Introduction to Special Education : Teaching in an Age of Opportunity

by Smith, Deborah Deutsch

• ISBN13: 9780205292226
• ISBN10: 0205292224
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Introduction to Special Education provides an applied approach to children with disabilities by using specific and well-grounded research and suggestions to focus on how the educational practices impact the lives of children, their families, and their teachers. The Fourth Edition retains the overall organization that was perfected in its previous editions, with a basic overview of the field provided in the early chapters, and then the categories of disability and giftedness covered in order of incidence. This edition also introduces a new and unique way of looking at the field of special education in the new millennium, seeking to both examine its history and present the challenges and opportunities for its future.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
The Context of Special Education: The Legacy of the Twentieth Century and the Promise of the Millennium	2	(36)
A Personal Perspective: An Opportunity to Share My Perspective	3	(2)
Advance Organizers	5	(2)
The Essence of Disabilities	7	(4)
What Is a Disability?	7	(1)
Is Having a Disability Necessarily a Handicap?	8	(1)
Disability Does Not Equal Handicap: The Case of Martha's Vineyard	9	(1)
Is the Notion of Disabilities a Modern-Day Invention?	10	(1)
How Have People with Disabilities Been Treated Over the Course of History?	10	(1)
Origins of Special Education	11	(4)
Is Special Education a New Idea?	11	(1)
The Origins of Special Education: The Story of Itard and Victor	12	(1)
Were Special Educational Opportunities Consistently Available?	13	(2)
Necessity for National Intervention	15	(5)
Why Did Congress Pass a National Special Education Law?	15	(1)
1975 Congressional Findings: The Justification for a National Special Education Law	16	(1)
Was a Special Education Law Sufficient to End Discrimination Against People with Disabilities?	17	(1)
Have the Protections of National Laws Made a Difference in the Lives of People with Disabilities?	18	(2)
Why Did the Courts Have to Further Interpret and Define IDEA?	20	(1)
The Legacy of the Twentieth Century	20	(12)
Is the Federal Government the Only Voice Heard About the Rights of People with Disabilities?	20	(3)
Has Society Increased Its Sensitivity Regarding People with Disabilities and Their Needs?	23	(1)
Getting It Right: Talking About People with Disabilities	24	(1)
What Is Special Education?	25	(1)
Special Education in 1891: As Defined by Its Teachers	26	(1)
What IDEA'97 Says About Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) and Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)	27	(1)
What Do Many People See as Problems of Special Education?	27	(4)
What IDEA'97 Says About The Stay-Put Provision and Discipline	31	(1)
The Development of Informed and Effective Solutions---The Opportunity of the New Millennium	32	(2)
Conclusion	34	(2)
Supplementary Resources	36	(2)
Individualized Educational Programs: Planning and Delivering Services	38	(38)
A Personal Perspective: A Changing Vision of Special Education	39	(3)
Advance Organizers	42	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	43	(1)
Special Education Services	44	(9)
Service Delivery Options	44	(5)
Special Education and Related Service Professionals	49	(1)
Participation in the General Education Curriculum	49	(3)
What IDEA'97 Says About Access to the General Education Curriculum	52	(1)
Individualized Special Education Programs	53	(18)
Critical Features of Special Education Programs	53	(6)
What IDEA'97 Says About Procedural Safeguards	59	(1)
The IEP Process	60	(3)
What IDEA'97 Says About IEP Team Members	63	(1)
The Individualized Education Plans	64	(7)
What IDEA'97 Says About Transition Services	71	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: High Stakes Testing: For Whom Aare the Stakes the Highest?	71	(1)
In Conclusion	72	(3)
Supplementary Resources	75	(1)
Multicultural and Bilingual Special Education	76	(46)
A Personal Perspective: A Bilingual Education Experience Gone Right	77	(2)
Advance Organizers	79	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	80	(1)
Multicultural and Biligual Special Education Defined	81	(6)
Types of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students	81	(4)
Identification	85	(1)
What IDEA'97 Says About Nondiscriminatory Testing	86	(1)
Significance	87	(1)
History of the Field	87	(2)
Prevalence	89	(4)
Overrepresentation	90	(3)
Underrepresentation	93	(1)
