Chlorides Experiment 23. Synthesis of n-Butyl Bromide and t-Pentyl Chloride. Experiment 23A. n-Butyl Bromide. Experiment 23B. t-Pentyl Chloride. Experiment 24. 4-Methylcyclohexene Experiment 25. Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Addition of Dichlorocarbene to Cyclohexene Essay: Fats and Oils. Experiment 26. Methyl Stearate from Methyl Oleate. Essay: Soaps and Detergents. Experiment 27. Preparation of Soap. Experiment 28. Preparation of a Detergent. Essay: Petroleum and Fossil Fuels. Experiment 29. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Gasolines. Essay: Detection of Alcohol: The Breathalyzer. Experiment 30. Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols Experiment 30A. Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols -- Visible Spectrophotometer Method. Experiment 30B. Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols -- UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Method. Essay: Green Chemistry. Experiment 31. Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate; Optical Purity Determination. Experiment 31A. Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate. Experiment 31B. NMR Determination of the Optical Purity of (S)-Ethyl 3-Hydroxybutanoate. Experiment 32. Nitration of Aromatic Compounds Using a Recyclable Catalyst. Experiment 33. An Oxidation-Reduction Scheme: Borneol, Camphor, Isoborneol. Experiment 34. Multi-Step Reaction Sequences: The Conversion of Benzaldehyde to Benzilic Acid. Experiment 34A. Preparation of Benzoin by Thiamine Catalysis Experiment 34B. Preparation of Benzil. Experiment 34C. Preparation of Benzilic Acid. Experiment 35. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. Experiment 36. Triphenylmethanol and Benzoic Acid. Experiment 36A. Triphenylmethanol. Experiment 36

Table of Contents

Introduction to Basic Laboratory Techniques
Solubility
Crystallization
Extraction
Chromatography
Simple and Fractional Distillation
Infrared Spectroscopy and Boiling-Point Determination
Essay: Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Essay: Analgesics
Acetanilide
Acetaminophen
Essay: Identification of Drugs
TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs
Essay: Caffeine
Isolation of Caffeine
Experiment
Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves
Experiment
Isolation of Caffeine from a Tea Bag
Essay: Esters -- Flavors and Fragrances
Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil)
Methyl Salicylate (Oil of Wintergreen)
Essay: Terpenes and Phenylpropanoids
Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves
Essay: Stereochemical Theory of Odor
Spearmint and Caraway Oil: (+)- and (-)- Carvones
Essay: The Chemistry of Vision
Isolation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spinach
Essay: Ethanol and Fermentation Chemistry
Ethanol from Sucrose
Introduction to Molecular Modeling
Essay: Molecular Modeling and Molecular Mechanics
An Introduction to Molecular Modeling
The Conformations of n-Butane: Local Minima
Cyclohexane Chair and Boat Conformations
Substituted Cyclohexane Rings
cis- and trans-2-Butene
Essay: Computational Chemistry -- Ab initio and Semiempirical Methods
Computational Chemistry
Heats of Formation: Isomerism, Tautomerism, and Regioselectivity
Heats of Reactions: SN1 Reaction Rates
Density-Electrostatic Potential
Maps -- Acidities of Carboxylic Acids
Density -- Electrostatic Potential Maps: Carbocations
Density -- LUMO Maps: Reactivities of Carbonyl Groups
Properties and Reactions of Organic Compounds
Reactivities of Some Alkyl Halides
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Competing Nucleophiles
Competing Nucleophiles with 1-Butanol or 2-Butanol
Competing Nucleophiles with 2-Methyl-2-Propanol
Analysis
Hydrolysis of Some Alkyl Chlorides
Synthesis of n-Butyl Bromide and t-Pentyl Chloride
n-Butyl Bromide
t-Pentyl Chloride
4-Methylcyclohexene
Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Addition of Dichlorocarbene to Cyclohexene Essay: Fats and Oils
Methyl Stearate from Methyl Oleate
Essay: Soaps and Detergents
Preparation of Soap
Preparation of a Detergent
Essay: Petroleum and Fossil Fuels
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Gasolines
Essay: Detection of Alcohol: The Breathalyzer
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols -- Visible Spectrophotometer Method
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols -- UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Method
