Introductory Chemistry An Active Learning Approach (with ChemistryNOW™ Printed Access Card)

by Cracolice, Mark S.; Peters, Edward I.

• ISBN13: 9780495013327
• ISBN10: 0495013323
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-10
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

The new Third Edition of INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY: AN ACTIVE LEARNING APPROACH gives you the tools you need to teach the course your way. As the book's "Active Learning Approach" subtitle suggests, the authors provide a question-and-answer presentation that allows students to actively learn chemistry while studying an assignment. This approach is reflected in three words of advice and encouragement that are repeated throughout the book: Learn It Now! When students encounter the Learn It Now! icon, an example leads them through a series of steps where they "listen" to the authors guide them step by step to the solution. As they solve the problem, they actively write each step, covering the answer with the shield provided in the book. This feature turns the common passive "read the author's solution" approach to examples into an active "work the problem while guided by the authors" methodology. As with previous editions, this text allows professors to tailor the order of chapters to accommodate their particular needs through two flexible formats--a standard paperbound edition and loose-leaf edition. This flexibility is achieved not only by carefully writing each topic so it never assumes prior knowledge, but also by including any and all necessary preview or review information needed to learn that topic. The new Third Edition has been streamlined and now integrates new features such as helpful technological resources, coached problems, and enhanced art and photography, all of which dovetail with the text's active learning approach.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to Chemistry; Introduction to Active Learning	1	(14)
Lavoisier and the Beginning of Experimental Chemistry	3	(2)
Science and the Scientific Method	5	(1)
The Science of Chemistry Today	6	(1)
Learning How to Learn Chemistry	7	(2)
Your Textbook	9	(5)
A Choice	14	(1)
Matter and Energy	15	(32)
Representations of Matter: Models and Symbols	16	(3)
States of Matter	19	(2)
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes	21	(3)
Pure Substances and Mixtures	24	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: The Ultimate Physical Property?	25	(3)
Separation of Mixtures	28	(2)
Elements and Compounds	30	(5)
The Electrical Character of Matter	35	(1)
Characteristics of a Chemical Change	36	(1)
Conservation Laws and Chemical Change	37	(10)
Measurement and Chemical Calculations	47	(48)
Introduction to Measurement	49	(1)
Exponential (Scientific) Notation	49	(4)
Dimensional Analysis	53	(8)
Metric Units	61	(6)
Significant Figures	67	(8)
Metric--USCS Conversions	75	(1)
Temperature	76	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: Should the United States Convert to Metric Units? An Editorial	78	(2)
Proportionality and Density	80	(5)
A Strategy for Solving Problems	85	(1)
Thoughtful and Reflective Practice	86	(9)
Introduction to Gases	95	(24)
Properties of Gases	96	(1)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Ideal Gas Model	97	(2)
Gas Measurements	99	(5)
Everyday Chemistry: The Weather Machine	103	(1)
Charles's Law	104	(4)
Boyle's Law	108	(3)
The Combined Gas Law	111	(8)
Atomic Theory: The Nuclear Model of the Atom	119	(22)
Dalton's Atomic Theory	120	(1)
Subatomic Particles	121	(1)
The Nuclear Atom	122	(2)
Isotopes	124	(3)
Atomic Mass	127	(2)
The Periodic Table	129	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: International Relations and the Periodic Table	132	(1)
Elemental Symbols and the Periodic Table	133	(8)
Chemical Nomenclature	141	(32)
Introduction to Nomenclature	142	(1)
Formulas of Elements	142	(2)
Compounds Made from Two Nonmetals	144	(2)
Names and Formulas of Ions Formed by One Element	146	(3)
Acids and the Anions Derived from Their Total Ionization	149	(7)
Names and Formulas of Acid Anions	156	(1)
Names and Formulas of Other Acids and Ions	157	(2)
Formulas of Ionic Compounds	159	(2)
Names of Ionic Compounds	161	(1)
Hydrates	162	(1)
Summary of the Nomenclature System	163	(1)
Common Names of Chemicals	163	(10)
Everyday Chemistry: Common Names of Chemicals	166	(7)
