Introductory Chemistry

by Tro, Nivaldo J.

• ISBN13: 9780131470583
• ISBN10: 0131470582
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Open Tro to See The Difference from other Intro/Prep Chemistry books. The innovative problem-solving pedagogy (eg., multi-column worked examples), relevant molecular art, and outstanding media program (including PH GradeAssist, our customizable online homework system) drove Tro to the number 2 spot in the market in only its first edition. The organization allows optimum flexibility for instructors on topics such as electronic structure and chemical bonding.

Table of Contents

To the Student	xvi
To the Instructor	xvii
Preface	xix
The Chemical World	1	(10)
Soda Pop Fizz	1	(2)
Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things	3	(1)
All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules	3	(1)
The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think	4	(3)
Combustion and the Scientific Method	6	(1)
A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed	7	(4)
Chapter in Review	7	(1)
Key Terms	8	(1)
Exercises	8	(3)
Measurement and Problem Solving	11	(40)
Measuring Global Temperatures	11	(1)
Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers	12	(2)
Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision	14	(4)
Counting Significant Figures	15	(1)
Exact Numbers	16	(1)
The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past	17	(1)
Significant Figures in Calculations	18	(4)
Multiplication and Division	18	(1)
Rounding	18	(1)
Addition and Subtraction	19	(1)
Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction	20	(2)
The Basic Units of Measurement	22	(3)
The Standard Units	23	(1)
Prefix Multipliers	24	(1)
Derived Units	24	(1)
Converting from One Unit to Another	25	(3)
Solving Unit Conversion Problems	27	(1)
Solving Multistep Conversion Problems	28	(3)
Drug Dosage	30	(1)
Units Raised to a Power	31	(1)
Density	32	(4)
Calculating Density	33	(1)
Density as a Conversion Factor	34	(1)
Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease	35	(1)
Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map	36	(15)
Solving Numerical Problems	36	(2)
Chapter in Review	38	(3)
Key Terms	41	(1)
Exercises	42	(9)
Matter and Energy	51	(34)
In Your Room	51	(1)
What Is Matter?	52	(1)
Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas	53	(1)
Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures	54	(3)
How We Tell Different Kinds of Matter Apart: Physical and Chemical Properties	57	(1)
How Matter Changes: Physical and Chemical Changes	58	(2)
Separating Mixtures through Physical Changes	60	(1)
Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter	60	(1)
Energy	61	(2)
Units of Energy	61	(1)
Perpetual Motion	62	(1)
Temperature: Random Molecular and Atomic Motion	63	(3)
Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity	66	(2)
Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water	68	(1)
Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations	68	(17)
Chapter in Review	71	(4)
Key Terms	75	(1)
Exercises	76	(9)
Atoms and Elements	85	(32)
Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon	85	(1)
Indivisible: The Atomic Theory	86	(1)
Atoms and Humans	87	(1)
The Nuclear Atom	87	(2)
The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons	89	(2)
Solid Matter?	89	(2)
Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons	91	(2)
Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table	93	(5)
Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons	98	(3)
Ions and the Periodic Table	99	(2)
Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies	101	(2)
Atomic Mass	103	(14)
Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington	104	(1)
Chapter in Review	105	(3)
Key Terms	108	(1)
Exercises	108	(9)
Molecules and Compounds	117	(36)
Sugar and Salt	117	(1)
Compounds Display Constant Composition	118	(2)
Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds	120	(2)
A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds	122	(3)
Atomic Elements	123	(1)
Molecular Elements	123	(1)
Molecular Compounds	124	(1)
Ionic Compounds	124	(1)
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds	125	(2)
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds	126	(1)
Nomenclature: Naming Compounds	127	(1)
Naming Ionic Compounds	127	(5)
Naming Type I Binary Ionic Compounds	128	(1)
Naming Type II Binary Ionic Compounds	129	(1)
Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion	130	(2)
Polyatomic Ions	132	(1)
Naming Molecular Compounds	132	(2)
Naming Acids	134	(2)
Naming Binary Acids	134	(1)
Naming Oxyacids	135	(1)
Nomenclature Summary	136	(2)
Ionic Compounds	137	(1)
Molecular Compounds	137	(1)
Acids	137	(1)
Acid Rain	138	(1)
Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit	138	(15)
Chapter in Review	140	(3)
Key Terms	143	(1)
Exercises	144	(9)
Chemical Composition	153	(36)
How Much Sodium?	153	(1)
Counting Nails by the Pound	154	(1)
Counting Atoms by the Gram	155	(4)
Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms	155	(1)
Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element	156	(2)
Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms	158	(1)
