Introduction to Probability and Statistics (with CD-ROM)

by Mendenhall, William; Beaver, Robert J.; Beaver, Barbara M.

• ISBN13: 9780534418700
• ISBN10: 0534418708
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780495389538, 9780534395193
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-01
• Publisher: Duxbury Press
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Used by hundreds of thousands of students since its first edition, INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS continues to blend the best of its proven coverage with new innovations. While retaining the straightforward presentation and traditional outline for descriptive and inferential statistics, the Twelfth Edition incorporates exciting new learning aids like MyPersonal Trainer, MyApplet, and MyTip to ensure that students learn and understand the relevance of the material. The book takes advantage of modern technology, including computational software and interactive visual tools, to facilitate statistical reasoning as well as the understanding and interpretation of statistical results. In addition to showing how to apply statistical procedures, the authors explain how to meaningfully describe real sets of data, what the statistical tests mean in terms of their practical applications, how to evaluate the validity of the assumptions behind statistical tests, and what to do when statistical assumptions have been violated. This new edition retains the statistical integrity, examples, exercises and exposition that have made it a market leader, and builds upon this tradition of excellence with new technology integration.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Train Your Brain for Statistics	1	(2)
The Population and the Sample	3	(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	3	(1)
Achieving the Objective of Inferential Statistics: The Necessary Steps	4	(1)
Training Your Brain for Statistics	5	(2)
Describing Data with Graphs	7	(45)
Variables and Data	8	(2)
Types of Variables	10	(1)
Graphs for Categorical Data	11	(6)
Exercises	14	(3)
Graphs for Quantitative Data	17	(7)
Pie Charts and Bar Charts	17	(2)
Line Charts	19	(1)
Dotplots	20	(1)
Stem and Leaf Plots	20	(2)
Interpreting Graphs with a Critical Eye	22	(2)
Relative Frequency Histograms	24	(28)
Exercises	29	(5)
Chapter Review	34	(16)
Case Study: How Is Your Blood Pressure?	50	(2)
Describing Data with Numerical Measures	52	(45)
Describing a Set of Data with Numerical Measures	53	(1)
Measures of Center	53	(7)
Exercises	57	(3)
Measures of Variability	60	(6)
Exercises	65	(1)
On the Practical Significance of the Standard Deviation	66	(4)
A Check on the Calculation of s	70	(5)
Exercises	71	(4)
Measures of Relative Standing	75	(5)
The Five-Number Summary and the Box Plot	80	(17)
Exercises	84	(3)
Chapter Review	87	(9)
Case Study: The Boys of Summer	96	(1)
Describing Bivariate Data	97	(30)
Bivariate Data	98	(1)
Graphs for Qualitative Variables	98	(4)
Exercises	101	(1)
Scatterplots for Two Quantitative Variables	102	(3)
Numerical Measures for Quantitative Bivariate Data	105	(22)
Exercises	112	(2)
Chapter Review	114	(11)
Case Study: Do You Think Your Dishes Are Really Clean?	125	(2)
Probability and Probability Distributions	127	(56)
The Role of Probability in Statistics	128	(1)
Events and the Sample Space	128	(3)
Calculating Probabilities Using Simple Events	131	(6)
Exercises	134	(3)
Useful Counting Rules (Optional)	137	(7)
Exercises	142	(2)
Event Relations and Probability Rules	144	(5)
Calculating Probabilities for Unions and Complements	146	(3)
Independence, Conditional Probability, and the Multiplication Rule	149	(9)
Exercises	154	(4)
Bayes' Rule (Optional)	158	(5)
Exercises	161	(2)
Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions	163	(20)
Random Variables	163	(1)
Probability Distributions	163	(3)
The Mean and Standard Deviation for a Discrete Random Variable	166	(4)
Exercises	170	(2)
Chapter Review	172	(9)
Case Study: Probability and Decision Making in the Congo	181	(2)
Several Useful Discrete Distributions	183	(36)
Introduction	184	(1)
The Binomial Probability Distribution	184	(13)
Exercises	193	(4)
The Poisson Probability Distribution	197	(8)
Exercises	202	(3)
The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution	205	(14)
Exercises	207	(1)
Chapter Review	208	(10)
Case Study: A Mystery: Cancers Near a Reactor	218	(1)
The Normal Probability Distribution	219	(35)
Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables	220	(3)
