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9780471706069

Introduction to Physical Polymer Science

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780471706069

  • ISBN10:

    047170606X

  • Edition: 4th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2005-12-07
  • Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

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Summary

An Updated Edition of the Classic Text Polymers constitute the basis for the plastics, rubber, adhesives, fiber, and coating industries. The Fourth Edition of Introduction to Physical Polymer Science acknowledges the industrial success of polymers and the advancements made in the field while continuing to deliver the comprehensive introduction to polymer science that made its predecessors classic texts. The Fourth Edition continues its coverage of amorphous and crystalline materials, glass transitions, rubber elasticity, and mechanical behavior, and offers updated discussions of polymer blends, composites, and interfaces, as well as such basics as molecular weight determination. Thus, interrelationships among molecular structure, morphology, and mechanical behavior of polymers continue to provide much of the value of the book. Newly introduced topics include: * Nanocomposites, including carbon nanotubes and exfoliated montmorillonite clays * The structure, motions, and functions of DNA and proteins, as well as the interfaces of polymeric biomaterials with living organisms * The glass transition behavior of nano-thin plastic films In addition, new sections have been included on fire retardancy, friction and wear, optical tweezers, and more. Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, Fourth Edition provides both an essential introduction to the field as well as an entry point to the latest research and developments in polymer science and engineering, making it an indispensable text for chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, and polymer science and engineering students and professionals.