Counting Molecules by the Gram	159	(3)
Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound	159	(2)
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules	161	(1)
Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors	162	(3)
Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element	163	(1)
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element	164	(1)
Mass Percent Composition of Compounds	165	(3)
Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons	166	(2)
Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula	168	(2)
Fluoridation of Drinking Water	169	(1)
Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds	170	(3)
Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data	171	(1)
Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data	172	(1)
Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds	173	(16)
Chapter in Review	175	(5)
Key Terms	180	(1)
Exercises	180	(9)
Chemical Reactions	189	(44)
Kindergarten Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents	189	(1)
Evidence of a Chemical Reaction	190	(3)
The Chemical Equation	193	(2)
How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations	195	(4)
Writing Balanced Chemical Equations	196	(3)
Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water	199	(2)
Solubility	200	(1)
Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid	201	(4)
Predicting Precipitation Reactions	202	(1)
Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions	203	(2)
Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations	205	(1)
Acid--Base and Gas Evolution Reactions	206	(4)
Acid--Base (Neutralization) Reactions	207	(1)
Gas Evolution Reactions	208	(2)
Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid	210	(1)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	210	(2)
Combustion Reactions	211	(1)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	212	(21)
Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do	213	(2)
Classification Flow Chart	215	(2)
The Reactions Involved in Ozone Depletion	217	(1)
Chapter in Review	217	(5)
Key Terms	222	(1)
Exercises	222	(11)
Quantities in Chemical Reactions	233	(30)
Global Warming: Too Much Carbon Dioxide	233	(1)
Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients	234	(1)
Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions	235	(3)
The Controversy over Oxygenated Fuels	237	(1)
Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions	238	(3)
More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield	241	(3)
Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants	244	(19)
Bunsen Burners	248	(1)
Chapter in Review	248	(4)
Key Terms	252	(1)
Exercises	252	(11)
Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table	263	(42)
Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom	263	(2)
Light: Electromagnetic Radiation	265	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	266	(3)
Radiation Treatment for Cancer	268	(1)
The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits	269	(3)
The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals	272	(2)
Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps	273	(1)
From Orbits to Orbitals	274	(1)
Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals	274	(8)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	276	(1)
Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals	277	(5)
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table	282	(3)
Valence Electrons	282	(3)
The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model	285	(2)
Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character	287	(18)
Atomic Size	287	(2)
Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses	289	(1)
Ionization Energy	289	(2)
Metallic Character	291	(2)
Chapter in Review	293	(3)
Key Terms	296	(1)
Exercises	296	(9)
Chemical Bonding	305	(36)
Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs	305	(1)
Representing Valence Electrons with Dots	306	(1)
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred	307	(1)
Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared	308	(2)
Double and Triple Bonds	309	(1)
Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds	310	(4)
Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds	311	(1)
Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions	312	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	313	(1)
Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule	314	(2)
The Lewis Structure of Ozone	316	(1)
Predicting the Shapes of Molecules	316	(5)
Predicting Geometry Using VSEPR	319	(1)
Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper	320	(1)
Fooled by Molecular Shape	321	(1)
Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don't Mix	321	(20)
Electronegativity	322	(2)
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules	324	(4)
How Soap Works	328	(1)
Chapter in Review	328	(4)
Key Terms	332	(1)
Exercises	332	(9)
Gases	341	(54)
Extralong Straws	341	(2)
Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases	343	(2)
Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions	345	(4)
Pressure Units	346	(1)