Causes and Prevention of Disabilities in Diverse Students	93	(3)
Causes	94	(1)
Prevention	95	(1)
Exceptional Culturally and Lingusitically Diverse Children	96	(6)
Achieving Discipline: Schoolwide Disciplinary Actions: Consistency	97	(1)
Language and Communication Differences	97	(3)
Cultural Differences	100	(1)
Mobility	100	(2)
Educational Interventions	102	(11)
Education and the Preschool Child	103	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	104	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Helping Everyone Become Culturally Sensitive	105	(3)
Collaboration for Inclusion	108	(2)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Using Cooperative Learning Structures to Optimize Learning for All Students	110	(3)
Transition Through Adulthood	113	(1)
Families	113	(3)
Cross-Cultural Dissonance and Other Barriers to Partnerships	114	(1)
Family-School Partnerships	115	(1)
Technology	116	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Changing Policies Affect Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Individuals	116	(2)
In Conclusion	118	(2)
Supplementary Resources	120	(2)
Learning Disabilities	122	(54)
A Personal Perspective: Educating Erin	123	(2)
Advance Organizers	125	(2)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	127	(1)
Learning Disabilities Defined	127	(6)
Types of Learning Disabilities	129	(2)
Identification	131	(1)
Significance	132	(1)
History of the Field	133	(2)
Prevalence	135	(2)
What IDEA'97 Says About Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	137	(1)
Causes and Prevention	137	(2)
Causes	137	(1)
Prevention	138	(1)
Children with Learning Disabilities	139	(10)
Learning Characteristics	139	(3)
Achieving Discipline: Create a Community of Helpers: Peer Management	142	(2)
Social Skills Characteristics	144	(2)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	146	(1)
The Story of Joey Pigza	146	(3)
Educational Interventions	149	(14)
Education and the Preschool Child	149	(2)
Education and the Schoolchild	151	(3)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS): Helping Teachers Face the Challenge of Student Diversity	154	(1)
Collaboration for Inclusion	155	(2)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Steps for Success in the Academic Curriculum	157	(2)
Transition Through Adulthood	159	(3)
A Middle School Student Considers Dropping Out	162	(1)
Families	163	(3)
Parent Conferencing	163	(2)
Homework	165	(1)
Technology	166	(4)
Microcomputer Technology	166	(4)
Writing Technology	170	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Is ADHD a Disability?	170	(1)
In Conclusion	171	(3)
Supplementary Resources	174	(2)
Speech or Language Impairments	176	(48)
A Personal Perspective: A Parent's View of a Speech Impairment	177	(2)
Advance Organizers	179	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	180	(1)
Speech or Language Impairments Defined	181	(12)
Types of Speech or Language Impairments	182	(7)
Identification	189	(3)
Significance	192	(1)
History of the Field	193	(1)
Prevalence	194	(2)
Causes and Prevention	196	(5)
Causes	196	(4)
Prevention	200	(1)
Children with Speech or Language Impairments	201	(4)
Speech Impairments	201	(1)
Language Impairments	202	(1)
Achieving Discipline: Changing the Context: Environmental Restructuring	203	(2)
Educational Interventions	205	(9)
Education and the Preschool Child	205	(2)
Reaserch to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Enhanced Milieu Teaching	207	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	208	(3)
Collaboration for Inclusion	211	(2)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Creating Language-Sensitive Environments	213	(1)
Transition Through Adulthood	213	(1)
Families	214	(2)
Technology	216	(2)
Alternative and Augmentative Communication	216	(1)
Emerging Technologies for Language Intervention	217	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Can We Afford Not To?	218	(2)
In Conclusion	220	(2)
Supplementary Resources	222	(2)
Mental Retardation	224	(46)
A Personal Perspective: A Mother's Efforts Result in Independent Living Facilities for Her Son	225	(3)
Advance Organizers	228	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	229	(1)
Mental Retardation Defined	230	(6)
Types	232	(1)
Identification	232	(3)
Significance	235	(1)
History of the Field	236	(3)
Prevalence	239	(1)
Causes and Prevention	239	(8)
Causes	240	(4)
Prevention	244	(3)
Children with Mental Retardation	247	(4)
Cognitive Impairments	247	(1)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Multimedia Based Anchored Instruction	248	(1)
Adaptive Behavior	249	(1)