Essay: Green Chemistry
Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate; Optical Purity Determination
Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate
NMR Determination of the Optical Purity of (S)-Ethyl 3-Hydroxybutanoate
Nitration of Aromatic Compounds Using a Recyclable Catalyst
An Oxidation-Reduction Scheme: Borneol, Camphor, Isoborneol
Multi-Step Reaction Sequences: The Conversion of Benzaldehyde to Benzilic Acid
Preparation of Benzoin by Thiamine Catalysis
Preparation of Benzil
Preparation of Benzilic Acid
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone
Triphenylmethanol and Benzoic Acid
Triphenylmethanol
Benzoic Acid
Resolution of (+/-)-alpha-Phenylethylamine and Determination of Optical Purity
Resolution of (+/-)-alpha-Phenylethylamine
Determination of Optical Purity Using NMR and a Chiral Resolving Agent
The Aldol Condensation Reaction: Preparation of Benzalacetophenones Chalcones)
Preparation of an alpha,beta-Unsaturated Ketone via Michael and Aldol Condensation Reactions
Enamine Reactions: 2-Acetylcyclohexanone
1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-Butadiene
Relative Reactivities of Several Aromatic Compounds
Nitration of Methyl Benzoate
Essay: Local Anesthetics
Benzocaine
Essay: Pheromones: Insect Attractants and Repellents
N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide: The Insect Repellent "OFF"
Essay: Sulfa Drugs
Sulfa Drugs: Preparation of Sulfanilamide
Essay: Food Colors
Chromatography of Some Dye Mixtures
Essay: Polymers and Plastics
Preparation and Properties of Polymers: Polyester, Nylon, and Polystyrene
Polyesters
Polyamide (Nylon)
Polystyrene
Infrared Spectra of Polymer Samples
Essay: Diels-Alder Reactions and Insecticides
The Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with Maleic Anhydride
Photoreduction of Benzophenone and Rearrangement of Benzpinacol to Benzopinacolone
Photoreduction of Benzophenone
Synthesis of beta-Benzopinacolone: The Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Benzpinacol
Essay: Fireflies and Photochemistry
Luminol
Essay: The Chemistry of Sweeteners
Carbohydrates
Analysis of a Diet Soft Drink by HPLC
Essay: Chemistry of Milk
Isolation of Casein and Lactose from Milk
Isolation of Casein from Milk
Isolation of Lactose from Milk
Identification of Organic Substances
Identification of Unknowns
Solubility Tests
Tests for the Elements (N, S, X)
Tests for Unsaturation
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Phenols
Amines
Alcohols
Esters
Project-Based Experiments
Preparation of a C-4 or C-5 Acetate Ester
A Separation and Purification Scheme
Extractions with a separatory funnel
Extractions with a Screw-Cap centrifuge tube
Isolation of Essential Oils from Allspice, Cloves, Cumin, Caraway, Cinnamon, or Fennel
Isolation of Essential Oils by Steam Distillation
Identification of the Constituents of Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Investigation of the Essential Oils of Herbs and Spices-Mini-Research Project
Friedel-Crafts Acylation
The Analysis of Antihistamine Drugs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Carbonation of an Unknown Aromatic Halide
The Aldehyde Enigma
Synthesis of Substituted Chalcones: A Guided-Inquiry Experience
Michael and Aldol Condensation Reactions
Esterification Reactions of Vanillin: The Use of NMR to Solve a Structure Proof Problem
An Oxidation Puzzle
The Techniques
Laboratory Safety
The Laboratory Notebook, Calculations, and Laboratory Records
Laboratory Glassware: Care and Cleaning
How to Find Data for Compounds: Handbooks and Catalogues
Measurement of Volume and Weight
Heating and Cooling Methods
Reaction Methods
Filtration
Physical Constants of Solids: The Melting Point
Solubility
Crystallization: Purification of Solids
Extractions, Separations, and Drying Agents
Physical Constants of Liquids: The Boiling Point and Density
Simple Distillation
Fractional Distillation, Azeotropes
Vacuum Distillation, Manometers
Sublimation
Steam Distillation
Column Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Gas Chromatography
Polarimetry
Refractometry
Infrared Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Proton NMR)
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Guide to the Chemical Literature
Tables of Unknowns and Derivatives
Procedure for Preparing Derivatives
Index of Spectra.
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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