Introductory Plant Biology

by Stern, Kingsley R.

• ISBN13: 9780073101750
• ISBN10: 0073101753
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-19
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

This introductory text assumes little prior scientific knowledge on the part of the student. It includes sufficient information for some shorter introductory botany courses open to both majors and nonmajors, and is arranged so that certain sections can be omitted without disrupting the overall continuity of the course. Stern emphasizes current interests while presenting basic botanical principles.

Table of Contents

What Is Plant Biology?	1	(12)
Chapter Outline	1	(1)
Overview	2	(1)
Some Learning Goals	2	(2)
The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment	4	(3)
Botany As a Science	7	(1)
Diversification of Plant Study	8	(2)
Awareness: Plant Biology and the Web	10	(3)
Summary	11	(1)
Review Questions	12	(1)
Discussion Questions	12	(1)
Additional Reading	12	(1)
The Nature of Life	13	(16)
Chapter Outline	13	(1)
Overview	14	(1)
Some Learning Goals	14	(1)
Attributes of Living Organisms	14	(1)
Chemical and Physical Bases of Life	15	(14)
Summary	27	(1)
Review Questions	28	(1)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
Additional Reading	28	(1)
Cells	29	(24)
Chapter Outline	29	(1)
Overview	30	(1)
Some Learning Goals	30	(1)
Cells	30	(3)
Eukaryotic Versus Prokaryotic Cells	33	(1)
Cell Structure and Communication	33	(3)
Cellular Components	36	(8)
Cellular Reproduction	44	(4)
Awareness: Microscapes	48	(2)
Higher Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells	50	(3)
Summary	50	(2)
Review Questions	52	(1)
Discussion Questions	52	(1)
Additional Reading	52	(1)
Tissues	53	(11)
Chapter Outline	53	(1)
Overview	54	(1)
Some Learning Goals	54	(1)
Meristematic Tissues	54	(1)
Tissues Produced by Meristems	55	(9)
Summary	62	(1)
Review Questions	63	(1)
Discussion Questions	63	(1)
Additional Reading	63	(1)
Roots and Soils	64	(20)
Chapter Outline	64	(1)
Overview	65	(1)
Some Learning Goals	65	(1)
How Roots Develop	65	(1)
Root Structure	66	(5)
Specialized Roots	71	(3)
Mycorrhizae	74	(1)
Root Nodules	75	(1)
Human Relevance of Roots	75	(2)
Soils	77	(4)
Awareness: Metal-Munching Plants	81	(3)
Summary	82	(1)
Review Questions	82	(1)
Discussion Questions	83	(1)
Additional Reading	83	(1)
Stems	84	(22)
Chapter Outline	84	(1)
Overview	85	(1)
Some Learning Goals	85	(1)
External Form of a Woody Twig	85	(1)
Origin and Development of Stems	86	(1)
Awareness: Standing in Fields of Stone	87	(2)
Tissue Patterns in Stems	89	(8)
Specialized Stems	97	(2)
Wood and Its Uses	99	(7)
Summary	104	(1)
Review Questions	105	(1)
Discussion Questions	105	(1)
Additional Reading	105	(1)
Leaves	106	(21)
Chapter Outline	106	(1)
Overview	107	(1)
Some Learning Goals	107	(1)
Leaf Arrangements and Types	108	(1)
Internal Structure of Leaves	109	(2)
Stomata	111	(1)
Mesophyll and Veins	112	(1)
Specialized Leaves	113	(9)
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color	122	(1)
Abscission	122	(1)
Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves	123	(1)
Awareness: Glass Cuts from Grass?	124	(3)
Summary	125	(1)
Review Questions	125	(1)
Discussion Questions	125	(1)
Additional Reading	126	(1)
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds	127	(22)
Chapter Outline	127	(1)
Overview	128	(1)
Some Learning Goals	128	(1)
Note to the Reader	128	(2)
Differences Between Dicots and Monocots	130	(1)
Structure of Flowers	130	(2)
Fruits	132	(7)
Fruit and Seed Dispersal	139	(7)
Awareness: The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years	146	(3)
Summary	147	(1)
Review Questions	148	(1)
Discussion Questions	148	(1)
Additional Reading	148	(1)
Water in Plants	149	(16)
Chapter Outline	149	(1)
Overview	150	(1)
Some Learning Goals	150	(1)
Molecular Movement	151	(4)
Water and its Movement Through the Plant	155	(2)
Regulation of Transpiration	157	(2)
Transport of Food Substances (Organic Solutes) in Solution	159	(1)
Mineral Requirements for Growth	160	(5)
Summary	163	(1)
Review Questions	163	(1)