Author Biography

Trained as a chemist, L. H. SPERLING is Professor Emeritus of both Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He remains active in consulting, speaking, and writing.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Symbols and Definitions xix
1 Introduction to Polymer Science
1(28)
1.1 From Little Molecules to Big Molecules
2(2)
1.2 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distributions
4(4)
1.3 Major Polymer Transitions
8(2)
1.4 Polymer Synthesis and Structure
10(8)
1.5 Cross-Linking, Plasticizers, and Fillers
18(1)
1.6 The Macromolecular Hypothesis
19(1)
1.7 Historical Development of Industrial Polymers
20(1)
1.8 Molecular Engineering
21(1)
References
22(1)
General Reading
22(2)
Handbooks, Encyclopedias, and Dictionaries
24(1)
Web Sites
24(1)
Study Problems
25(1)
Appendix 1.1 Names for Polymers
26(3)
2 Chain Structure and Configuration
29(42)
2.1 Examples of Configurations and Conformations
30(1)
2.2 Theory and Instruments
31(5)
2.3 Stereochemistry of Repeating Units
36(6)
2.4 Repeating Unit Isomerism
42(3)
2.5 Common Types of Copolymers
45(2)
2.6 NMR in Modern Research
47(4)
2.7 Multicomponent Polymers
51(4)
2.8 Conformational States in Polymers
55(1)
2.9 Analysis of Polymers during Mechanical Strain
56(2)
2.10 Photophysics of Polymers
58(5)
2.11 Configuration and Conformation
63(1)
References
63(2)
General Reading
65(1)
Study Problems
65(2)
Appendix 2.1 Assorted Isomeric and Copolymer Macromolecules
67(4)
3 Dilute Solution Thermodynamics, Molecular Weights, and Sizes
71(74)
3.1 Introduction
71(2)
3.2 The Solubility Parameter
73(6)
3.3 Thermodynamics of Mixing
79(6)
3.4 Molecular Weight Averages
85(2)
3.5 Determination of the Number-Average Molecular Weight
87(4)
3.6 Weight-Average Molecular Weights and Radii of Gyration
91(12)
3.7 Molecular Weights of Polymers
103(7)
3.8 Intrinsic Viscosity
110(7)
3.9 Gel Permeation Chromatography
117(13)
3.10 Mass Spectrometry
130(4)
3.11 Instrumentation for Molecular Weight Determination
134(1)
3.12 Solution Thermodynamics and Molecular Weights
135(1)
References
136(3)
General Reading
139(1)
Study Problems
140(2)
Appendix 3.1 Calibration and Application of Light-Scattering Instrumentation for the Case Where P(theta) = 1
142(3)
4 Concentrated Solutions, Phase Separation Behavior, and Diffusion
145(52)
4.1 Phase Separation and Fractionation
145(5)
4.2 Regions of the Polymer–Solvent Phase Diagram
150(3)
4.3 Polymer—Polymer Phase Separation
153(19)
4.4 Diffusion and Permeability in Polymers
172(12)
4.5 Latexes and Suspensions
184(2)
4.6 Multicomponent and Multiphase Materials
186(1)
References
186(4)
General Reading
190(1)
Study Problems
190(2)
Appendix 4.1 Scaling Law Theories and Applications
192(5)
5 The Amorphous State
197(42)
5.1 The Amorphous Polymer State
198(1)
5.2 Experimental Evidence Regarding Amorphous Polymers
199(12)
5.3 Conformation of the Polymer Chain
211(6)
5.4 Macromolecular Dynamics
217(10)
5.5 Concluding Remarks
227(1)
References
227(3)
General Reading
230(1)
Study Problems
230(2)
Appendix 5.1 History of the Random Coil Model for Polymer Chains
232(4)
Appendix 5.2 Calculations Using the Diffusion Coefficient
236(1)
Appendix 5.3 Nobel Prize Winners in Polymer Science and Engineering
237(2)
6 The Crystalline State
239(86)
6.1 General Considerations
239(6)
6.2 Methods of Determining Crystal Structure
245(3)
6.3 The Unit Cell of Crystalline Polymers
248(8)
6.4 Structure of Crystalline Polymers
256(4)
6.5 Crystallization from the Melt
260(11)
6.6 Kinetics of Crystallization
271(19)
6.7 The Reentry Problem in Lamellae
290(9)
6.8 Thermodynamics of Fusion
299(6)
6.9 Effect of Chemical Structure on the Melting Temperature
305(2)
6.10 Fiber Formation and Structure
307(4)
6.11 Tit Hierarchical Structure of Polymeric Materials
311(1)
6.12 How Do You Know It's a Polymer?
312(2)
References
314(6)
General Reading
320(1)
Study Problems
320(5)
7 Polymers in the Liquid Crystalline State
325(24)
7.1 Definition of a Liquid Crystal
325(1)
7.2 Rod-Shaped Chemical Structures
326(1)
7.3 Liquid Crystalline Mesophases
326(5)
7.4 Liquid Crystal Classification
331(7)
7.5 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
338(3)
7.6 Mesophase Identification in Thermotropic Polymers
341(1)
7.7 Fiber Formation
342(2)
7.8 Comparison of Major Polymer Types
344(1)
7.9 Basic Requirements for Liquid Crystal Formation
345(1)
References
346(1)
General Reading
347(1)
Study Problems
348(1)
8 Glass–Rubber Transition Behavior
349(78)
8.1 Simple Mechanical Relationships
350(5)
8.2 Five Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior
355(11)
8.3 Methods of Measuring Transitions in Polymers
366(9)
8.4 Other Transitions and Relaxations
375(2)
8.5 Time and Frequency Effects on Relaxation Processes
377(4)
8.6 Theories of the Glass Transition
381(16)
8.7 Effect of Molecular Weight on Tg
397(2)
8.8 Effect of Copolymerization on Tg