Supports	250	(1)
Friendships	250	(1)
Educational Interventions	251	(11)
Education and the Preschool Child	252	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	253	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Steps for Success in the Academic Curriculum	253	(4)
Collaboration for Inclusion	257	(1)
Transition Through Adulthood	258	(1)
Achieving Discipline: Keeping Students Informed: Positive Feedback	259	(3)
Families	262	(2)
Family Support: Dads	262	(1)
Family Support: Grandparents	263	(1)
Family Support: Brothers and Sisters	263	(1)
Technology	264	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Eugenics and Its Logical Extension	264	(1)
In Conclusion	265	(3)
Supplementary Resources	268	(2)
Giftedness and Talent Development	270	(48)
A Personal Perspective: Students Attending a Class for Gifted Children Share Their Thoughts	271	(1)
Advance Organizers	272	(2)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	274	(1)
Giftedness and Talents Defined	275	(9)
Types of Giftedness and Talents	275	(6)
Identification	281	(2)
Significance	283	(1)
History of the Field	284	(2)
Prevalence	286	(1)
Causes: Factors That Enhance or Inhibit Giftedness	287	(2)
Achieving Discipline: Fostering Divergent and Creative Thinking: Flexible Rules	289	(1)
Gifted Children	289	(9)
Social Behavior	290	(1)
Subgroups Requiring Special Attention	291	(7)
Educational Interventions	298	(12)
Education and the Preschool Child	299	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	300	(6)
Collaboration for Inclusion	306	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Addressing Learning Differences	307	(2)
Transition Through Adulthood	309	(1)
Families	310	(1)
Technology	311	(2)
Technology as a Functional Skill	311	(1)
Electronic Outreach	312	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Do We Need a Different Way to Identify and Provide Gifted Education to Native American Students?	313	(1)
In Conclusion	314	(2)
Supplementary Resources	316	(2)
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	318	(44)
A Personal Perspective: A Mother Discusses the Stigma of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	319	(2)
Advance Organizers	321	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	322	(1)
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Defined	323	(8)
Types	325	(4)
Identification	329	(1)
Significance	330	(1)
History of the Field	331	(2)
Prevalence	333	(1)
Causes and Prevention	334	(3)
Causes	334	(2)
Prevention	336	(1)
Children with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	337	(5)
Achieving Discipline: Getting to Know the Behavior: ABC Analysis	338	(1)
Social Skills	338	(1)
Peer Perceptions	339	(1)
Juvenile Justice, Delinquency, and Violence	340	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Being Prepared for School Violence	341	(1)
Academic Performance	342	(1)
Educational Interventions	342	(12)
Education and the Preschool Child	342	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	343	(4)
What IDEA'97 Says About Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavioral Intervention Plans	347	(4)
Collaboration for Inclusion	351	(2)
Transition Through Adulthood	353	(1)
Families	354	(2)
Negotiating the Mental Health Care System	354	(1)
Foster Home Placements	355	(1)
Technology	356	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Behavioral Control Through Medication, Is It Necessary?	357	(1)
In Conclusion	357	(3)
Supplementary Resources	360	(2)
Physical Impairments and Special Health Care Needs	362	(48)
A Personal Perspective: The People Who Make Special Education Special	363	(2)
Advance Organizers	365	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	366	(1)
Physical Impairments and Special Health Care Needs Defined	367	(14)
Types of Physical Impairments and Special Health Care Needs	368	(8)
Health Impairments	376	(2)
Identification	378	(1)
Significance	379	(2)
History of the Field	381	(3)
Prevalence	384	(1)
Causes and Prevention	385	(5)
Causes	385	(2)
Prevention	387	(3)
Children with Physical Impairments and Special Health Care Needs	390	(4)
Characteristics Affecting Learning	391	(1)
Achieving Discipline: Acknowledge the Effort: Rewards	392	(1)
Characteristics Affecting the Classroom and School	392	(2)
Educational Interventions	394	(7)
Education and the Preschool Child	395	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	396	(1)
Collaboration for Inclusion	397	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Adapting All Aspects of the Classroom	398	(2)
Transition Through Adulthood	400	(1)
Families	401	(2)
Technology	403	(2)