Chemical Formula Relationships	173	(28)
The Number of Atoms in a Formula	174	(1)
Molecular Mass and Formula Mass	175	(4)
The Mole Concept	179	(1)
Molar Mass	180	(2)
Conversion Among Mass, Number of Moles, and Number of Units	182	(2)
Mass Relationships Among Elements in a Compound: Percentage Composition	184	(3)
Empirical Formula of a Compound	187	(6)
Everyday Chemistry: How to Read a Food Label	192	(1)
Determination of a Molecular Formula	193	(8)
Chemical Reactions	201	(30)
Evidence of a Chemical Change	202	(2)
Evolution of a Chemical Equation	204	(2)
Balancing Chemical Equations	206	(5)
Interpreting Chemical Equations	211	(1)
Writing Chemical Equations	212	(1)
Combination Reactions	213	(1)
Decomposition Reactions	214	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: Femtochemistry	217	(1)
Single-Replacement Reactions	218	(2)
Double-Replacement Reactions	220	(3)
Summary of Reactions and Equations	223	(8)
Chemical Change	231	(36)
Electrolytes and Solution Conductivity	323
Solutions of Ionic Compounds	234	(3)
Strong and Weak Acids	237	(3)
Net Ionic Equations: What They Are and How to Write Them	240	(3)
Single-Replacement Oxidation--Reduction (Redox) Reactions	243	(5)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions of Some Common Organic Compounds	248	(1)
Everyday Chemistry: An Every-Moment Type of Chemical Reaction	249	(1)
Double-Replacement Precipitation Reactions	249	(6)
Everyday Chemistry: Green Chemistry	255	(1)
Double-Replacement Molecule-Formation Reactions	255	(3)
Double-Replacement Reactions That Form Unstable Products	258	(1)
Double-Replacement Reactions with Undissolved Reactants	259	(1)
Other Double-Replacement Reactions	260	(1)
Summary of Net Ionic Equations	261	(6)
Quantity Relationships in Chemical Reactions	267	(36)
Conversion Factors from a Chemical Equation	268	(3)
Mass--Mass Stoichiometry	271	(4)
Percent Yield	275	(6)
Everyday Chemistry: The Stoichiometry of CO2 Emissions in Automobile Exhaust	276	(5)
Limiting Reactants: The Problem	281	(1)
Limiting Reactants: Comparison-of-Moles Method	282	(4)
Limiting Reactants: Smaller-Amount Method	286	(3)
Energy	289	(1)
Thermochemical Equations	290	(2)
Thermochemical Stoichiometry	292	(11)
Atomic Theory: The Quantum Model of the Atom	303	(34)
Electromagnetic Radiation	304	(3)
The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom	307	(2)
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	309	(6)
Everyday Chemistry: Simply Pure Darn Foolishness?	314	(1)
Electron Configuration	315	(6)
Valence Electrons	321	(1)
Trends in the Periodic Table	322	(15)
Chemical Bonding	337	(22)
Monatomic Ions with Noble-Gas Electron Configurations	338	(3)
Ionic Bonds	341	(2)
Covalent Bonds	343	(3)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	346	(2)
Multiple Bonds	348	(1)
Atoms That Are Bonded to Two or More Other Atoms	349	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	350	(1)
Metallic Bonds	351	(8)
Everyday Chemistry: The Influence of Bonding on Macroscopic Properties	352	(7)
Structure and Shape	359	(32)
Drawing Lewis Diagrams	360	(8)
Electron-Pair Repulsion: Electron-Pair Geometry	368	(2)
Molecular Geometry	370	(7)
Everyday Chemistry: Chirality	376	(1)
The Geometry of Multiple Bonds	377	(1)
Polarity of Molecules	378	(3)
The Structure of Some Organic Compounds (Optional)	381	(10)
The Ideal Gas Law and Its Applications	391	(28)
Gases Revisited	392	(1)
Avogadro's Law	393	(2)
The Ideal Gas Law	395	(2)
The Ideal Gas Equation: Determination of a Single Variable	397	(2)
Gas Density and Molar Volume	399	(4)
Gas Stoichiometry at Standard Temperature and Pressure	403	(2)
Gas Stoichiometry: Molar Volume Method	405	(3)
Gas Stoichiometry: Ideal Gas Equation Method	408	(2)
Volume--Volume Gas Stoichiometry	410	(9)
Everyday Chemistry: Automobile Air Bags	411	(8)
Gases, Liquids, and Solids	419	(38)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	420	(2)
Properties of Liquids	422	(4)
Types of Intermolecular Forces	426	(4)
Liquid--Vapor Equilibrium	430	(4)
The Boiling Process	434	(1)
Water---An ``Unusual'' Compound	435	(1)
The Solid State	436	(2)
Types of Crystalline Solids	438	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: Buckyballs	440	(2)
Energy and Change of State	442	(2)
Energy and Change of Temperature: Specific Heat	444	(3)
Change in Temperature Plus Change of State	447	(10)
Solutions	457	(44)
The Characteristics of a Solution	458	(1)
