Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior (with Gateways to Psychology: Visual Guides and Technology Tools and InfoTrac)

by Coon, Dennis

• ISBN13: 9780534612276
• ISBN10: 053461227X
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Introduction: The Psychology of Studying. 1. Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods. 2. Brain and Behavior. 3. Child Development. 4. From Birth to Death: Lifespan Development. 5. Sensation and Reality. 6. Perceiving the World. 7. States of Consciousness. 8. Conditioning and Learning. 9. Memory. 10. Cognition and Language. 11. Intelligence. 12. Motivation and Emotion. 13. Gender and Sexuality. 14. Personality. 15. Health, Stress, and Coping. 16. Psychological Disorders. 17. Therapies. 18. Social Behavior. 19. Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations. 20. Applied Psychology. 21. Appendix: Behavioral Statistics.

Table of Contents

Introduction: The Psychology of Studying	1	(1)
The SQ4R Method---How to Tame a Textbook	1	(2)
How to Use Gateways to Mind and Behavior	2	(1)
Survey	2	(1)
Question	2	(1)
Read	2	(1)
Recite and Relate	3	(1)
Review	3	(1)
Effective Note-Taking---Good Students, Take Note!	3	(1)
Using and Reviewing Your Notes	4	(1)
Summary	4	(1)
Study Strategies---Making a Habit of Success	4	(1)
Study in a Specific Place	4	(1)
Use Spaced Study Sessions	4	(1)
Try Mnemonics	4	(1)
Test Yourself	4	(1)
Overlearn	5	(1)
Self-Regulated Learning---Academic All-Stars	5	(1)
Procrastination---Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues	5	(1)
Time Management	6	(1)
Goal Setting	6	(1)
Learning as an Adventure	6	(1)
Taking Tests---Are You ``Test Wise''?	6	(1)
General Test-Taking Skills	7	(1)
Objective Tests	7	(1)
Essay Tests	7	(1)
Short-Answer Tests	7	(1)
Using Electronic Media---Netting New Knowledge	7	(5)
Electronic Gateways	8	(1)
Using the Net	8	(1)
The Psychology Resource Center	8	(1)
Psych Sites	8	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	8	(1)
PsyclNFO	9	(1)
CD-ROM Databases	9	(1)
PsycLIT and ClinPSYC	9	(1)
Multimedia CD-ROMs	9	(1)
PsychNow!	10	(1)
Using Multimedia CD-ROMs	10	(1)
A Final Word	10	(1)
Psychology on the Net	10	(1)
Interactive Learning	11	(1)
Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods	12	(44)
Preview: Why Study Psychology?	12	(1)
Psychology---Spotlight on Behavior	13	(5)
Defining Psychology	14	(1)
Empiricism	14	(1)
Psychological Research	14	(1)
Science and Critical Thinking	14	(1)
Thinking About Behavior	15	(1)
Research Specialties	15	(1)
Animals and Psychology	16	(1)
Psychology's Goals	17	(1)
Description	17	(1)
Understanding	17	(1)
Prediction	17	(1)
Control	18	(1)
A Brief History of Psychology---Psychology's Family Album	18	(5)
Into the Lab	18	(1)
Structuralism	19	(1)
Functionalism	19	(1)
Behaviorism	20	(1)
Radical Behaviorism	20	(1)
Cognitive Behaviorism	20	(1)
Gestalt Psychology	21	(1)
Psychoanalytic Psychology	21	(1)
Humanistic Psychology	22	(1)
Psychology Today---Five Views of Behavior	23	(1)
Positive Psychology	24	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
Human Diversity---Appreciating Social and Cultural Differences	24	(2)
The Impact of Culture	25	(1)
Cultural Relativity	25	(1)
A Broader View of Diversity	25	(1)
Psychologists---Guaranteed Not to Shrink	26	(4)
Psychologists	27	(1)
Other Mental Health Professionals	28	(1)
The Profession of Psychology	29	(1)
Ethics	29	(1)
Specialties in Psychology	29	(1)
Scientific Research---How to Think Like a Psychologist	30	(3)
The Scientific Method	30	(1)
Hypothesis Testing	31	(1)
Operational Definitions	31	(1)
Clever Hans	31	(1)
Theories	32	(1)
Publication	32	(1)
Summary	32	(1)
Research Methods	33	(1)
Naturalistic Observation---Psychology Steps Out!	33	(1)
Limitations	34	(1)
The Anthropomorphic Error	34	(1)
Recording Observations	34	(1)
Correlational Studies---In Search of the Perfect Relationship	34	(3)
Correlation Coefficients	34	(1)
Correlation and Causation	35	(1)
Relationships in Psychology	35	(1)
Graphical Data	36	(1)
The Psychology Experiment---Where Cause Meets Effect	37	(2)
Variables and Groups	37	(1)
Experimental Control	38	(1)
Cause and Effect	38	(1)
Evaluating Results	39	(1)
Meta-analysis	39	(1)
Placebo Effects---Sugar Pills and Saltwater	39	(2)
Controlling Placebo Effects	40	(1)
The Experimenter Effect	40	(1)
The Clinical Method---Data by the Case	41	(1)
Survey Method---Here, Have a Sample	42	(2)
Sampling	42	(1)
Internet Surveys	42	(1)
Social Desirability	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Critical Thinking Revisited---Evaluating Claims and Evidence	44	(1)
A Case Study of Critical Thinking	44	(1)
Anecdotal Evidence	44	(1)
Casual Observation	44	(1)
Authority	45	(1)
Formal Evidence	45	(1)
Pseudo-psychologies---Palms, Planets, and Personality	45	(11)
Problems in the Stars	46	(1)
Uncritical Acceptance	46	(1)
Positive Instances	46	(1)
The Barnum Effect	47	(1)
Summary: Science and Critical Thinking	47	(1)
A Look Ahead	47	(1)
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the News---Separating Fact from Fiction	48	(3)
A Step Beyond: Research Ethics---Smile, You're on Candid Camera!	51	(2)
Chapter in Review	53	(1)
Psychology on the Net	54	(1)
Interactive Learning	55	(1)
Brain and Behavior	56	(36)
Preview: Finding Music in Tofu	56	(1)
Neurons---Building a ``Biocomputer''	57	(4)
Parts of a Neuron	57	(1)
The Nerve Impulse	58	(2)
Synapses and Neurotransmitters	60	(1)
Neural Regulators	61	(1)
The Nervous System---Wired for Action	61	(3)
Neurons and Nerves	61	(1)
Neural Networks	62	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System	63	(1)