Discussion Questions	164	(1)
Additional Reading	164	(1)
Plant Metabolism	165	(27)
Chapter Outline	165	(1)
Overview	166	(1)
Some Learning Goals	166	(1)
Enzymes and Energy Transfer	166	(1)
Photosynthesis	167	(9)
Awareness: Photosynthesis and Pizza	176	(4)
Respiration	180	(5)
Additional Metabolic Pathways	185	(1)
Assimilation and Digestion	186	(2)
Awareness: Greenhouse Gases and Plant Growth	188	(4)
Summary	189	(1)
Review Questions	190	(1)
Discussion Questions	190	(1)
Additional Reading	190	(2)
Growth	192	(24)
Chapter Outline	192	(1)
Overview	193	(1)
Some Learning Goals	193	(1)
Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones	193	(7)
Hormonal Interactions	200	(1)
Other Hormonal Interactions	201	(1)
Plant Movements	201	(8)
Photoperiodism	209	(1)
Phytochromes and Cryptochromes	210	(1)
A Flowering Hormone?	211	(1)
Temperature and Growth	212	(1)
Dormancy and Quiescence	212	(4)
Summary	213	(1)
Review Questions	214	(1)
Discussion Questions	214	(1)
Additional Reading	214	(2)
Meiosis and Alternation of Generations	216	(9)
Chapter Outline	216	(1)
Overview	217	(1)
Some Learning Goals	217	(1)
The Phases of Meiosis	218	(4)
Alternation of Generations	222	(3)
Summary	223	(1)
Review Questions	223	(1)
Discussion Questions	223	(1)
Additional Reading	224	(1)
Genetics	225	(22)
Chapter Outline	225	(1)
Overview	226	(1)
Some Learning Goals	226	(1)
Molecular Genetics	227	(3)
Awareness: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	230	(5)
Cytogenetics	235	(1)
Mendelian Genetics	236	(7)
Quantitative Traits	243	(1)
Extranuclear DNA	243	(1)
Linkage and Mapping	243	(2)
The Hardy-Weinberg Law	245	(2)
Summary	245	(1)
Review Questions	246	(1)
Discussion Questions	246	(1)
Additional Reading	246	(1)
Plant Breeding and Propagation	247	(20)
Chapter Outline	247	(1)
Overview	248	(1)
Some Learning Goals	248	(1)
Crop Plant Evolution	248	(2)
Plant Breeding	250	(9)
Plant Propagation	259	(8)
Summary	265	(1)
Review Questions	265	(1)
Discussion Questions	266	(1)
Additional Reading	266	(1)
Evolution	267	(13)
Chapter Outline	267	(1)
Overview	268	(1)
Some Learning Goals	268	(1)
A Brief Overview of the Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts	268	(1)
Charles Darwin	269	(1)
Evidence for Evolution	270	(1)
Microevolution---Evolution Within Species	271	(2)
Rates of Evolution	273	(1)
Macroevolution---How Species Evolve	273	(2)
The Role of Hybridization in Evolution	275	(2)
Discussion	277	(3)
Summary	278	(1)
Review Questions	278	(1)
Discussion Questions	278	(1)
Additional Reading	279	(1)
Plant Names and Classification	280	(13)
Chapter Outline	280	(1)
Overview	281	(1)
Some Learning Goals	281	(1)
Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature	281	(3)
Development of the Kingdom Concept	284	(1)
Classification of Major Groups	284	(4)
A Key to Major Groups of Organisms (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia)	288	(2)
Cladistics	290	(1)
The Future of Plant Classification	291	(2)
Summary	291	(1)
Review Questions	292	(1)
Discussion Questions	292	(1)
Additional Reading	292	(1)
Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses	293	(26)
Chapter Outline	293	(1)
Overview	294	(1)
Some Learning Goals	294	(1)
Features of Domains (Kingdoms) Bacteria and Archaea	295	(3)
Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Bacteria)---The True Bacteria	298	(1)
Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, Purple, and Green Suflur Bacteria	298	(6)
Class Cyanobacteria---The Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria)	304	(4)
Class Prochlorobacteriae---The Prochlorobacteria	308	(1)
Domain Archaea (Kingdom Archaea)---The Archaebacteria	309	(1)
Viruses	310	(2)
Awareness: Plant Viruses	312	(2)
Viroids and Prions	314	(5)
Summary	316	(1)
Review Questions	317	(1)
Discussion Questions	317	(1)
Additional Reading	317	(2)
Kingdom Protista	319	(29)
Chapter Outline	319	(1)
Overview	320	(1)
Some Learning Goals	320	(1)
Features of Kingdom Protista	320	(1)
Algae	321	(1)
Phylum Chlorophyta---The Green Algae	321	(7)
Phylum Chromophyta---The Yellow-Green Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Brown Algae	328	(4)
