Introduction to Physical Anthropology

by Jurmain, Robert; Kilgore, Lynn; Trevathan, Wendy; Nelson, Harry

• ISBN13: 9780534514631
• ISBN10: 0534514634
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-27
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Applauded for its outstanding art program and engaging writing style, this text is praised by instructors and students alike, and continues to set the standard for a market-leading physical anthropology textbook. It provides a current and accessible synthesis of the core concepts and latest developments in the field of physical anthropology. It presents a balanced and thorough introduction to field using helpful tables, charts, boxed inserts, photo essays, multimedia, and an engaging writing style to bring the study of physical anthropology to life for today's students.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Introduction	p. 2
What Is Anthropology?	p. 6
Cultural Anthropology	p. 6
Archaeology	p. 8
Linguistic Anthropology	p. 9
Physical Anthropology	p. 10
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method	p. 15
The Anthropological Perspective	p. 16
Issue: Evaluation in Science: Lessons in Critical Thinking	p. 21
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
Introduction	p. 24
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought	p. 24
The Scientific Revolution	p. 25
The Path to Natural Selection	p. 26
Natural Selection	p. 34
Natural Selection in Action	p. 35
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory	p. 37
Opposition to Evolution	p. 37
The Biological Basis of Life
Introduction	p. 44
The Cell	p. 44
DNA Structure	p. 46
DNA Replication	p. 46
Protein Synthesis	p. 47
What Is a Gene?	p. 51
Box 3-1 Characteristics of the DNA Code	p. 53
Mutation: When a Gene Changes	p. 53
Chromosomes	p. 55
Karyotyping Chromosomes	p. 58
Cell Division	p. 59
Mitosis	p. 59
Meiosis	p. 59
The Evolutionary Significance of Meiosis	p. 62
Meiosis in Males and Females	p. 63
Problems with Meiosis	p. 64
New Frontiers	p. 65
Issue: Genetic Technologies: A Revolution in Science	p. 71
Heredity and Evolution
Introduction	p. 74
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel	p. 74
Segregation	p. 75
Dominance and Recessiveness	p. 75
Independent Assortment	p. 78
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans	p. 80
Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness	p. 81
Patterns of Inheritance	p. 82
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance	p. 86
Polygenic Inheritance	p. 86
Genetic and Environmental Factors	p. 88
Pleiotropy	p. 89
Modern Evolutionary Theory	p. 89
Box 4-1 Development of Modern Evolutionary Theory	p. 90
The Modern Synthesis	p. 90
Definition of Evolution	p. 91
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation	p. 92
Mutation	p. 92
Gene Flow	p. 93
Genetic Drift	p. 94
Recombination	p. 96
Natural Selection Acts on Variation	p. 96
Review of Genetic and Evolutionary Factors	p. 98
An Overview of the Living Primates
Introduction	p. 106
Primates as Mammals	p. 106
Characteristics of Primates	p. 107
Box 5-1 Primate Cranial Anatomy	p. 110
The Arboreal Adaptation	p. 111
Primate Adaptations	p. 112
Habitats	p. 112
Diet	p. 113
Teeth	p. 113
Locomotion	p. 114
Primate Taxonomy	p. 117
A Survey of the Living Primates	p. 119
Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)	p. 119
Tarsiers	p. 122
The Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)	p. 122
Hominoids (Apes and Humans)	p. 127
Humans	p. 132
Primate Chromosomes, Proteins, and DNA	p. 133
Karyotype Comparisons	p. 133
Amino Acid Sequencing	p. 134
DNA Hybridization	p. 134
DNA Sequencing	p. 135
Primate Conservation	p. 135
Issue: Can the Mountain Gorilla Be Saved?	p. 142
Fundamentals of Primate Behavior
Introduction	p. 146
Primate Field Studies	p. 146
Primate Socioecology	p. 147
Five Monkey Species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda	p. 149