The Spinal Cord	64	(1)
Research Methods---Charting the Brain's Inner Realms	64	(4)
New Images of the Living Brain	65	(1)
CT Scan	65	(1)
MRI Scan	66	(1)
PET Scan	66	(2)
The Cerebral Cortex---My, What a Big Brain You Have!	68	(8)
Cerebrum	68	(1)
Corticalization	68	(1)
Cerebral Hemispheres	69	(1)
Hemispheric Specialization	70	(1)
``Split Brains''	70	(1)
Right Brain/Left Brain	71	(1)
One Brain, Two Styles	71	(1)
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex	72	(1)
The Occipital Lobes	73	(1)
The Parietal Lobes	73	(1)
The Temporal Lobes	73	(1)
The Frontal Lobes	73	(1)
Association Areas	73	(3)
The Subcortex---At the Core of the (Brain) Matter	76	(3)
The Hindbrain	76	(1)
Reticular Formation	76	(1)
The Forebrain	77	(1)
The Limbic System	78	(1)
The Magnificent Brain	78	(1)
The Endocrine System---Hormones and Behavior	79	(13)
A Look Ahead	82	(1)
Psychology in Action: Handedness---If Your Brain Is Right, What's Left?	83	(3)
A Step Beyond: Neurogenesis and Plasticity---The Plastic, Fantastic Brain	86	(3)
Chapter in Review	89	(1)
Psychology on the Net	90	(1)
Interactive Learning	90	(2)
Child Development	92	(44)
Preview: A Star Is Born---Here's Amy!	92	(1)
Heredity and Environment---The Nurture of Nature	93	(7)
Heredity	93	(1)
Genetic Programming	94	(1)
Temperament	95	(1)
Environment	96	(1)
Sensitive Periods	96	(1)
Prenatal Influences	96	(1)
Fetal Vulnerability	96	(1)
Teratogens	97	(1)
Healthy Pregnancies/Healthy Babies	97	(1)
Childbirth	97	(1)
Prepared Childbirth	98	(1)
Deprivation and Enrichment	98	(1)
Enriched Environments	98	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Nature-Nurture Interactions	99	(1)
Reciprocal Influences	100	(1)
The Newborn Baby---The Basic Model Comes with Options	100	(5)
The World of the Neonate	101	(2)
Maturation	103	(1)
Motor Development	103	(1)
Readiness	103	(1)
Emotional Development	104	(1)
Social Development---Baby, I'm Stuck on You	105	(6)
Social Referencing	105	(1)
Imprinting	106	(1)
Attachment	106	(2)
Attachment Quality	108	(1)
Promoting Secure Attachment	108	(1)
Motherless Monkeys	109	(1)
Contact Comfort	109	(1)
Breast-feeding	109	(1)
Day Care	110	(1)
Quality	110	(1)
Play and Social Skills	110	(1)
Affectional Needs	110	(1)
Maternal and Paternal Influences---Life with Mom and Dad	111	(4)
Optimal Caregiving	111	(1)
Parenting Styles	112	(1)
Culture	113	(1)
Ethnic Differences in Child-rearing	113	(1)
African-American Families	113	(1)
Hispanic Families	114	(1)
Asian-American Families	114	(1)
Arab-American Families	114	(1)
Implications	114	(1)
Side Effects of Child Discipline	114	(1)
Types of Discipline	114	(1)
Self-Esteem	115	(1)
Language Development---Fast-Talking Babies	115	(4)
Language Acquisition	116	(1)
Language and the Terrible Twos	116	(1)
The Roots of Language	116	(1)
Early Communication	117	(1)
Parentese	118	(1)
Cognitive Development---How Do Children Learn to Think?	119	(17)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	120	(1)
Mental Adaptations	120	(1)
The Sensorimotor Stage (0--2 Years)	120	(1)
The Preoperational Stage (2--7 Years)	120	(1)
The Concrete Operational Stage (7--11 Years)	121	(1)
The Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up)	122	(1)
Piaget and Parenting	122	(1)
Drawbacks of Forced Teaching	123	(1)
Piaget Today	123	(1)
Infant Cognition	123	(1)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	124	(1)
Summary	125	(1)
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting---Raising Healthy Children	126	(3)
A Step Beyond: The Brave New World of Genetics and Reproduction	129	(4)
Chapter in Review	133	(1)
Psychology on the Net	134	(1)
Interactive Learning	134	(2)
From Birth to Death: Life-Span Development	136	(38)
Preview: The Story of a Lifetime	136	(1)
The Cycle of Life---Rocky Road or Garden Path?	137	(4)
Development Across a Life Span	137	(1)
Stage One, First Year of Life: Trust Versus Mistrust	137	(1)
Stage Two, 1 to 3 Years: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt	138	(1)
Stage Three, 3 to 5 Years: Initiative Versus Guilt	138	(1)
Stage Four, 6 to 12 Years: Industry Versus Inferiority	138	(1)
Stage Five, Adolescence: Identity Versus Role Confusion	138	(1)
Stage Six, Young Adulthood: Intimacy Versus Isolation	138	(1)
Stage Seven, Middle Adulthood: Generativity Versus Stagnation	139	(1)
Stage Eight, Late Adulthood: Integrity Versus Despair	140	(1)
The Life Span in Perspective	140	(1)
Problems of Childhood---Why Parents Get Gray Hair	141	(4)
Normal Childhood Problems	141	(1)
Typical Difficulties	141	(1)
Rivalry and Rebellion	141	(1)
Serious Childhood Problems	142	(1)
Toilet-Training Disturbances	142	(1)
Feeding Disturbances	142	(1)
Speech Disturbances	143	(1)
Learning Disorders	143	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	143	(1)
Conduct Disorder	144	(1)
Autism	144	(1)
Child Abuse---Cycles of Violence	145	(2)
Characteristics of Abusive Parents	145	(1)
The Abuse Cycle	145	(1)
Preventing Child Abuse	146	(1)
Helpful Strategies	146	(1)
Dangerous Attitudes	147	(1)
Adolescence---The Best of Times, the Worst of Times	147	(4)
Puberty	148	(1)
Early and Late Maturation	148	(1)
Timing	148	(1)
Hurried into Adulthood?	149	(1)
The Search for Identity	149	(1)
Parents and Teens	149	(1)
Imaginary Audiences	150	(1)
Peer Groups	151	(1)
The Transition to Adulthood	151	(1)
Moral Development---Growing a Conscience	151	(2)
Moral Dilemmas	152	(1)
Justice or Caring?	153	(1)
Challenges of Adulthood---Charting Life's Ups and Downs	153	(4)
Adult Development	154	(1)
Ages 16 to 18: Escape from Dominance	154	(1)