The Normal Probability Distribution	223	(2)
Tabulated Areas of the Normal Probability Distribution	225	(12)
The Standard Normal Random Variable	225	(4)
Calculating Probabilities for a General Normal Random Variable	229	(4)
Exercises	233	(4)
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution (Optional)	237	(17)
Exercises	243	(3)
Chapter Review	246	(6)
Case Study: The Long and Short of It	252	(2)
Sampling Distributions	254	(43)
Introduction	255	(1)
Sampling Plans and Experimental Designs	255	(5)
Exercises	258	(2)
Statistics and Sampling Distributions	260	(3)
The Central Limit Theorem	263	(3)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean	266	(9)
Standard Error	267	(5)
Exercises	272	(3)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion	275	(6)
Exercises	279	(2)
A Sampling Application: Statistical Process Control (Optional)	281	(16)
A Control Chart for the Process Mean: The x Chart	281	(2)
A Control Chart for the Proportion Defective: The p Chart	283	(2)
Exercises	285	(2)
Chapter Review	287	(8)
Case Study: Sampling the Roulette at Monte Carlo	295	(2)
Large-Sample Estimation	297	(46)
Where We've Been	298	(1)
Where We're Going---Statistical Inference	298	(1)
Types of Estimators	299	(1)
Point Estimation	300	(7)
Exercises	305	(2)
Interval Estimation	307	(11)
Constructing a Confidence Interval	308	(2)
Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Mean μ	310	(1)
Interpreting the Confidence Interval	311	(3)
Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion ρ	314	(2)
Exercises	316	(2)
Estimating the Difference between Two Population Means	318	(6)
Exercises	321	(3)
Estimating the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions	324	(4)
Exercises	326	(2)
One-Sided Confidence Bounds	328	(1)
Choosing the Sample Size	329	(14)
Exercises	333	(3)
Chapter Review	336	(5)
Case Study: How Reliable Is That Poll?	341	(2)
Large-Sample Tests of Hypotheses	343	(43)
Testing Hypotheses about Population Parameters	344	(1)
A Statistical Test of Hypothesis	344	(3)
A Large-Sample Test about a Population Mean	347	(16)
The Essentials of the Test	348	(3)
Calculating the p-Value	351	(5)
Two Types of Errors	356	(1)
The Power of a Statistical Test	356	(4)
Exercises	360	(3)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Population Means	363	(5)
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals	365	(1)
Exercises	366	(2)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for a Binomial Proportion	368	(5)
Statistical Significance and Practical Importance	370	(1)
Exercises	371	(2)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions	373	(5)
Exercises	376	(2)
Some Comments on Testing Hypotheses	378	(8)
Chapter Review	379	(5)
Case Study: An Aspirin a Day . . .?	384	(2)
Inference from Small Samples	386	(61)
Introduction	387	(1)
Student's t Distribution	387	(4)
Assumptions behind Student's t Distribution	391	(1)
Small-Sample Inferences Concerning a Population Mean	391	(8)
Exercises	397	(2)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Population Means: Independent Random Samples	399	(11)
Exercises	406	(4)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Means: A Paired-Difference Test	410	(7)
Exercises	414	(3)
Inferences Concerning a Population Variance	417	(7)
Exercises	423	(1)
Comparing Two Population Variances	424	(8)
Exercises	430	(2)
Revisiting the Small-Sample Assumptions	432	(15)
Chapter Review	433	(12)
Case Study: How Would You Like a Four-Day Workweek?	445	(2)
The Analysis of Variance	447	(55)
The Design of an Experiment	448	(1)
What Is an Analysis of Variance?	449	(1)
The Assumptions for an Analysis of Variance	449	(1)
The Completely Randomized Design: A One-Way Classification	450	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for a Completely Randomized Design	451	(11)
Partitioning the Total Variation in an Experiment	451	(3)
Testing the Equality of the Treatment Means	454	(2)
Estimating Differences in the Treatment Means	456	(3)
Exercises	459	(3)
Ranking Population Means	462	(4)
Exercises	465	(1)
The Randomized Block Design: A Two-Way Classification	466	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for a Randomized Block Design	467	(11)
Partitioning the Total Variation in the Experiment	467	(3)
Testing the Equality of the Treatment and Block Means	470	(2)
Identifying Differences in the Treatment and Block Means	472	(1)
Some Cautionary Comments on Blocking	473	(1)
Exercises	474	(4)
The a x b Factorial Experiment: A Two-Way Classification	478	(2)