399(5)
8.9 Effect of Crystallinity on Tg
404(4)
8.10 Dependence of Tg on Chemical Structure
408(2)
8.11 Effect of Pressure on Tg
410(2)
8.12 Damping and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior
412(3)
8.13 Definitions of Elastomers, Plastics, Adhesives, and Fibers
415(1)
References
415(5)
General Reading
420(1)
Study Problems
420(3)
Appendix 8.1 Molecular Motion near the Glass Transition
423(4)
9 Cross-liked Polymers and Rubber Elasticity
427(80)
9.1 Cross-links and Networks
427(3)
9.2 Historical Development of Rubber
430(2)
9.3 Rubber Network Structure
432(2)
9.4 Rubber Elasticity Concepts
434(3)
9.5 Thermodynamic Equation of State
437(2)
9.6 Equation of State for Gases
439(3)
9.7 Statistical Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity
442(8)
9.8 The "Carnot Cycle" for Elastomers
450(3)
9.9 Continuum Theories of Rubber Elasticity
453(6)
9.10 Some Refinements to Rubber Elasticity
459(10)
9.11 Internal Energy Effects
469(3)
9.12 The Flory–Rehner Equation
472(1)
9.13 Gelation Phenomena in Polymers
473(5)
9.14 Gels and Gelation
478(1)
9.15 Effects of Strain on the Melting Temperature
479(1)
9.16 Elastomers in Current Use
480(8)
9.17 Summary of Rubber Elasticity Behavior
488(1)
References
489(5)
General Reading
494(1)
Study Problems
495(2)
Appendix 9.1 Gelatin as a Physically Cross-linked Elastomer
497(4)
Appendix 9.2 Elastic Behavior of a Rubber Band
501(2)
Appendix 9.3 Determination of the Cross-link Density of Rubber by Swelling to Equilibrium
503(4)
10 Polymer Viscoelasticity and Rheology 507(50)
10.1 Stress Relaxation and Creep
507(8)
10.2 Relaxation and Retardation Times
515(14)
10.3 The Time–Temperature Superposition Principle
529(4)
10.4 Polymer Melt Viscosity
533(5)
10.5 Polymer Rheology
538(9)
10.6 Overview of Viscoelasticity and Rheology
547(1)
References
548(2)
General Reading
550(1)
Study Problems
550(2)
Appendix 10.1 Energy of Activation from Chemical Stress Relaxation Times
552(1)
Appendix 10.2 Viscoelasticity of Cheese
553(4)
11 Mechanical Behavior of Polymers 557(56)
11.1 An Energy Balance for Deformation and Fracture
557(3)
11.2 Deformation and Fracture in Polymers
560(25)
11.3 Crack Growth
585(3)
11.4 Cyclic Deformations
588(5)
11.5 Molecular Aspects of Fracture and Healing in Polymers
593(8)
11.6 Friction and Wear in Polymers
601(2)
11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Polymers
603(3)
11.8 Summary
606(1)
References
607(3)
General Reading
610(1)
Study Problems
611(2)
12 Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces 613(74)
12.1 Polymer Surfaces
614(1)
12.2 Thermodynamics of Surfaces and Interfaces
615(4)
12.3 Instrumental Methods of Characterization
619(25)
12.4 Conformation of Polymer Chains in a Polymer Blend Interphase
644(2)
12.5 The Dilute Solution–Solid Interface
646(6)
12.6 Instrumental Methods for Analyzing Polymer Solution Interfaces
652(7)
12.7 Theoretical Aspects of the Organization of Chains at Walls
659(8)
12.8 Adhesion at Interfaces
667(8)
12.9 Interfaces of Polymeric Biomaterials with Living Organisms
675(2)
12.10 Overview of Polymer Surface and Interface Science
677(2)
References
679(4)
General Reading
683(1)
Study Problems
684(2)
Appendix 12.1 Estimation of Fractal Dimensions
686(1)
13 Multicomponent Polymeric Materials 687(70)
13.1 Classification Schemes for Multicomponent Polymeric Materials
688(4)
13.2 Miscible and Immiscible Polymer Pairs
692(1)
13.3 The Glass Transition Behavior of Multicomponent Polymer Materials
693(5)
13.4 The Modulus of Multicomponent Polymeric Materials
698(8)
13.5 The Morphology of Multiphase Polymeric Materials
706(4)
13.6 Phase Diagrams in Polymer Blends (Broad Definition)
710(11)
13.7 Morphology of Composite Materials
721(2)
13.8 Nanotechnology-Based Materials
723(5)
13.9 Montmorillonite Clays
728(8)
13.10 Fracture Behavior of Multiphase Polymeric Materials
736(5)
13.11 Processing and Applications of Polymer Blends and Composites
741(7)
References
748(5)
General Reading
753(1)
Study Problems
754(3)
14 Modern Polymer Topics 757(65)
14.1 Polyolefins
757(5)
14.2 Thermoset Polymer Materials
762(3)
14.3 Polymer and Polymer Blend Aspects of Bread Doughs
765(4)
14.4 Natural Product Polymers
769(4)
14.5 Dendritic Polymers and Other Novel Polymeric Structures
773(6)
14.6 Polymers in Supercritical Fluids
779(3)
14.7 Electrical Behavior of Polymers
782(4)
14.8 Polymers for Nonlinear Optics
786(3)
14.9 Light-Emitting Polymers and Electroactive Materials
789(5)
14.10 Optical Tweezers in Biopolymer Research
794(1)
14.11 The 3-D Structure and Function of Biopolymers
795(12)
14.12 Fire Retardancy in Polymers
807(4)
14.13 Polymer Solution-Induced Drag Reduction
811(3)
14.14 Modern Engineering Plastics
814(1)
14.15 Major Advances in Polymer Science and Engineering
815(2)
References
817(5)
General Reading 822(1)
Study Problems 823(4)
Index 827

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