Ages 18 to 22: Leaving the Family	154	(1)
Ages 22 to 28: Building a Workable Life	154	(1)
Ages 29 to 34: Crisis of Questions	154	(1)
Ages 35 to 43: Crisis of Urgency	154	(1)
Ages 43 to 50: Attaining Stability	154	(1)
Age 50 and Up: Mellowing	155	(1)
A Midlife Crisis?	155	(1)
Midcourse Corrections	156	(1)
Middle Age	156	(1)
The Empty Nest	156	(1)
Well-being at Midlife	156	(1)
Aging---Will You Still Need Me When I'm 64?	157	(5)
The Course of Aging	157	(2)
Mental Abilities	159	(1)
Successful Aging	159	(1)
Compensation and Optimization	160	(1)
Ageism	161	(1)
Countering Myths About Aging	161	(1)
Myth Versus Fact	161	(1)
Death and Dying---The Curtain Falls	162	(12)
Reactions to Impending Death	163	(2)
Implications	165	(1)
Bereavement and Grief	165	(1)
A Look Ahead	166	(1)
Psychology in Action: Well-being and Happiness---What Makes a Good Life?	167	(2)
A Step Beyond: Approaching Death---New Pathways	169	(3)
Chapter in Review	172	(1)
Where to Write for Info	173	(1)
Psychology on the Net	173	(1)
Interactive Learning	173	(1)
Sensation and Reality	174	(38)
Preview: Sensation---A Window on the World	174	(1)
General Properties of Sensory Systems---What You See Is What You Get	175	(2)
Psychophysics---Life at the Limit	177	(3)
Difference Thresholds	178	(1)
Perceptual Defense and Subliminal Perception	178	(1)
Subliminal Persuasion?	178	(2)
Vision---Catching Some Rays	180	(4)
Structure of the Eye	180	(1)
Visual Problems	181	(1)
Light Control	181	(2)
Rods and Cones	183	(1)
Visual Acuity	184	(1)
Peripheral Vision	184	(1)
Color Vision---There's More to It Than Meets the Eye	184	(3)
Color Theories	185	(1)
Constructing Colors	186	(1)
Color Blindness and Color Weakness	186	(1)
Dark Adaptation---Let There Be Light!	187	(2)
Hearing---Good Vibrations	189	(4)
Mechanisms of Hearing	191	(1)
Deafness	191	(2)
Smell and Taste---The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can't Tell	193	(4)
The Sense of Smell	193	(1)
Taste	194	(3)
The Somesthetic Senses---Flying by the Seat of Your Pants	197	(5)
Skin Senses	197	(2)
Pain	199	(1)
Dynamic Touch	199	(1)
The Vestibular System	200	(2)
Adaptation, Attention, and Gating---Tuning In and Tuning Out	202	(10)
Sensory Adaptation	202	(1)
Selective Attention	203	(1)
Sensory Gating	203	(1)
Pain Gates	203	(1)
Conclusion and a Look Ahead	204	(1)
Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain---This Won't Hurt a Bit	205	(2)
A Step Beyond: Synesthesia---Hearing Colors, Tasting Light	207	(2)
Chapter in Review	209	(1)
Psychology on the Net	210	(1)
Interactive Learning	210	(2)
Perceiving the World	212	(38)
Preview: Murder!	212	(1)
Perceptual Constancies---Taming an Unruly World	213	(2)
Perceptual Organization---Getting It All Together	215	(4)
Gestalt Principles	215	(4)
Depth Perception---What If the World Were Flat?	219	(4)
Muscular Cues	220	(1)
Stereoscopic Vision	221	(1)
A Bird's-Eye View	222	(1)
Pictorial Cues for Depth---A Deep Topic	223	(4)
Pictorial Depth Cues	223	(3)
The Moon Illusion	226	(1)
Perceptual Learning---What If the World Were Upside Down?	227	(7)
Perceptual Habits	229	(1)
Inverted Vision	230	(1)
Adaptation Level	230	(1)
Illusions	231	(3)
Motives and Perception---May I Have Your ... Attention!	234	(2)
Attention and Perception	235	(1)
Habituation	235	(1)
Motives	235	(1)
Perceptual Expectancies---On Your Mark, Get Set	236	(14)
Perceptual Set	237	(1)
Categories	238	(1)
A Look Ahead	238	(1)
Psychology in Action: Perception and Objectivity---Believing Is Seeing	239	(4)
A Step Beyond: Extrasensory Perception---Do You Believe in Magic?	243	(4)
Chapter in Review	247	(1)
Psychology on the Net	248	(1)
Interactive Learning	248	(2)
States of Consciousness	250	(42)
Preview: A Visit to Several States (of Consciousness)	250	(1)
States of Consciousness---The Many Faces of Awareness	251	(1)
Altered States of Consciousness	251	(1)
Sleep---A Nice Place to Visit	252	(3)
The Need for Sleep	252	(1)
Sleep Deprivation	253	(1)
Sleep Patterns	254	(1)
Stages of Sleep---The Nightly Roller-Coaster Ride	255	(3)
Stages of Sleep	255	(1)
Stage 1	256	(1)
Stage 2	256	(1)
Stage 3	256	(1)
Stage 4	256	(1)
Two Basic States of Sleep	256	(1)
REM and NREM Sleep	257	(1)
REM Sleep and Dreaming	257	(1)
REM Sleep Deprivation	257	(1)
Functions of REM Sleep	257	(1)
Sleep Disturbances---Showing Nightly: Sleep Wars!	258	(4)
Insomnia	258	(1)
Types and Causes of Insomnia	258	(1)
Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking	259	(1)
Nightmares and Night Terrors	259	(1)
How to Eliminate a Nightmare	260	(1)
Narcolepsy	260	(1)
Sleep Apnea	261	(1)
SIDS	261	(1)
``Back to Sleep''	261	(1)
Dreams---A Separate Reality?	262	(1)
Dream Worlds	262	(1)
Dream Theories	262	(1)
Psychodynamic Dream Theory	262	(1)
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis	262	(1)
Hypnosis---Look into My Eyes	263	(3)
Hypnotic Susceptibility	264	(1)
Inducing Hypnosis	264	(1)
Effects of Hypnosis	265	(1)
Stage Hypnosis	265	(1)
Sensory Deprivation---Life on a Sensory Diet	266	(2)
Disruptive Effects	266	(1)
Benefits of Sensory Restriction	267	(1)
Sensory Enhancement	267	(1)
Relaxation	267	(1)
Changing Habits	267	(1)
Prospect	267	(1)
Drug-Altered Consciousness---The High and Low of It	268	(1)
How Drugs Affect the Brain	268	(1)
Dependence	269	(1)
Patterns of Abuse	269	(1)
Drugs of Abuse	269	(1)
Uppers---Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine	269	(6)
Abuse	270	(1)
Cocaine	271	(1)
Abuse	272	(1)
MDMA (``Ecstasy'')	273	(1)
Abuse	273	(1)
Caffeine	273	(1)
Abuse	273	(1)
Nicotine	274	(1)
Abuse	274	(1)
Impact on Health	274	(1)
Dynamics of Smoking	275	(1)