Box 6-1 Types of Nonhuman Primate Social Behavior	p. 151
The Evolution of Behavior	p. 152
Evolutionary Ecology: Current Constraints	p. 154
Primate Social Groups	p. 155
Primate Social Behavior	p. 156
Dominance	p. 156
Communication	p. 157
Aggressive and Affiliative Interactions	p. 159
Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies	p. 162
Reproductive Strategies	p. 163
Mothers and Infants	p. 164
Models for Human Evolution
Introduction	p. 172
Behavior and Human Origins	p. 173
Aspects of Life History and Body Size	p. 174
Body Size and Brain Size	p. 175
Language Capabilities	p. 176
Primate Cultural Behavior	p. 181
Aggressive Interactions Between Groups	p. 185
Affiliation, Altruism, and Cooperation	p. 187
Altruism	p. 188
Cooperation	p. 188
The Primate Continuum	p. 189
Issue: Primates in Biomedical Research: Ethics and Concerns	p. 194
Processes of Macroevolution: Mammalian/Primate Evolutionary History
Introduction	p. 198
The Human Place in the Organic World	p. 198
Principles of Classification	p. 198
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships	p. 200
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary	p. 205
Mammalian Evolution	p. 207
Major Mammalian Groups	p. 210
Early Primate Evolution	p. 211
Miocene Fossil Hominoids	p. 213
Processes of Macroevolution	p. 215
Adaptive Radiation	p. 215
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics	p. 216
Modes of Evolutionary Change	p. 217
The Meaning of Genus and Species	p. 219
Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecology
Introduction	p. 226
Definition of Hominid	p. 226
Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture	p. 227
The Strategy of Paleoanthropology	p. 229
Paleoanthropology in Action--Olduvai Gorge	p. 231
Biography: Mary Leakey	p. 233
Dating Methods	p. 234
Great Moments in Prehistory: Discovery of Zinjanthropus	p. 235
Box 9-1 Chronometric Dating Estimates	p. 237
Applications of Dating Methods: Examples from Olduvai	p. 237
Excavations at Olduvai	p. 238
Experimental Archaeology	p. 240
Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology	p. 241
Analysis of Bone	p. 242
Reconstruction of Early Hominid Environments and Behavior	p. 243
Environmental Explanations for Hominid Origins	p. 243
Changing Environments and Later Hominid Diversifications	p. 245
Why Did Hominids Become Bipedal?	p. 246
Issue: Are the Sites at Olduvai Really "Sites"?	p. 253
Hominid Origins
Introduction	p. 256
The Bipedal Adaptation	p. 256
Box 10-1 Major Features of Hominid Bipedalism	p. 258
Early Hominids in the Plio-Pleistocene	p. 261
The East African Rift Valley	p. 261
The Earliest East African Hominids	p. 262
Earliest Traces	p. 263
Ardipithecus from Aramis (Ethiopia)	p. 263
Australopithecus from East Africa	p. 265
Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar	p. 267
Box 10-2 Cranial Capacity	p. 269
Later East African Australopithecine Finds	p. 270
Australopithecines from Olduvai and Lake Turkana	p. 271
Early Homo	p. 272
Central Africa	p. 274
South African Sites	p. 276
Earliest Discoveries	p. 276
Further Discoveries of South African Hominids	p. 278
Hominids from South Africa	p. 279
Geology and Dating Problems in South Africa	p. 283
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?	p. 285
Continuing Uncertainties--Taxonomic Issues	p. 287
Putting It All Together	p. 290
Interpreting the Interpretations	p. 292
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
Introduction	p. 298
Homo erectus: Terminology and Geographical Distribution	p. 298
The Pleistocene (1.8 m.y.a.-10,000 y.a.)	p. 302
The Morphology of Homo erectus	p. 302
Brain Size	p. 302
Body Size	p. 303
Cranial Shape	p. 303
Dentition	p. 304
Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries	p. 305
Java	p. 305
Homo erectus from Java	p. 306
Peking (Beijing)	p. 307
Zhoukoudian Homo erectus	p. 307