The Analysis of Variance for an a x b Factorial Experiment	480	(7)
Exercises	484	(3)
Revisiting the Analysis of Variance Assumptions	487	(3)
Residual Plots	488	(2)
A Brief Summary	490	(12)
Chapter Review	491	(10)
Case Study: ``A Fine Mess''	501	(1)
Linear Regression and Correlation	502	(49)
Introduction	503	(1)
A Simple Linear Probabilistic Model	503	(3)
The Method of Least Squares	506	(3)
An Analysis of Variance for Linear Regression	509	(5)
Exercises	511	(3)
Testing the Usefulness of the Linear Regression Model	514	(8)
Inferences Concerning β, the Slope of the Line of Means	514	(4)
The Analysis of Variance F Test	518	(1)
Measuring the Strength of the Relationship: The Coefficient of Determination	518	(1)
Interpreting the Results of a Significant Regression	519	(1)
Exercises	520	(2)
Diagnostic Tools for Checking the Regression Assumptions	522	(5)
Dependent Error Terms	523	(1)
Residual Plots	523	(1)
Exercises	524	(3)
Estimation and Prediction Using the Fitted Line	527	(6)
Exercises	531	(2)
Correlation Analysis	533	(18)
Exercises	537	(3)
Chapter Review	540	(10)
Case Study: Is Your Car ``Made in the U.S.A.''?	550	(1)
Multiple Regression Analysis	551	(43)
Introduction	552	(1)
The Multiple Regression Model	552	(1)
A Multiple Regression Analysis	553	(6)
The Method of Least Squares	554	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for Multiple Regression	555	(1)
Testing the Usefulness of the Regression Model	556	(1)
Interpreting the Results of a Significant Regression	557	(1)
Checking the Regression Assumptions	558	(1)
Using the Regression Model for Estimation and Prediction	559	(1)
A Polynomial Regression Model	559	(7)
Exercises	562	(4)
Using Quantitative and Qualitative Predictor Variables in a Regression Model	566	(9)
Exercises	572	(3)
Testing Sets of Regression Coefficients	575	(3)
Interpreting Residual Plots	578	(1)
Stepwise Regression Analysis	579	(1)
Misinterpreting a Regression Analysis	580	(2)
Causality	580	(1)
Multicollinearity	580	(2)
Steps to Follow when Building a Multiple Regression Model	582	(12)
Chapter Review	582	(10)
Case Study: ``Made in the U.S.A.''---Another Look	592	(2)
Analysis of Categorical Data	594	(35)
A Description of the Experiment	595	(1)
Pearson's Chi-Square Statistic	596	(1)
Testing Specified Cell Probabilities: The Goodness-of-Fit Test	597	(5)
Exercises	599	(3)
Contingency Tables: A Two-Way Classification	602	(8)
The Chi-Square Test of Independence	602	(6)
Exercises	608	(2)
Comparing Several Multinomial Populations: A Two-Way Classification with Fixed Row or Column Totals	610	(4)
Exercises	613	(1)
The Equivalence of Statistical Tests	614	(1)
Other Applications of the Chi-Square Test	615	(14)
Chapter Review	616	(12)
Case Study: Can a Marketing Approach Improve Library Services?	628	(1)
Nonparametric Statistics	629	(50)
Introduction	630	(1)
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Random Samples	630	(9)
Normal Approximation for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test	634	(3)
Exercises	637	(2)
The Sign Test for a Paired Experiment	639	(4)
Normal Approximation for the Sign Test	640	(2)
Exercises	642	(1)
A Comparison of Statistical Tests	643	(1)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for a Paired Experiment	644	(6)
Normal Approximation for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	647	(1)
Exercises	648	(2)
The Kruskal-Wallis H Test for Completely Randomized Designs	650	(6)
Exercises	654	(2)
The Friedman Fr Test for Randomized Block Designs	656	(4)
Exercises	659	(1)
Rank Correlation Coefficient	660	(6)
Exercises	664	(2)
Summary	666	(13)
Chapter Review	667	(10)
Case Study: How's Your Cholesterol Level?	677	(2)
APPENDIX I	679	(33)
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities	680	(6)
Table 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities	686	(2)
Table 3 Areas under the Normal Curve	688	(3)
Table 4 Critical Values of t	691	(1)
Table 5 Critical Values of Chi-Square	692	(2)
Table 6 Percentage Points of the F Distribution	694	(8)
Table 7 Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Rank, Sum Test, n1 ≤ n2	702	(2)
Table 8 Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, n = 5(1)50	704	(1)
Table 9 Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient for a One-Tailed Test	705	(1)
Table 10 Random Numbers	706	(2)
Table 11 Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, qα(k, df)	708	(4)
Data Sources	712	(10)
Answers to Selected Exercises	722	(16)
Index	738	(6)
Credits	744