Introduction to Persons with Moderate and Severe Disabilities Educational and Social Issues

by McDonnell, John J.; Hardman, Michael L.; McDonnell, Andrea P.

• ISBN13: 9780205335695
• ISBN10: 0205335691
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book addresses the critical challenges faced by people with severe disabilities in becoming full members of our society, and provides teachers with the tools they need to successfully teach this population. It examines the ways that society has historically treated this group of people and describes promising practices that will shape the future of services and programs from birth through old age. For anyone interested in learning about developmental disabilities and/or special education.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Understanding people with Severe Disabilities	1	(22)
Defining Severe Disabilities	2	(13)
Historical Definitions	3	(2)
The TASH Definition	5	(1)
Definitions by Category of Disability	5	(8)
The IDEA Definitions of Severe and Multiple Disabilities	13	(2)
Prevalence	15	(1)
Causation	16	(1)
Current Issues in Assessment and Labeling	16	(3)
Definitions and Use of Norm-Referenced Tests	17	(1)
Functional Assessment	17	(2)
Conclusion	19	(1)
Focus Review	19	(2)
References	21	(2)
Valuing People with Severe Disabilities: Toward Effective Education and Community Service Systems	23	(17)
History of Educational and Community Services	25	(6)
The Institutional Model	25	(2)
The Developmental Model	27	(3)
The Ecological Model	30	(1)
Emerging Values in Service Programs	31	(5)
Full Inclusion	33	(1)
Natural Supports	34	(1)
Choice and Autonomy	35	(1)
Conclusion	36	(1)
Focus Review	36	(2)
References	38	(2)
Family, Friends, and Society: Supporting People with Severe Disabilities	40	(31)
Formal Support Networks	41	(13)
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)	42	(2)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)	44	(5)
School Reform and Accountability for Students with Severe Disabilities	49	(2)
Other Government-Supported Programs	51	(3)
Advocacy Organizations	54	(1)
Natural Supports	54	(11)
Family	55	(5)
Friends	60	(4)
Community	64	(1)
Conclusion	65	(1)
Focus Review	66	(3)
References	69	(2)
Biomedical Issues	71	(23)
Bioethics	73	(1)
Prevention	74	(14)
Genetic Engineering	75	(2)
Organ Transplantation	77	(1)
Genetic Screening	78	(4)
Genetic Counseling	82	(1)
Abortion	83	(1)
Withholding Medical Treatment	84	(4)
Advances in Newborn Intensive Care	88	(1)
Conclusion	89	(1)
Focus Review	89	(2)
References	91	(3)
Multicultural and Diversity Issues	94	(44)
Key Concepts and Definitions	97	(11)
Context of Increasing Diversity	97	(2)
Diversity and Special Education	99	(2)
Culture and Key Cultural Dimensions	101	(4)
Cultural Competence	105	(3)
Importance and Need for Culturally Competent Services for People with Severe Disabilities and Their Families	108	(2)
Current Trends: Providing Culturally Competent Services	110	(6)
Honoring Differences	110	(4)
Increasing the Cultural Competence of Professionals	114	(2)
Approaches for Enhancing Cultural Competence	116	(13)
Enhancing Cross-Cultural Communication	116	(3)
Strategies for Building Rapport and Communicating Effectively	119	(1)
Cultural Mediators and Language Interpreters	120	(4)
Selected Approaches for Planning and Implementing Culturally Competent Services	124	(5)
Future Directions	129	(4)
Focus Review	133	(1)
References	134	(4)
Assistive Technology	138	(22)
Importance and Needs for People with Severe Disabilities	139	(6)
Aids for Daily Living	139	(1)
Communication Aids	140	(1)
Aids for Working, Learning, and Playing	141	(1)
Mobility Aids	142	(1)
Positioning Aids	142	(3)
Federal Legislation and Assistive Technology	145	(2)
Rehabilitation Act	145	(1)
Technology Related Assistance Act	145	(1)
Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act	146	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	146	(1)
1997 IDEA Amendments	147	(1)
Identification and Functional Use of Assistive Technology Devices and Services	147	(4)
Identification of Appropriate AT Devices and Services	147	(1)
Functional Use of AT Devices and Services	148	(3)
Knowledge and Skill Competencies	151	(1)
Conclusion and Future Directions	152	(3)
Focus Review	155	(3)
References	158	(2)
Positive Behavioral Support	160	(25)
Prevalence of Severe Problem Behaviors	161	(2)
Life Impact	162	(1)
A Shift in Perspective on Providing Behavioral Support	162	(1)
Key Concepts and Definitions	163	(3)
Whose Problem Is It Anyway?	163	(1)
What's in a Name? Positive Behavioral Support	164	(1)
Current Definitions and Features of Positive Behavioral Support	164	(2)
Models and Strategies for Conducting Functional Assessments and Providing Comprehensive Positive Behavioral Support	166	(11)
Initial Lifestyle Assessment and Planning	166	(1)
Functional Assessment and Analysis	167	(5)
Developing and Implementing Assessment-Based Comprehensive Behavior Support Plans	172	(1)
The Competing Behavior Perspective	173	(4)
Future Directions in Behavioral Support	177	(1)
Early Intervention and Lifestyle Factors as Interventions and Outcomes	177	(1)
Broader Perspectives on Implementing Behavioral Support	177	(1)
Continued Development of Functional Assessment Technology	177	(1)