Quitting Smoking	275	(1)
Downers---Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol	275	(5)
Barbiturates	276	(1)
GHB	276	(1)
Abuse	276	(1)
Tranquilizers	276	(1)
Abuse	277	(1)
Alcohol	277	(1)
Abuse	277	(1)
At Risk	278	(1)
Recognizing Problem Drinking	279	(1)
The Development of a Drinking Problem	279	(1)
Moderated Drinking	279	(1)
Treatment	280	(1)
Marijuana---What's in the Pot?	280	(12)
Hallucinogens	280	(1)
Marijuana	280	(1)
Dangers of Marijuana Use	281	(1)
Health Risks	282	(1)
A Look Ahead	282	(1)
Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams	283	(3)
A Step Beyond: Drug Abuse---Many Questions, Few Answers	286	(3)
Chapter in Review	289	(1)
Psychology on the Net	290	(1)
Interactive Learning	290	(2)
Conditioning and Learning	292	(38)
Preview: What Did You Learn in School Today?	292	(1)
What Is Learning---Does Practice Make Perfect?	293	(1)
Antecedents and Consequences	293	(1)
Classical Conditioning	294	(1)
Operant Conditioning	294	(1)
Classical Conditioning---Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?	294	(1)
Pavlov's Experiment	294	(1)
Principles of Classical Conditioning---Teach Your Little Brother to Salivate	295	(3)
Acquisition	296	(1)
Higher Order Conditioning	296	(1)
Expectancies	296	(1)
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery	296	(1)
Generalization	297	(1)
Discrimination	297	(1)
Classical Conditioning in Humans---An Emotional Topic	298	(1)
Conditioned Emotional Responses	298	(1)
Learned Fears	298	(1)
Vicarious, or Secondhand, Conditioning	299	(1)
Operant Conditioning---Can Pigeons Play Ping-Pong?	299	(5)
Positive Reinforcement	300	(1)
Acquiring an Operant Response	300	(1)
Information	301	(1)
Contingent Reinforcement	302	(1)
The Timing of Reinforcement	302	(1)
Superstitious Behavior	303	(1)
Shaping	303	(1)
Operant Extinction	303	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	304	(1)
Punishment	304	(1)
Operant Reinforcers---What's Your Pleasure?	304	(5)
Primary Reinforcers	304	(1)
Secondary Reinforcers	305	(1)
Tokens	305	(1)
Social Reinforcers	306	(1)
Feedback	306	(1)
Knowledge of Results	307	(1)
Learning Aids	307	(2)
Partial Reinforcement---Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box?	309	(2)
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement	310	(1)
Fixed Ratio (FR)	310	(1)
Variable Ratio (VR)	310	(1)
Fixed Interval (FI)	310	(1)
Variable Interval (VI)	311	(1)
Stimulus Control---Red Light, Green Light	311	(2)
Generalization	311	(1)
Discrimination	311	(2)
Punishment---Putting the Brakes on Behavior	313	(3)
Variables Affecting Punishment	313	(1)
Using Punishment Wisely	314	(1)
Side Effects of Punishment	314	(1)
Escape and Avoidance	315	(1)
Aggression	316	(1)
Should You Punish or Not?	316	(1)
Cognitive Learning---Beyond Conditioning	316	(3)
Cognitive Maps	317	(1)
Latent Learning	317	(1)
Discovery Learning	318	(1)
Modeling---Do as I Do, Not as I Say	319	(11)
Observational Learning	319	(1)
Imitating Models	319	(1)
Modeling and Television	320	(1)
Life After TV	320	(1)
Televised Aggression	321	(1)
A Look Ahead	322	(1)
Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management---A Rewarding Project	322	(3)
A Step Beyond: Biological Constraints on Learning---Snakes, Spiders, and the Reluctant Raccoon	325	(2)
Chapter in Review	327	(2)
Psychology on the Net	329	(1)
Interactive Learning	329	(1)
Memory	330	(36)
Preview: ``What the Hell's Going on Here?''	330	(1)
Stages of Memory---Do You Have a Mind Like a Steel Trap? Or a Sieve?	331	(2)
Sensory Memory	332	(1)
Short-Term Memory	332	(1)
Long-Term Memory	332	(1)
Dual Memory	333	(1)
Short-Term Memory---Do You Know the Magic Number?	333	(1)
Recoding	334	(1)
Rehearsal	334	(1)
Long-Term Memory---Where the Past Lives	334	(6)
Permanence	335	(1)
Constructing Memories	335	(1)
Organization	336	(2)
Redintegrative Memories	338	(1)
Skill Memory and Fact Memory	338	(1)
Skills	338	(1)
Facts	338	(1)
Semantic Memory	338	(1)
Episodic Memory	338	(1)
How Many Types of Memory?	339	(1)
Measuring Memory---The Answer Is on the Tip of My Tongue	340	(2)
Recall	340	(1)
Recognition	340	(1)
Relearning	341	(1)
Implicit and Explicit Memories	342	(1)
Priming	342	(1)
Exceptional Memory---Wizards of Recall	342	(3)
Eidetic Imagery	342	(1)
Exceptional Memory	343	(1)
Learned Strategies	344	(1)
Memory Champions	344	(1)
Forgetting---Why We, Uh, Let's See; Why We, Uh ... Forget!	345	(8)
Encoding Failure	346	(1)
Decay	346	(1)
Disuse	347	(1)
Cue-Dependent Forgetting	347	(1)
State-Dependent Learning	348	(1)
Interference	348	(1)
Order Effects	349	(1)
Transfer of Training	350	(1)
Repression and Suppression	350	(2)
Flashbulb Memories	352	(1)
Memory Formation---Some ``Shocking'' Findings	353	(2)
Consolidation	353	(1)
The Brain and Memory	353	(2)
Improving Memory---Keys to the Memory Bank	355	(11)
Memory Strategies	355	(1)
Knowledge of Results	355	(1)
Recitation	355	(1)
Rehearsal	355	(1)
Selection	356	(1)
Organization	356	(1)
Whole Versus Part Learning	356	(1)
Serial Position	356	(1)
Cues	356	(1)
Overlearning	356	(1)
Spaced Practice	356	(1)
Sleep	357	(1)
Hunger	357	(1)
Extend How Long You Remember	357	(1)
Review	357	(1)
Using a Strategy to Aid Recall	357	(1)
A Look Ahead	357	(2)
Psychology in Action: Mnemonics---Memory Magic	359	(3)
A Step Beyond: Why Does Memory Fail Us?	362	(2)
Chapter in Review	364	(1)
Psychology on the Net	365	(1)
Interactive Learning	365	(1)
Cognition, Language, and Creativity	366	(36)
Preview: Gizmos and Doohickeys	366	(1)
What Is Thinking?---It's All in Your Head!	367	(1)
Some Basic Units of Thought	368	(1)
Mental Imagery---Does a Frog Have Lips?	368	(3)