Other Chinese Sites	p. 310
East Africa	p. 311
Summary of East African H. erectus	p. 312
Box 11-1 The Nariokotome Skeleton-- A Boy for All Seasons	p. 313
South Africa	p. 314
North Africa	p. 314
Europe	p. 314
Technological and Population Trends in the Middle Pleistocene	p. 315
Technological Trends	p. 315
Population Trends	p. 317
Issue: Man, the Hunter; Woman, the Gatherer?	p. 322
Neandertals and Other Archaic Homo sapiens
Introduction	p. 326
Early Archaic H. sapiens	p. 326
Africa	p. 327
Asia	p. 327
Europe	p. 331
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution (circa 400,000-125,000 y.a.)	p. 332
Middle Pleistocene Culture	p. 334
Neandertals: Late Archaic H. sapiens (130,000-35,000 y.a.)	p. 337
France and Spain	p. 342
Central Europe	p. 344
Western Asia	p. 344
Central Asia	p. 346
Culture of Neandertals	p. 346
Technology	p. 346
Settlements	p. 347
Subsistence	p. 347
Symbolic Behavior	p. 348
Burials	p. 350
Evolutionary Trends in the Genus Homo	p. 351
Taxonomic Issues	p. 352
Homo sapiens sapiens
Introduction	p. 360
The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings)	p. 360
The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)	p. 361
The Partial Replacement Model	p. 363
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)	p. 363
Box 13-1 The Garden of Eden Hypothesis	p. 364
The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries	p. 366
Africa	p. 366
The Near East	p. 368
Central Europe	p. 368
Western Europe	p. 369
Asia	p. 371
Australia	p. 371
The New World	p. 372
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic	p. 372
Europe	p. 372
Africa	p. 381
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture	p. 381
Issue: The Evolution of Language	p. 385
Microevolution in Modern Human Populations
Introduction	p. 388
Human Populations	p. 388
Population Genetics	p. 389
Calculating Allele Frequencies: An Example	p. 391
Evolution in Action: Modern Human Populations	p. 391
Box 14-1 Calculating Allele Frequencies in a Hypothetical Population	p. 392
Nonrandom Mating	p. 392
Human Polymorphisms	p. 394
ABO	p. 395
Rh	p. 398
Other Red Blood Cell Antigen Systems	p. 398
Polymorphisms in White Blood Cells	p. 399
Box 14-2 Mother-Fetus Incompatibilities	p. 400
Miscellaneous Polymorphisms	p. 400
Polymorphisms at the DNA Level	p. 402
Human Biocultural Evolution	p. 403
Box 14-3 Other Genetic Traits Possibly Associated with Malaria	p. 405
Human Variation and Adaptation
Introduction	p. 410
Historical Views of Human Variation	p. 410
The Concept of Race	p. 413
Contemporary Interpretations of Human Population Diversity	p. 416
Racism	p. 418
Intelligence	p. 419
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation	p. 420
Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color	p. 421
The Thermal Environment	p. 423
High Altitude	p. 426
Infectious Disease	p. 427
The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease	p. 430
Box 15-1 Overpopulation	p. 433
Issue: Racial Purity: A False and Dangerous Ideology	p. 437
The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course
Introduction	p. 440
Fundamentals of Growth and Development	p. 441
Bone Growth	p. 442
Stature	p. 443
Brain Growth	p. 445
Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development	p. 445
Basic Nutrients for Growth and Development	p. 446
Evolution of Nutritional Requirements	p. 447
Diets of Humans Before Agriculture	p. 449
Undernutrition and Malnutrition	p. 451
Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development	p. 452
Genetics	p. 452
Hormones	p. 453
Environmental Factors	p. 454
The Human Life Cycle	p. 454
Conception and Pregnancy	p. 455
Birth	p. 457
Infancy	p. 458
Childhood	p. 459
Adolescence	p. 459
Adulthood	p. 461
Aging	p. 462
Are We Still Evolving?	p. 464
Appendix A	p. 469
Appendix B	p. 477
Glossary	p. 483
Bibliography	p. 493
Index	p. 513
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