Research into Practice: Where the Rubber Meets the Road	178	(1)
Conclusion	178	(1)
Focus Review	178	(1)
References	179	(6)
Early Intervention Programs for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities and Their Families	185	(41)
Historical Overview of Early Intervention Services	189	(3)
Institutionalization	189	(1)
Child-Centered Early Intervention	190	(1)
Family-Focused to Family-Centered Early Intervention	191	(1)
Current Trends: Federal Legislation and Early Intervention	192	(4)
Early Intervention as Defined by P.L. 105--17, Part C	193	(2)
Family-Centered Early Intervention	195	(1)
A Philosophy of Enabling and Empowering Families	196	(1)
Expected Outcomes of Early Intervention	196	(5)
Structure and Organization: Implementing Family-Centered Early Intervention	201	(3)
Family-Directed Assessment and Selecting Intervention Goals	201	(3)
Effective Practices in Family-Centered Early Intervention	204	(10)
Natural Supports and Natural Environments	204	(7)
Transition Planning	211	(3)
Service Coordination	214	(1)
Changing Needs: Birth to Three	214	(1)
Future Directions in Early Intervention	214	(4)
Prevention and Treatment of Developmental Disabilities	214	(2)
Future Trends in Early Intervention Services	216	(2)
Focus Review	218	(4)
References	222	(4)
Programs for Preschool Children	226	(46)
Historical Overview of Preschool Services	228	(10)
Types of Services and Service Delivery Models	228	(5)
Philosophical and Curricular Models	233	(1)
Models of Integration and Inclusion	233	(3)
The Influence of Federal Legislation on Preschool Programs	236	(2)
Current Trends and Issues in Meeting the Educational Needs of Preschoolers with Severe Disabilities	238	(10)
Developmentally Appropriate Learning Experiences	238	(3)
Inclusive Learning Environments	241	(4)
Comprehensive and Individually Appropriate Interventions	245	(1)
Interventions for Young Children with Challenging Behaviors	246	(2)
Expected Outcomes for Preschool Services	248	(1)
Structure/Organization of Preschool Programs	249	(13)
Recommended Practices for Preschool Programs	249	(2)
Effective Practices for Preschool Programs: Developing and Implementing IEPs for Preschoolers	251	(1)
Team Membership and Collaboration	251	(1)
Ecologically Based Curriculum and IEP Development for Preschool Children	252	(4)
Implementing Intervention in Natural Routines and Activities	256	(4)
Transition Planning and Preschool IEPs	260	(2)
Future Directions for Preschool Programs	262	(3)
Focus Review	265	(2)
References	267	(5)
Elementary Programs	272	(35)
The History of Elementary Programs	274	(3)
Influence of IDEA '97	274	(1)
Influence of the Regular Education Initiative and the Inclusion Movement	275	(2)
Structure of Elementary Programs	277	(5)
The ``Continuum'' of Educational Services	277	(3)
Inclusive Educational Programs	280	(2)
Effective Practices	282	(17)
Student and Family-Centered Planning	282	(1)
Curriculum and Instruction Referenced to Home, School, and Community	282	(14)
Promoting Friendships and natural Supports	296	(1)
Promoting Choice and Autonomy	297	(1)
Transdisciplinary Teaming	298	(1)
Future Directions and Issues	299	(3)
Linkages with Ongoing School Reform Initiatives	300	(1)
Integrating General and Special Education Pedagogy	300	(1)
Redefining the Roles of Special and General Educators	301	(1)
Focus Review	302	(1)
References	303	(4)
Secondary Programs	307	(24)
The History of Secondary Programs	309	(2)
The Influence of Federal Legislation on Secondary Programs	311	(3)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	311	(1)
Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992 and 1998	312	(1)
The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999	313	(1)
The School-to-Work Opportunity Act (STOWA) of 1994	313	(1)
Structure of Secondary Programs	314	(1)
Effective Practices	315	(8)
Inclusive Education	315	(2)
Curriculum and Instruction Referenced to the Demands of Adulthood	317	(3)
Person-Centered Transition Planning	320	(1)
Securing Paid Employment	320	(3)
Developing Natural Supports	323	(1)
Future Directions and Issues	323	(4)
Student Control	323	(1)
Inclusion in the General Secondary Curriculum	324	(2)
The Structure of Post-High School Programs	326	(1)
Focus Review	327	(1)
References	328	(3)
Employment and Residential Programs for Adults	331	(20)
History of Employment and Residential Programs	332	(1)
Structure of Employment Programs	333	(7)
The Continuum of Employment Services	334	(2)
Supported Employment	336	(4)
Structure of Residential Programs	340	(4)
The Continuum of Residential Services	340	(2)
Supported Living	342	(2)
Future Directions	344	(3)
Consumer Control	345	(1)
Natural Supports	346	(1)
Conclusion	347	(1)
Focus Review	347	(1)
References	348	(3)
Programs for Older Adults	351	(13)
Historical Overview of Services for Older Adults	353	(1)
The Structure of Services for the Aging and Elderly	354	(3)
Age-Segregated or Age-Integrated Programs	355	(2)
Community-Based or Institutional Programs	357	(1)
Future Directions	357	(3)
Definition of Elderly for Persons with Disabilities	358	(1)
Aging Caregivers and Wait Lists	358	(1)
Age-Appropriate Services	359	(1)
Collaboration between Aging and Disability Agencies	359	(1)
Conclusion	360	(1)
Focus Review	361	(1)
References	361	(3)
Author Index	364	(6)
Subject Index	370