The Nature of Mental Images	368	(1)
``Reverse Vision''	369	(1)
Using Mental Images	369	(1)
Kinesthetic Imagery	370	(1)
Concepts---I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit	371	(2)
Forming Concepts	371	(1)
Types of Concepts	371	(1)
Prototypes	372	(1)
Connotative Meaning	372	(1)
Faulty Concepts	372	(1)
Language---Don't Leave Home Without It	373	(6)
The Structure of Language	375	(1)
Gestural Languages	376	(1)
The Animal Language Debate	376	(1)
Talking Chimps	377	(1)
Criticisms	377	(1)
Problems with Syntax	378	(1)
Lexigrams	378	(1)
Problem Solving---Getting an Answer in Sight	379	(4)
Mechanical Solutions	379	(1)
Solutions by Understanding	379	(1)
Heuristics	380	(1)
Ideal Problem Solving	380	(1)
Insightful Solutions	380	(1)
The Nature of Insight	380	(1)
Fixations	381	(1)
Common Barriers to Problem Solving	382	(1)
Artificial Intelligence---I Compute, Therefore I Am	383	(2)
AI and Cognition	383	(1)
Experts and Novices	383	(1)
The Future of AI	384	(1)
Creative Thinking---Down Roads Less Traveled	385	(5)
Tests of Creativity	386	(1)
Stages of Creative Thought	387	(2)
The Creative Personality	389	(1)
Logic and Intuition---Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour?	390	(12)
Intuition	391	(1)
Representativeness	391	(1)
Underlying Odds	392	(1)
Framing	392	(1)
Wisdom	393	(1)
A Look Ahead	393	(1)
Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity---Brainstorms	394	(3)
A Step Beyond: Animal Intelligence	397	(3)
Chapter in Review	400	(1)
Psychology on the Net	401	(1)
Interactive Learning	401	(1)
Intelligence	402	(28)
Preview: What Day Is It?	402	(1)
Defining Intelligence---Intelligence Is. . . You Know, It's . . .	403	(2)
Defining Intelligence	404	(1)
Aptitudes	404	(1)
Reliability and Validity	404	(1)
Tester's Last Stand	405	(1)
Testing Intelligence---The IQ and You	405	(5)
Five Aspects of Intelligence	405	(1)
Fluid Reasoning	405	(1)
Knowledge	405	(1)
Quantitative Reasoning	406	(1)
Visual-Spatial Processing	406	(1)
Working Memory	406	(1)
Intelligence Quotients	406	(1)
Deviation IQs	407	(1)
The Stability of IQ	407	(1)
The Wechsler Tests	408	(1)
Group Tests	408	(1)
Scholastic Aptitude Tests	409	(1)
Variations in Intelligence---The Numbers Game	410	(1)
Sex	410	(1)
IQ and Achievement	410	(1)
The Mentally Gifted---Smart, Smarter, Smartest	411	(1)
Gifted Children	411	(1)
Giftedness and Achievement	411	(1)
Identifying Gifted Children	412	(1)
GATE Programs	412	(1)
Mental Retardation---A Difference That Makes a Difference	412	(4)
Levels of Retardation	412	(2)
Causes of Retardation	414	(1)
Organic Sources of Retardation	414	(1)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)	414	(1)
Microcephaly	414	(1)
Hydrocephaly	414	(1)
Cretinism	415	(1)
Down Syndrome	415	(1)
Fragile X Syndrome	415	(1)
Retardation in Perspective	415	(1)
Heredity and Environment---Super Rats and Family Trees	416	(2)
Hereditary Influences	416	(1)
Twin Studies	416	(1)
Environmental Influences	417	(1)
IQ and Environment	417	(1)
Summary	418	(1)
New Approaches to Intelligence---Intelligent Alternatives	418	(12)
The Intelligent Nervous System	418	(1)
Intelligent Information Processing	419	(1)
Multiple Intelligences	420	(1)
Frames of Mind	420	(1)
A Look Ahead	420	(1)
Psychology in Action: How Intelligent Are Intelligence Tests?	421	(4)
A Step Beyond: The Larry P. Case---``Six-Hour Retardates''	425	(2)
Chapter in Review	427	(1)
Psychology on the Net	428	(1)
Interactive Learning	428	(2)
Motivation and Emotion	430	(44)
Preview: Flight of the Gossamer Albatross	430	(1)
Motivation---Forces That Push and Pull	431	(2)
A Model of Motivation	431	(1)
Incentives	432	(1)
Types of Motives	432	(1)
Primary Motives and Homeostasis	432	(1)
Hunger---Pardon Me, That's Just My Hypothalamus Growling	433	(7)
Brain Mechanisms	433	(2)
Set Point	435	(1)
Obesity	435	(1)
Diet	436	(1)
The Paradox of Yo-Yo Dieting	436	(1)
Other Factors in Hunger	437	(1)
Cultural Factors	437	(1)
Taste	437	(1)
Eating Disorders	437	(2)
Causes	439	(1)
Treatment	440	(1)
Culture, Ethnicity, and Dieting	440	(1)
Primary Motives Revisited---Thirst, Sex, and Pain	440	(2)
Thirst	440	(1)
Pain	441	(1)
The Sex Drive	441	(1)
Stimulus Drives---Skydiving, Horror Movies, and the Fun Zone	442	(5)
Arousal Theory	443	(1)
Sensation Seekers	443	(1)
Levels of Arousal	444	(1)
Circadian Rhythms	444	(1)
Shift Work and Jet Lag	445	(2)
Learned Motives---The Pursuit of Excellence	447	(3)
Opponent-Process Theory	447	(1)
Social Motives	448	(1)
The Need for Achievement	448	(1)
Power	448	(1)
Characteristics of Achievers	448	(1)
The Key to Success?	449	(1)
Self-Confidence	450	(1)
Motives in Perspective---A View from the Pyramid	450	(3)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation	451	(1)
Turning Play into Work	452	(1)
Creativity	452	(1)
Inside an Emotion---How Do You Feel?	453	(2)
Primary Emotions	453	(1)
The Brain and Emotion	454	(1)
Physiology and Emotion---Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying	455	(3)
Fight or Flight	455	(1)
Sudden Death	456	(1)
Lie Detectors	456	(2)
Expressing Emotions---Making Faces and Talking Bodies	458	(4)
Facial Expressions	458	(1)
Cultural Differences in Emotion	458	(1)
Gender and Emotion	459	(1)
Universal Expressions	459	(1)
Body Language	459	(3)
Theories of Emotion---Several Ways to Fear a Bear	462	(12)
The James-Lange Theory (1884--1885)	462	(1)
The Cannon-Bard Theory (1927)	463	(1)
Schachter's Cognitive Theory of Emotion (1971)	463	(1)
Attribution	464	(1)
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis	464	(1)
A Contemporary Model of Emotion	465	(1)