Solution Terminology	458	(3)
The Formation of a Solution	461	(2)
Factors That Determine Solubility	463	(3)
Solution Concentration: Percentage by Mass	466	(3)
Everyday Chemistry: The World's Oceans: The Most Abundant Solution	468	(1)
Solution Concentration: Molarity	469	(4)
Solution Concentration: Molality (Optional)	473	(1)
Solution Concentration: Normality (Optional)	474	(5)
Solution Concentration: A Summary	479	(1)
Dilution of Concentrated Solutions	480	(2)
Solution Stoichiometry	482	(3)
Titration Using Molarity	485	(3)
Titration Using Normality (Optional)	488	(2)
Colligative Properties of Solutions (Optional)	490	(11)
Acid--Base (Proton-Transfer) Reactions	501	(26)
The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases (Optional)	502	(1)
The Bronsted--Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases	503	(3)
The Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases (Optional)	506	(1)
Conjugate Acid--Base Pairs	507	(2)
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases	509	(2)
Predicting Acid--Base Reactions	511	(2)
Acid--Base Reactions and Redox Reactions Compared	513	(1)
The Water Equilibrium	513	(2)
pH and pOH (Integer Values Only)	515	(6)
Everyday Chemistry: Acid--Base Reactions	520	(1)
Noninteger pH--[H+] and pOH--[OH-] Conversions (Optional)	521	(6)
Chemical Equilibrium	527	(38)
The Character of an Equilibrium	528	(1)
The Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions	528	(2)
Energy Changes During a Molecular Collision	530	(2)
Conditions That Affect the Rate of a Chemical Reaction	532	(3)
The Development of a Chemical Equilibrium	535	(1)
Le Chatelier's Principle	536	(7)
Everyday Chemistry: Fertilization of the World's Crops	542	(1)
The Equilibrium Constant	543	(3)
The Significance of the Value of K	546	(1)
Equilibrium Calculations (Optional)	547	(18)
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions	565	(26)
Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells	566	(2)
Electron-Transfer Reactions	568	(5)
Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions	573	(3)
Oxidizing Agents (Oxidizers) and Reducing Agents (Reducers)	576	(1)
Strengths of Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents	577	(2)
Predicting Redox Reactions	579	(4)
Everyday Chemistry: Batteries	582	(1)
Redox Reactions and Acid--Base Reactions Compared	583	(1)
Writing Redox Equations (Optional)	583	(8)
Nuclear Chemistry	591	(28)
The Dawn of Nuclear Chemistry	592	(1)
Radioactivity	592	(2)
The Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity	594	(2)
The Effects of Radiation on Living Systems	596	(1)
Half-Life	597	(5)
Natural Radioactive Decay Series---Nuclear Equations	602	(2)
Nuclear Reactions and Ordinary Chemical Reactions Compared	604	(1)
Nuclear Bombardment and Induced Radioactivity	605	(2)
Uses of Radionuclides	607	(1)
Nuclear Fission	608	(2)
Electrical Energy from Nuclear Fission	610	(3)
Everyday Chemistry: Medicine and Radionuclides	612	(1)
Nuclear Fusion	613	(6)
Organic Chemistry	619	(44)
The Nature of Organic Chemistry	620	(1)
The Molecular Structure of Organic Compounds	621	(2)
Saturated Hydrocarbons: The Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	623	(5)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: The Alkenes and Alkynes	628	(4)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	632	(1)
Summary of the Hydrocarbons	633	(1)
Sources and Preparation of Hydrocarbons	633	(2)
Chemical Reactions of Hydrocarbons	635	(2)
Uses of Hydrocarbons	637	(1)
Alcohols and Ethers	638	(3)
Aldehydes and Ketones	641	(4)
Carboxylic Acids and Esters	645	(2)
Amines and Amides	647	(2)
Summary of the Organic Compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen	649	(2)
Everyday Chemistry: ``In Which the Shape's the Thing ...''	651	(1)
Addition Polymers	651	(3)
Condensation Polymers	654	(9)
Biochemistry	663	(30)
Amino Acids and Proteins	665	(7)
Enzymes	672	(2)
Carbohydrates	674	(6)
Lipids	680	(4)
Nucleic Acids	684	(9)
Everyday Chemistry: Designer Genes	688	(5)
Appendix I Chemical Calculations	693	(10)
Part A The Hand Calculator	693	(4)
Part B Arithmetic and Algebra	697	(3)
Part C Logarithms	700	(1)
Part D Estimating Calculation Results	701	(1)
Answers to Practice Problems in Appendix 1	701	(2)
Appendix II The SI System of Units	703	(2)
Base Units	703	(1)
Derived Units	703	(1)
Some Choices	703	(2)
Answers	705
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1