Introduction to Philosophy : Classical and Contemporary Readings

by Pojman, Louis P.

• ISBN13: 9780534509859
• ISBN10: 0534509851
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-10-01
• Publisher: Thomson Learning

Author Biography

Louis P. Pojman teaches philosophy at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, N.Y.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
I WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?	1	(40)
Socratic Wisdom: The Trial of Socrates (from the Apology)	15	(12)
Plato
Philosophy as the Love of Truth versus Enthusiasm	27	(8)
John Locke
The Value of Philosophy	35	(6)
Bertrand Russell
II THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE	41	(168)
The Theory of Ideas	47	(26)
Plato
The Ascent to Knowledge (from the Republic)	48	(15)
The Theory of Recollection (from the Meno)	63	(10)
Meditations on First Philosophy (complete)	73	(43)
Rene Descartes
An Empiricist Theory of Knowledge (from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding)	116	(12)
John Locke
An Idealist Theory of Knowledge (from Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous)	128	(35)
George Berkeley
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	163	(21)
David Hume
The Copernican Revolution in Knowledge	184	(8)
Immanuel Kant
Science and Myth	192	(5)
John Maynard Smith
Two Types of Knowledge	197	(12)
Norman Malcolm
III PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION	209	(130)
Traditional Arguments for the Existence of God	211	(54)
The Five Ways	219	(3)
St. Thomas Aquinas
The Argument from Contingency	222	(1)
Samuel Clarke
A Debate on the Argument from Contingency	223	(11)
F. C. Copleston
Bertrand Russell
The Watch and the Watchmaker	234	(4)
William Paley
A Critique of the Teleological Argument	238	(10)
David Hume
The Ontological Argument	248	(4)
Anselm vs. Gaunillo
A Debate on the Argument from Religious Experience	252	(4)
F. C. Copleston
Bertrand Russell
The Argument from Religious Experience	256	(9)
C. D. Broad
The Problem of Evil	265	(30)
Why is There Evil?	269	(5)
Fyodor Dostoevski
Why Doesn't God Intervene to Prevent Evil?	274	(6)
B. C. Johnson
A Theistic Response to the Problem of Evil	280	(15)
Richard Swinburne
Faith and Reason	295	(44)
A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief	299	(7)
Antony Flew
R. M. Hare
Basil Mitchell
Faith is a Rational Wager	306	(4)
Blaise Pascal
The Ethics of Belief	310	(6)
W. K. Clifford
The Will to Believe	316	(8)
William James
Religious Belief Without Evidence	324	(15)
Alvin Plantinga
IV PHILOSOPHY OF MIND	339	(134)
The Mind-Body Problem	340	(91)
Dualism	346	(4)
Rene Descartes
Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem	350	(15)
Jerome Shafer
Substance Dualism	365	(14)
J. P. Moreland
A Critique of Dualism	379	(13)
Paul Churchland
On Functionalism and Materialism	392	(20)
Paul Churchland
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?	412	(10)
Thomas Nagel
Minds, Brains, and Computers	422	(9)
John Searle
Who Am I? The Problem of Personal Identity	431	(22)
Our Psychological Properties Define the Self	437	(4)
John Locke
We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical	441	(4)
David Hume
Brain Transplants and Personal Identity: A Dialogue	445	(8)
Derek Parfit
Godfrey Vesey
Personal Identity and Survival: Will I Survive My Death?	453	(20)
Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul (from the Phaedo)	454	(5)
Plato
The Illusion of Immortality	459	(4)
Bertrand Russell
In Defense of Life After Death	463	(10)
John Hick
V FREEDOM OF THE WILL, RESPONSIBILITY, AND PUNISHMENT	473	(144)
Free Will and Determinism	474	(66)
Libertarianism: Defense of Free Will	485	(10)
Richard Taylor
Determinism: Free Will Is an Illusion	495	(11)
Ledger Wood
Compatibilism: Free Will Is Consistent with Determinism	506	(8)
W. T. Stace
Determinism: Free Will and Psychoanalysis	514	(13)
John Hospers
Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person	527	(13)
Harry Frankfurt
Moral Responsibility	540	(41)
Voluntary Action and Responsibility	543	(7)
Aristotle
The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility	550	(14)
Galen Strawson
The Compatibilist Defense of Responsibility	564	(11)
Sidney Hook
A Libertarian Defense of Moral Responsibility	575	(6)
Lois Hope Walker
Punishment	581	(36)
The Right to Punish: Retributivism	585	(4)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism and Punishment	589	(8)
Jonathan Glover
The Crime of Punishment: The Humanitarian Theory	597	(7)
Karl Menninger
Against the Humanitarian Theory of Rehabilitation	604	(6)
C. S. Lewis
Two Concepts of Punishment	610	(7)
John Rawls
VI MORAL PHILOSOPHY	617	(9)
Moral Relativism	626	(155)
In Defense of Moral Relativism	626	(7)
Ruth Benedict
Ethical Relativism Versus Ethical Objectivism	633	(14)
Louis P. Pojman
Morality and Self-Interest	647	(29)
Gyges' Ring, or Is the Good Good for You?	647	(7)
Plato
Ethical Egoism	654	(12)
James Rachels
The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution	666	(10)
J. L. Mackie
Religion and Ethics	676	(33)
The Divine Command Theory of Ethics	679	(3)
Plato
A Free Man's Worship	682	(6)
Bertrand Russell
Religion and the Queerness of Morality	688	(12)
George Mavrodes
Ethics Without Religion	700	(9)
Kai Nielsen
Which Moral Theory Is Correct?	709	(51)
The Ethics of Virtue	709	(14)
Aristotle
Contractualism	723	(13)
Thomas Hobbes
Utilitarianism	736	(8)
John Stuart Mill
The Moral Law	744	(16)
Immanuel Kant
Challenges to Traditional Moral Theories	760	(21)
Beyond Good and Evil	761	(11)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Case of the Obliging Stranger	772	(9)
William Gass
Appendix I How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper	781	(4)
Appendix II A Little Bit of Logic	785	(18)
Glossary	803	(6)
Suggested Readings	809