A Look Ahead	466	(1)
Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence---The Fine Art of Self-Control	467	(2)
A Step Beyond: love---Stalking an Elusive Emotion	469	(2)
Chapter in Review	471	(1)
Psychology on the Net	472	(1)
Interactive Learning	472	(2)
Gender and Sexuality	474	(34)
Preview: That Magic Word	474	(1)
Sexual Development---Circle One: XX or XY?	475	(6)
Female or Male?	475	(1)
Sex Hormones	476	(1)
Dimensions of Sex	476	(1)
Prenatal Sexual Development	477	(1)
Gender Identity	478	(1)
Origins of Male-Female Differences	478	(1)
Gender Roles	479	(1)
Culture	479	(1)
Gender Role Socialization	480	(1)
``Female'' and ``Male'' Behavior	481	(1)
Androgyny---Are You Masculine, Feminine, or Androgynous?	481	(2)
Psychological Androgyny	482	(1)
Adaptability	482	(1)
Sexual Behavior---Mapping the Erogenous Zone	483	(3)
Sexual Arousal	484	(1)
Sexual Scripts	484	(1)
Sex Drive	485	(1)
Masturbation	486	(1)
Sexual Orientation---Who Do You Love?	486	(3)
Homosexuality	488	(1)
Human Sexual Response---Sexual Interactions	489	(2)
Female Response	489	(1)
Male Response	490	(1)
Comparing Male and Female Responses	490	(1)
Atypical Sexual Behavior---Trench Coats, Whips, Leathers, and Lace	491	(1)
Paraphilias	491	(1)
Exhibitionism	491	(1)
Child Molestation	491	(1)
Attitudes and Sexual Behavior---The Changing Sexual Landscape	492	(2)
Attitudes	492	(1)
Behavior	492	(1)
Is the Revolution Over?	493	(1)
Slow Death of the Double Standard	493	(1)
Choices	493	(1)
The Crime of Rape	493	(1)
Rape Myths	493	(1)
Forcible Rape	494	(1)
STDs and Safer Sex---Choice, Risk, and Responsibility	494	(14)
AIDS	495	(1)
Populations at Risk	496	(1)
Behavioral Risk Factors	496	(1)
Risk and Responsibility	497	(1)
A Look Ahead	498	(1)
Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems---When Pleasure Fades	498	(6)
A Step Beyond: Touching---Does It Always Have Sexual Implications?	504	(2)
Chapter in Review	506	(1)
Psychology on the Net	507	(1)
Interactive Learning	507	(1)
Personality	508	(40)
Preview: The Hidden Essence	508	(1)
The Psychology of Personality---Do You Have Personality?	509	(3)
Traits	510	(1)
When Is the Plaster Set?	510	(1)
Types	510	(1)
Self-Concept	511	(1)
Self-Esteem	511	(1)
Personality Theories	512	(1)
The Trait Approach---Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less	512	(6)
Predicting Behavior	513	(1)
Describing People	513	(1)
Classifying Traits	514	(1)
Central Traits	514	(1)
Source Traits	514	(1)
The Big Five	514	(1)
Five Key Dimensions	515	(1)
Traits, Consistency, and Situations	516	(1)
Do We Inherit Personality?	517	(1)
Twins and Traits	517	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theory---Id Came to Me in a Dream	518	(4)
The Structure of Personality	519	(1)
The Id	519	(1)
The Ego	519	(1)
The Superego	520	(1)
The Dynamics of Personality	520	(1)
Levels of Awareness	520	(1)
Personality Development	521	(1)
A Freudian Fable?	521	(1)
The Oral Stage	521	(1)
The Anal Stage	521	(1)
The Phallic Stage	521	(1)
Latency	522	(1)
The Genital Stage	522	(1)
Critical Comments	522	(1)
Psychodynamic Theories---Freud's Descendants	522	(2)
Alfred Adler (1870--1937)	522	(1)
Karen Horney (1885--1952)	523	(1)
Carl Jung (1875--1961)	523	(1)
Learning Theories of Personality---Habit I Seen You Before?	524	(5)
Personality = Behavior	525	(1)
Social Learning Theory	526	(1)
Self-Efficacy	526	(1)
Self-Reinforcement	526	(1)
Behavioristic View of Development	527	(1)
Critical Situations	527	(1)
Becoming Male or Female	527	(2)
Humanistic Theory---Peak Experiences and Personal Growth	529	(4)
Maslow and Self-Actualization	529	(1)
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers	529	(2)
Carl Rogers' Self Theory	531	(1)
Personality Structure and Dynamics	531	(1)
Humanistic View of Development	532	(1)
Personality Theories---Overview and Comparison	533	(1)
Trait Theories	533	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theory	533	(1)
Behavioristic and Social Learning Theories	533	(1)
Humanistic Theory	533	(1)
Personality Assessment---Psychological Yardsticks	534	(5)
The Interview	534	(1)
Computerized Interviews	534	(1)
Limitations	535	(1)
Direct Observation and Rating Scales	535	(1)
Situational Testing	536	(1)
Personality Questionnaires	536	(3)
Projective Tests of Personality---Inkblots and Hidden Plots	539	(1)
The Rorschach Inkblot Test	539	(1)
The Thematic Apperception Test	539	(1)
Limitations of Projective Testing	540	(1)
Sudden Murderers---A Research Example	540	(8)
A Look Ahead	541	(1)
Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges---Understanding Shyness	541	(3)
A Step Beyond: Self-Monitoring---Which Me Do You See?	544	(2)
Chapter in Review	546	(1)
Psychology on the Net	547	(1)
Interactive Learning	547	(1)
Health, Stress, and Coping	548	(38)
Preview: Taylor's (Not So Very) Fine Adventure	548	(1)
Health Psychology---Here's to Your Good Health	549	(3)
Behavioral Risk Factors	549	(1)
Lifestyle	550	(1)
Health-Promoting Behaviors	550	(1)
Early Prevention	551	(1)
Health and Wellness---Job Number One	552	(2)
A Model Program	553	(1)
Wellness	553	(1)
Stress---Thrill or Threat?	554	(4)
When Is Stress a Strain?	554	(1)
Appraising Stressors	555	(1)
``Am I Okay or in Trouble?''	556	(1)
The Nature of Threat	556	(1)
Coping with Threat	556	(2)
Frustration---Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons	558	(2)
Reactions to Frustration	558	(2)
Conflict---Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe	560	(2)
Approach-Approach Conflicts	560	(1)
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts	560	(1)