Pressure Unit Conversion	347	(1)
Airplane Cabin Pressurization	348	(1)
Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume	349	(5)
Extralong Snorkels	354	(1)
Charles's Law: Volume and Temperature	354	(4)
The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature	358	(2)
Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles	360	(2)
The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles	362	(7)
Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law	366	(3)
Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen	369	(4)
Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure	370	(2)
Collecting Gases over Water	372	(1)
Gases in Chemical Reactions	373	(22)
Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure	376	(2)
Air Pollution	378	(1)
Chapter in Review	379	(5)
Key Terms	384	(1)
Exercises	384	(11)
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces	395	(34)
Interactions between Molecules	395	(1)
Properties of Liquids and Solids	396	(2)
Properties of Liquids	396	(1)
Properties of Solids	396	(2)
Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity	398	(1)
Surface Tension	398	(1)
Viscosity	398	(1)
Why Are Water Drops Spherical?	399	(1)
Evaporation and Condensation	399	(5)
Boiling	401	(1)
Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation	402	(1)
Heat of Vaporization	402	(2)
Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation	404	(3)
Energetics of Melting and Freezing	405	(1)
Heat of Fusion	405	(2)
Sublimation	407	(1)
Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole--Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding	407	(6)
Dispersion Force	407	(1)
Dipole--Dipole Force	408	(3)
Hydrogen Bonding	411	(2)
Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic	413	(4)
Hydrogen Bonding in DNA	414	(1)
Molecular Solids	414	(1)
Ionic Solids	415	(1)
Atomic Solids	416	(1)
Water: A Remarkable Molecule	417	(12)
Water Pollution	418	(1)
Chapter in Review	418	(4)
Key Terms	422	(1)
Exercises	422	(7)
Solutions	429	(40)
Tragedy in Cameroon	429	(1)
Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures	430	(1)
Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy	431	(4)
Solubility and Saturation	433	(1)
Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids	433	(1)
How Solubility Varies with Temperature	434	(1)
Rock Candy	434	(1)
Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz	435	(1)
Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent	436	(4)
Mass Percent	436	(2)
Using Mass Percent in Calculations	438	(2)
The Dirty Dozen	440	(1)
Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity	440	(4)
Using Molarity in Calculations	442	(2)
Ion Concentrations	444	(1)
Solution Dilution	444	(2)
Solution Stoichiometry	446	(2)
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter	448	(5)
Freezing Point Depression	449	(2)
Boiling Point Elevation	451	(1)
Antifreeze in Frogs	452	(1)
Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration	453	(16)
Solutions in Medicine	454	(1)
Chapter in Review	455	(5)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Exercises	460	(9)
Acids and Bases	469	(44)
Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies	469	(1)
Acids: Properties and Examples	470	(2)
Bases: Properties and Examples	472	(1)
Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases	473	(3)
The Arrhenius Definition	473	(1)
The Bronsted--Lowry Definition	474	(2)
Reactions of Acids and Bases	476	(3)
Neutralization Reactions	476	(1)
Acid Reactions	477	(1)
Base Reactions	478	(1)
What Is in My Antacid?	479	(1)
Acid--Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution	479	(3)
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases	482	(6)
Strong Acids	482	(1)
Weak Acids	483	(3)
Strong Bases	486	(1)
Weak Bases	486	(2)
Water: Acid and Base in One	488	(2)
The pH Scale: A Way to Express Acidity and Basicity	490	(4)
Calculating pH from [H3O+]	492	(1)
Calculating [H3O+] from pH	493	(1)
Ulcers	494	(1)
Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change	494	(2)
The Danger of Antifreeze	496	(1)
Acid Rain: An Environmental Problem Related to Fossil Fuel Combustion	496	(17)
Acid Rain Damage	497	(1)
Acid Rain Legislation	498	(1)
Chapter in Review	498	(6)
Key Terms	504	(1)
Exercises	504	(9)
Chemical Equilibrium	513	(46)
Life: Controlled Disequilibrium	513	(1)
The Rate of a Chemical Reaction	514	(4)
Collision Theory	514	(2)
How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction	516	(1)
How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction	517	(1)
The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium	518	(3)
The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes	521	(3)
Writing Equilibrium Expressions for Chemical Reactions	522	(1)
The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant	522	(2)
Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid	524	(1)
Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants	525	(3)
Calculating Equilibrium Constants	525	(2)
Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations	527	(1)
Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Chatelier's Principle	528	(2)