Computers	403	(1)
Bionics and Robotics	404	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Inclusion Versus Segregation	405	(1)
In Conclusion	406	(2)
Supplementary Resources	408	(2)
Deafness and Hard of Hearing	410	(48)
A Personal Perspective: A Hearing Mom of a Deaf Middle Schooler Talks About Her Son's Deafness	411	(2)
Advance Organizers	413	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	414	(1)
Deafness and Hard of Hearing Defined	415	(6)
Types of Hearing Loss	417	(1)
Identification	417	(3)
Significance	420	(1)
History of the Field	421	(4)
Prevalence	425	(1)
Causes and Prevention	425	(7)
Causes	425	(4)
Prevention	429	(3)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children	432	(2)
Deaf Culture	432	(1)
Academic Achievement	433	(1)
Speech Ability	434	(1)
Educational Interventions	434	(12)
Achieving Discipline: Be Fair: Make the Punishment Fit the Crime	435	(1)
Education and the Preschool Child	435	(1)
Education and the Schoolchild	436	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Modifying the Delivery of Instruction	437	(3)
Collaboration for Inclusion	440	(1)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Strategic Use of American Sign Language (ASL) to Promote Knowledge and Mastery of English	441	(3)
Transition Through Adulthood	444	(2)
Families	446	(1)
Technology	447	(6)
Assistive Listening Devices	448	(1)
Telecommunication Devices	449	(3)
Computerized Speech-to-Text Translations	452	(1)
Alerting Devices	452	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Cochlear Implants: To Do or Not To Do?	453	(1)
In Conclusion	454	(2)
Supplementary Resources	456	(2)
Low Vision and Blindness	458	(44)
A Personal Perspective: Two Families of Preschoolers with Visual Impairments Talk About Their Children	459	(1)
Advance Organizers	460	(2)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	462	(1)
Visual Disabilities Defined	463	(5)
Types of Visual Disabilities	464	(2)
Identification	466	(2)
Significance	468	(1)
History of the Field	468	(3)
Prevalence	471	(1)
Causes and Prevention	471	(1)
Causes	471	(1)
Prevention	472	(1)
Low Vision and Blind Children	472	(6)
Characteristics Affecting Social Skills	472	(2)
Achieving Discipline: Establish Boundaries: Explicit Rules	474	(1)
Academic Performance	475	(2)
What IDEA'97 Says About Braille Instruction and Use of Braille	477	(1)
Educational Interventions	478	(13)
Education and the Preschool Child	478	(2)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Facilitating Caregiver-Child Interactions	480	(2)
Education and the Schoolchild	482	(3)
Collaboration for Inclusion	485	(1)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Implementing the Courtesy Rules of Blindness	486	(3)
Transition Through Adulthood	489	(2)
Families	491	(2)
Technology	493	(4)
Visual Aids	494	(1)
Audio Aids	494	(2)
Tactile Aids	496	(1)
Concepts and Controversy: Is Literacy Necessary in the Twenty-First Century?	497	(1)
In Conclusion	498	(2)
Supplementary Resources	500	(2)
Autism, Deaf-Blindness, and Traumatic Brain Injury: Low Incidence Disabilities	502	(41)
A Personal Perspective: A Family's Continuing Search for the Right Program, or An American Mom in Paris Arranging the Best from Both Worlds	503	(2)
Advance Organizers	505	(1)
Opportunities for the New Millennium	506	(1)
Autism	506	(1)
Autism Defined	507	(7)
Types of Autism	508	(2)
Identification	510	(1)
Significance	510	(1)
Research to Practice: Teaching with Confidence: Functional Behavioral Assessment	511	(2)
Insights into Autism	513	(1)
Prevalence	514	(1)
Causes and Prevention	514	(1)
Children with Autism	515	(2)
Deaf-Blindness	517	(1)
Deaf-Blindness Defined	517	(4)
Identification	518	(1)
Significance	519	(2)
Prevalence	521	(1)
Causes and Prevention	521	(1)
Children with Deaf-Blindness	522	(2)
Traumatic Brain Injury	524	(1)
TBI Defined	524	(3)
Types of TBI	525	(1)
Identification	525	(1)
Significance	526	(1)
Prevalence	527	(1)
Causes and Prevention	527	(1)
Children with TBI	528	(1)
Very Low Incidence Disabilities	529	(1)
Educational Interventions	529	(3)
Collaboration for Inclusion	530	(1)
Achieving Discipline: Teaching the Alternatives: Functionally Equivalent Behaviors	531	(1)
Transition to Adulthood	532	(1)
Families	532	(3)
Accommodating for Inclusive Environments: Creating Situations Where Individuals with Autism Participate Successfully	533	(2)
Technology	535	(2)
Concepts and Controversy: The Delicate Balance Between Segregation and Integration	537	(2)
In Conclusion	539	(2)
Supplementary Resources	541	(2)
Glossary	543	(12)
References	555	(46)
Name Index	601	(10)
Subject Index	611