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts	561	(1)
Multiple Conflicts	561	(1)
Psychological Defense---Mental Karate?	562	(2)
Denial	562	(1)
Repression	562	(1)
Reaction Formation	562	(1)
Regression	562	(1)
Projection	563	(1)
Rationalization	563	(1)
Compensation	564	(1)
Sublimation	564	(1)
Learned Helplessness---Is There Hope?	564	(4)
Depression	565	(1)
Hope	565	(1)
Depression, a Problem for Everyone	566	(1)
Why Students Get the Blues	566	(1)
Recognizing Depression	566	(2)
Stress and Health---Unmasking a Hidden Killer	568	(18)
Life Events and Stress	568	(1)
Evaluation	569	(1)
The Hazards of Hassles	569	(1)
Psychosomatic Disorders	570	(1)
Biofeedback	571	(1)
The Cardiac Personality	572	(1)
Type A	572	(1)
Hardy Personality	573	(1)
Hardiness and Happiness	574	(1)
The General Adaptation Syndrome	574	(1)
Stress, Illness, and the Immune System	575	(1)
A Look Ahead	575	(1)
Psychology in Action: Stress Management	576	(5)
A Step Beyond: Meditation---The 20-Minute Vacation	581	(2)
Chapter in Review	583	(1)
Psychology on the Net	584	(1)
Interactive Learning	584	(2)
Psychological Disorders	586	(42)
Preview: Beware the Helicopters	586	(1)
Normality---What Is Normal?	587	(3)
Core Features of Disordered Behavior	589	(1)
Psychiatric Labeling	589	(1)
Social Stigma	590	(1)
Classifying Mental Disorders---Problems by the Book	590	(5)
An Overview of Psychological Disorders	591	(2)
General Risk Factors	593	(2)
Ethnic Group Membership	595	(1)
Insanity	595	(1)
Personality Disorders---Blueprints for Maladjustment	595	(2)
Maladaptive Personality Patterns	595	(1)
Antisocial Personality	595	(2)
Anxiety-Based Disorders---When Anxiety Rules	597	(5)
Adjustment Disorders	598	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	598	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	598	(1)
Panic Disorder (Without Agoraphobia)	598	(1)
Panic Disorder (with Agoraphobia)	598	(1)
Agoraphobia	599	(1)
Specific Phobia	599	(1)
Social Phobia	599	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	600	(1)
Stress Disorders	600	(1)
Dissociative Disorders	601	(1)
Somatoform Disorders	601	(1)
Anxiety and Disorder---Four Pathways to Trouble	602	(2)
Psychodynamic Approach	603	(1)
Humanistic-Existential Approaches	603	(1)
Behavioral Approach	603	(1)
Cognitive Approach	604	(1)
Summary	604	(1)
Psychotic Disorders---Life in the Shadow of Madness	604	(3)
The Nature of Psychosis	605	(1)
Types of Psychosis	606	(1)
Dementia	606	(1)
Delusional Disorders---An Enemy Behind Every Tree	607	(1)
Paranoid Psychosis	607	(1)
Schizophrenia---Shattered Reality	608	(6)
Disorganized Schizophrenia	608	(1)
Catatonic Schizophrenia	609	(1)
Paranoid Schizophrenia	609	(1)
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia	610	(1)
The Causes of Schizophrenia	610	(1)
Environment	610	(1)
Heredity	611	(1)
Brain Chemistry	611	(2)
The Schizophrenic Brain	613	(1)
Implications	613	(1)
Mood Disorders---Peaks and Valleys	614	(14)
Major Mood Disorders	615	(1)
The Causes of Mood Disorders	616	(1)
Seasonal Affective Disorder	617	(1)
Treating Mental Disorders	618	(1)
Prospect	618	(1)
A Final Note---You're Okay, Really!	618	(1)
A Look Ahead	618	(1)
Psychology in Action: Suicide---Lives on the Brink	619	(3)
A Step Beyond: Who Is ``Crazy''? What Should Be Done About It?	622	(3)
Chapter in Review	625	(1)
Psychology on the Net	626	(1)
Interactive Learning	627	(1)
Therapies	628	(38)
Preview: Cold Terror on a Warm Afternoon	628	(1)
Psychotherapy---Getting Better by the Hour	629	(1)
Dimensions of Therapy	629	(1)
Myths	630	(1)
Origins of Therapy---Bored Skulls and Hysteria on the Couch	630	(2)
Psychoanalysis---Expedition into the Unconscious	632	(1)
Free Association	632	(1)
Dream Analysis	632	(1)
Analysis of Resistance	632	(1)
Analysis of Transference	632	(1)
Psychoanalysis Today	632	(1)
Humanistic Therapies---Restoring Human Potential	633	(3)
Client-Centered Therapy	634	(1)
Health-Promoting Conditions	634	(1)
Personal Growth	634	(1)
Existential Therapy	634	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	635	(1)
Therapy at a Distance---Psych Jockeys and Cybertherapy	636	(1)
Media Psychologists	636	(1)
Telephone Therapists	636	(1)
Cybertherapy	636	(1)
Telehealth	637	(1)
Summary	637	(1)
Behavior Therapy---Healing by Learning	637	(5)
Aversion Therapy	638	(1)
Desensitization	639	(1)
Who's Afraid of a Hierarchy?	639	(1)
Performing Desensitization	639	(1)
Vicarious Desensitization	640	(1)
Virtual Reality Exposure	641	(1)
Operant Therapies---All the World Is a Skinner Box?	642	(2)
Nonreinforcement and Extinction	642	(1)
Reinforcement and Token Economies	643	(1)
Cognitive Therapy---Think Positive!	644	(3)
Cognitive Therapy for Depression	644	(1)
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy	645	(2)
Group Therapy---People Who Need People	647	(2)
Psychodrama	647	(1)
Family Therapy	648	(1)
Group Awareness Training	648	(1)
Psychotherapy---An Overview	649	(3)
Core Features of Psychotherapy	649	(1)
Master Therapists	650	(1)
The Future of Psychotherapy	650	(1)
Basic Counseling Skills	650	(1)
Active Listening	650	(1)
Clarify the Problem	650	(1)
Focus on Feelings	650	(1)
Avoid Giving Advice	651	(1)
Accept the Person's Frame of Reference	651	(1)
Reflect Thoughts and Feelings	651	(1)
Silence	651	(1)
Questions	651	(1)
Maintain Confidentiality	651	(1)
Medical Therapies---Psychiatric Care	652	(14)
Drugs	652	(1)
Limitations of Drug Therapy	652	(1)
Shock	652	(1)
The ECT Debate	652	(1)
Psychosurgery	653	(1)
Hospitalization	654	(1)
Deinstitutionalization	654	(1)
Community Mental Health Programs	655	(1)
A Look Ahead	655	(1)
Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Finding Professional Help	656	(5)
A Step Beyond: Cultural Issues in Counseling and Psychotherapy	661	(2)
Chapter in Review	663	(1)
Psychology on the Net	664	(1)
Interactive Learning	664	(2)
Social Behavior	666	(30)
Preview: The Social Animal	666	(1)
Humans in a Social Context---People, People, Everywhere	667	(4)
Roles	667	(1)
Group Structure and Cohesion	668	(1)
Status	668	(1)
Norms	668	(2)
Spatial Norms	670	(1)
Social Perception---Behind the Mask	671	(3)
Attribution Theory	671	(1)
Making Attributions	671	(1)
Actor and Observer	672	(1)
Ye Old Double Standard	673	(1)
The Need for Affiliation---Come Together	674	(1)
Social Comparison Theory	674	(1)
Interpersonal Attraction---Social Magnetism?	675	(3)
Physical Proximity	675	(1)
Physical Attractiveness	675	(1)
Competence	676	(1)
Similarity	676	(1)
Self-Disclosure	676	(2)
Gendered Friendships	678	(1)
Social Exchange Theory	678	(1)
Loving and Liking---Dating, Rating, Mating	678	(3)
Love and Attachment	679	(1)
Evolution and Mate Selection	680	(1)
Social Influence---Follow the Leader	681	(3)
Conformity	682	(1)
The Asch Experiment	682	(1)
Group Factors in Conformity	683	(1)
Social Power---Who Can Do What to Whom?	684	(1)
Obedience---Would You Electrocute a Stranger?	684	(3)
Milgram's Obedience Studies	685	(1)
Milgram's Follow-Up	686	(1)
Implications	686	(1)
Compliance---A Foot in the Door	687	(9)
The Foot-in-the-Door Effect	687	(1)
The Door-in-the-Face Effect	687	(1)
The Low-Ball Technique	687	(1)
Passive Compliance	688	(1)
A Look Ahead	689	(1)
Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training---Standing Up for Your Rights	690	(2)
A Step Beyond: Social Traps---The Tragedy of the Commons	692
Chapter in Review	663	(1)
Psychology on the Net	664	(1)
Interactive Learning	664	(32)
Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations	696	(32)
Preview: Doomsday for the Seekers	696	(1)
Attitudes---Belief + Emotion + Action	697	(3)
Attitude Formation	698	(2)
Attitude Measurement	700	(1)
Attitude Change---Why the ``Seekers'' Went Public	700	(3)
Persuasion	700	(2)
Role-Playing	702	(1)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory	702	(1)
Forced Attitude Change---Brainwashing and Cults	703	(3)
Brainwashing	703	(1)
Cults	704	(1)
Recruitment	704	(1)
Conversion	704	(2)
Prejudice---Attitudes That Injure	706	(1)
Becoming Prejudiced	706	(1)
The Prejudiced Personality	706	(1)
Intergroup Conflict---The Roots of Prejudice	707	(6)
Experiments in Prejudice	709	(1)
Equal-Status Contact	710	(1)
Superordinate Goals	711	(1)
``Jigsaw'' Classrooms	711	(2)
Aggression---The World's Most Dangerous Animal	713	(5)
Instincts	713	(1)
Biology	713	(1)
Frustration	714	(1)
Aversive Stimuli	714	(1)
Social Learning	715	(1)
The World According to TV	715	(1)
Televised Violence	716	(1)
Preventing Aggression	716	(1)
Parents as TV Guides	717	(1)
TV as a Positive Model	717	(1)
Anger Control	718	(1)
Prosocial Behavior---Helping Others	718	(10)
Bystander Intervention	719	(1)
Noticing	719	(1)
Defining an Emergency	720	(1)
Taking Responsibility	720	(1)
Who Will Help Whom?	720	(1)
``De-victimize'' Yourself	720	(1)
A Look Ahead	721	(1)
Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism---Living with Diversity	721	(3)
A Step Beyond: Evolutionary Psychology---The Inner Hunter-Gatherer?	724	(2)
Chapter in Review	726	(1)
Psychology on the Net	727	(1)
Interactive Learning	727	(1)
Applied Psychology	728
Preview: The Towering Inferno	728	(1)
Industrial-Organizational Psychology---Psychology at Work	729	(3)
Personnel Psychology	730	(1)
Job Analysis	730	(1)
Selection Procedures	730	(1)
Biodata	730	(1)
Interviews	730	(1)
Psychological Testing	730	(2)
Theories of Management---What Works at Work?	732	(5)
Theory X and Theory Y	732	(1)
Management Strategies	733	(1)
Job Satisfaction	734	(1)
Making Career Decisions	735	(1)
Job Enrichment	735	(1)
Organizational Culture	735	(2)
Environmental Psychology---Life in the Big City	737	(8)
Environmental Influences	738	(1)
Stressful Environments	738	(1)
Crowding	738	(2)
Overload	740	(1)
The High Cost of Noise	740	(1)
Toxic Environments	741	(1)
Sustainable Lifestyles	741	(1)
Wasted Resources	742	(1)
Conservation	742	(1)
Environmental Problem Solving	743	(1)
Problem: Urban Fears	743	(1)
Solution	744	(1)
Problem: Residential Crowding	744	(1)
Solution	744	(1)
Conclusion	744	(1)
Educational Psychology---An Instructive Topic	745	(2)
Elements of a Teaching Strategy	745	(1)
Effects of Teaching Styles	746	(1)
Psychology and Law---Judging Juries	747	(2)
Jury Behavior	747	(1)
Jury Selection	747	(2)
Sports Psychology---The Athletic Mind	749
Motor Skills	750	(1)
Peak Performance	751	(1)
A Look Ahead	751	(1)
Psychology in Action: Improving Communication at Work	752	(2)
A Step Beyond: Space Psychology---Life on the High Frontier	754	(3)
Chapter in Review	757	(1)
Psychology on the Net	758	(1)
Interactive Learning	758
Appendix Behavioral Statistics	2
Preview: Statistics from ``Heads'' to ``Tails''	2	(1)
Descriptive Statistics---Psychology by the Numbers	3	(5)
Graphical Statistics	3	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	4	(1)
Measures of Variability	5	(1)
Standard Scores	6	(1)
The Normal Curve	6	(2)
Inferential Statistics---Significant Numbers	8	(1)
Samples and Populations	8	(1)
Significant Differences	8	(1)
Correlation---Rating Relationships	9	(3)
Relationships	9	(1)
The Correlation Coefficient	10	(2)
Appendix in Review	12	(1)
Psychology on the Net	12	(1)
Interactive Learning	12
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1