The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium	530	(2)
How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother	532	(1)
The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium	532	(2)
The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium	534	(2)
The Solubility-Product Constant	536	(4)
Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility	538	(1)
Hard Water	538	(2)
The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst	540	(19)
How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates	540	(2)
Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy	542	(1)
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts	543	(1)
Chapter in Review	544	(4)
Key Terms	548	(1)
Exercises	548	(11)
Oxidation and Reduction	559	(36)
The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?	559	(1)
Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions	560	(3)
Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping	563	(4)
The Bleaching of Hair	566	(1)
Balancing Redox Equations	567	(4)
Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method	568	(2)
Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life	570	(1)
The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions	571	(3)
Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid	573	(1)
Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity	574	(5)
Dry-Cell Batteries	577	(1)
Lead-Acid Storage Batteries	578	(1)
Fuel Cells	578	(1)
Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry	579	(1)
Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions	580	(15)
The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer	581	(1)
Chapter in Review	582	(3)
Key Terms	585	(1)
Exercises	585	(10)
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry	595	(30)
Diagnosing Appendicitis	595	(1)
The Discovery of Radioactivity	596	(1)
Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay	597	(7)
Alpha (α) Radiation	598	(2)
Beta (β) Radiation	600	(2)
Gamma (γ) Radiation	602	(1)
Positron Emission	602	(2)
Detecting Radioactivity	604	(1)
Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life	605	(3)
A Natural Radioactive Decay Series	606	(2)
Environmental Radon	608	(1)
Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts	608	(2)
The Shroud of Turin	610	(1)
The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb	610	(2)
Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity	612	(2)
Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun	614	(1)
The Effects of Radiation on Life	614	(1)
Acute Radiation Damage	614	(1)
Increased Cancer Risk	615	(1)
Genetic Defects	615	(1)
Measuring Radiation Exposure	615	(1)
Radioactivity in Medicine	615	(10)
Isotope Scanning	616	(1)
Radiotherapy	616	(1)
Chapter in Review	617	(2)
Key Terms	619	(1)
Exercises	619	(6)
Organic Chemistry	625	(52)
What Do I Smell?	625	(2)
Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic	627	(1)
The Origin of Life	628	(1)
Carbon: A Versatile Atom	628	(2)
Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen	630	(2)
Environmental Problems Associated with Hydrocarbon Combustion	631	(1)
Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons	632	(4)
Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure	636	(1)
Naming Alkanes	637	(2)
Naming Alkanes	638	(1)
Alkenes and Alkynes	639	(4)
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes	641	(2)
Hydrocarbon Reactions	643	(2)
Alkanes	643	(1)
Alkenes and Alkynes	644	(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	645	(3)
Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons	646	(2)
Functional Groups	648	(1)
Alcohols	649	(1)
Naming Alcohols	649	(1)
About Alcohols	649	(1)
Ethers	650	(1)
Naming Ethers	650	(1)
About Ethers	650	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	651	(2)
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones	651	(1)
About Aldehydes and Ketones	652	(1)
Carboxylic Acids and Esters	653	(3)
Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters	654	(1)
About Carboxylic Acids and Esters	654	(2)
Amines	656	(1)
Polymers	656	(21)
Kevlar: Stronger Than Steel	659	(1)
Chapter in Review	660	(3)
Key Terms	663	(1)
Exercises	664	(13)
Biochemistry	677
The Human Genome Project	677	(1)
The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components	678	(1)
Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber	678	(5)
Monosaccharides	679	(1)
Disaccharides	680	(1)
Polysaccharides	681	(2)
Lipids	683	(7)
Fatty Acids	683	(1)
Fats and Oils	684	(2)
Other Lipids	686	(2)
Dietary Fats	688	(2)
Proteins	690	(3)
Protein Structure	693	(5)
Primary Structure	694	(1)
Secondary Structure	695	(1)
Why Hair Gets Longer When It Is Wet	696	(1)
Tertiary Structure	697	(1)
Quaternary Structure	697	(1)
Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints	698	(2)
DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis	700
DNA Structure	700	(3)
DNA Replication	703	(1)
Protein Synthesis	704	(1)
Drugs for Diabetes	705	(1)
Chapter in Review	705	(2)
Key Terms	707	(1)
Exercises	707
Appendix: Mathematics Review	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	1	(1)
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1