Phylum Rhodophyta---The Red Algae	332	(2)
Phylum Euglenophyta---The Euglenoids	334	(1)
Phylum Dinophyta---The Dinoflagellates	335	(2)
Phylum Cryptophyta---The Cryptomonads	337	(1)
Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)---The Haptophytes	337	(1)
Phylum Charophyta---The Stoneworts	337	(1)
Human and Ecological Relevance of the Algae	338	(3)
Other Members of Kingdom Protista	341	(1)
Phylum Myxomycota---The Plasmodial Slime Molds	341	(2)
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota---The Cellular Slime Molds	343	(1)
Phylum Oomycota---The Water Molds	343	(5)
Summary	345	(1)
Review Questions	346	(1)
Discussion Questions	347	(1)
Additional Reading	347	(1)
Kingdom Fungi	348	(25)
Chapter Outline	348	(1)
Overview	349	(1)
Some Learning Goals	349	(1)
Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi	349	(1)
Kingdom Fungi---The True Fungi	350	(18)
Lichens	368	(5)
Summary	371	(1)
Review Questions	372	(1)
Discussion Questions	372	(1)
Additional Reading	372	(1)
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes	373	(15)
Chapter Outline	373	(1)
Overview	374	(1)
Some Learning Goals	374	(1)
Introduction to the Bryophytes	374	(3)
Phylum Hepaticophyta---Liverworts	377	(3)
Phylum Anthocerophyta---Hornworts	380	(1)
Phylum Bryophyta---Mosses	381	(3)
Awareness: Hibernating Mosses	384	(1)
Human and Ecological Relevance of Bryophytes	385	(3)
Summary	385	(1)
Review Questions	386	(1)
Discussion Questions	387	(1)
Additional Reading	387	(1)
The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives	388	(23)
Chapter Outline	388	(1)
Overview	389	(1)
Some Learning Goals	389	(1)
Phylum Psilotophyta---The Whisk Ferns	389	(1)
Phylum Lycophyta---The Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts	390	(6)
Phylum Equisetophyta---The Horsetails and Scouring Rushes	396	(4)
Phylum Polypodiophyta---The Ferns	400	(7)
Fossils	407	(4)
Summary	409	(1)
Review Questions	409	(1)
Discussion Questions	410	(1)
Additional Reading	410	(1)
Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms	411	(19)
Chapter Outline	411	(1)
Overview	412	(1)
Some Learning Goals	412	(1)
Phylum Pinophyta---The Conifers	413	(5)
Other Gymnosperms	418	(3)
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms	421	(5)
Awareness: A Living Fossil?	426	(4)
Summary	427	(1)
Review Questions	428	(1)
Discussion Questions	429	(1)
Additional Reading	429	(1)
Seed Plants: Angiosperms	430	(19)
Chapter Outline	430	(1)
Overview	431	(1)
Some Learning Goals	431	(1)
Phylum Magnoliophyta---The Flowering Plants	432	(6)
Pollination Ecology	438	(5)
Herbaria and Plant Preservation	443	(6)
Summary	447	(1)
Review Questions	448	(1)
Discussion Questions	448	(1)
Additional Reading	448	(1)
Flowering Plants and Civilization	449	(25)
Chapter Outline	449	(1)
Overview	450	(1)
Some Learning Goals	450	(1)
Origin of Cultivated Plants	450	(2)
Selected Families of Flowering Plants	452	(1)
Dicots (Now Recognized in Two Groups)	453	(14)
Monocots	467	(3)
Awareness: Coffee and Caffeine	470	(4)
Summary	472	(1)
Review Questions	472	(1)
Discussion Questions	473	(1)
Additional Reading	473	(1)
Ecology	474	(21)
Chapter Outline	474	(1)
Overview	475	(1)
Some Learning Goals	475	(1)
Plants and the Environment	475	(4)
Natural Cycles	479	(4)
Succession	483	(4)
The Impacts of Humans on Plant Communities	487	(1)
Global Warming	487	(1)
Loss of Biodiversity	488	(3)
Awareness: John Muir, Father of America's National Park System	491	(4)
Summary	492	(1)
Review Questions	493	(1)
Discussion Questions	493	(1)
Additional Reading	493	(2)
Biomes	495	(10)
Chapter Outline	495	(1)
Overview	496	(1)
Learning Goal	496	(1)
Major Biomes of North America	496	(9)
Summary	503	(1)
Review Questions	504	(1)
Discussion Questions	504	(1)
Additional Reading	504	(1)
Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text	505	(23)
Appendix 2 Biological Controls	528	(8)
Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae	536	(30)
Appendix 4 House Plants and Home Gardening	566	(26)
Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables	592	(3)
Glossary	595	(14)
Index	609