Investigating Chemistry : A Forensic Science Perspective

by Johll, Matthew

• ISBN13: 9781429209892
• ISBN10: 1429209895
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-23
• Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Summary

In its new second edition,InvestigatingChemistry: A Forensic Science Perspectiveremains the only book that uses the inherently fascinating topics of crime and criminal investigations as a context for teaching the fundamental chemical concepts most often covered in an introductory nonmajors course. Covering all the standard topics, Matthew Johll capitalizes on the surge of interest in the scientific investigation of crime (as sparked byCSIand other television shows), bringing together the theme of forensic science and the fundamentals of chemistry in ways that are effective and accessible for students.This edition features refined explanations of the chemical concepts, which are the core of the book, as well as a more thoroughly integrated forensic theme, updated features, and an expanded media/supplements package.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Chemistry

Case Study: Whose Side Are They On?

1.1 Welcome

1.2 Chemistry, Crime, and the Global Society

1.3 Physical Evidence: Matter and Its Forms

1.4 The Periodic Table

Evidence Analysis: Thin-Layer Chromatography

1.5 Learning the Language of Chemistry

1.6 The Most Important Skill of a Forensic Scientist: Observation

1.7 Case Study Finale: Whose Side Are They On?

 

Chapter 2 Evidence Collection and Preservation

Case Study: Grave Evidence

2.1 Preserving Evidence: Reactions, Properties, and Changes

2.2 Physical Evidence Collection: Mass, Weight, and Units

2.3 Mathematics of Unit Conversions

2.4 Errors and Estimates in Laboratory Measurements: Significant Figures

2.5 Mathematics of Significant Figure Calculations

2.6 Experimental Results: Accuracy and Precision

2.7 How to Analyze Evidence: Density Measurements

2.8 Mathematics of Density Measurements

2.9 How to Analyze Glass and Soil: Using Physical Properties

2.10 Case Study Finale: Grave Evidence

 

Chapter 3 Atomic Clues

Case Study: To Burn or Not to Burn

3.1 Origins of the Atomic Theory: Ancient Greek Philosophers

3.2 Foundations of a Modern Atomic Theory

3.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

3.4 Atomic Structure: Subatomic Particles

3.5 Nature’s Detectives: Isotopes

3.6 Atomic Mass: Isotopic Abundance and the Periodic Table

3.7 Mathematics of Isotopic Abundance and Atomic Mass

3.8 Atomic Structure: Electrons and Emission Spectra

3.9 Mathematics of Light

3.10 Atomic Structure: Electron Orbitals

3.11 Electron Configurations

Evidence Analysis: Scanning Electron Microscopy

3.12 Case Study Finale: To Burn or Not to Burn

 

Chapter 4 Chemical Evidence

Case Study: Mind Games

4.1 Chemical Nature of Evidence: Regions of the Periodic Table

4.2 Types of Compounds: Covalent Compounds

4.3 Types of Compounds: Ionic Compounds

4.4 Common Names and Diatomic Elements

4.5 Basics of Chemical Reactions

4.6 Balancing Chemical Reactions

4.7 Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Mole Calculations

4.8 Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry Calculations

4.9 Types of Reactions

4.10 Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Limiting Reagents and Theoretical Yields

Evidence Analysis: Spectrophotometry

4.11 Case Study Finale: Mind Games

 

Chapter 5 Chemistry of Bonding: Structure and Function of Drug Molecules

Case Study: No Motive, No Opportunity

5.1 Nature of Covalent Bonds

5.2 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds

5.3 Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds

5.4 Resonance Structures

5.5 VSEPR Theory

5.6 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules

5.7 Molecular Geometry of Drugs

5.8 Drug Receptors and Brain Chemistry

Evidence Analysis: Immunoassay Methods

5.9 Case Study Finale: No Motive, No Opportunity

 

Chapter 6 Properties of Solutions I: Aqueous Solutions

Case Study: An Aqueous Apocalypse

6.1 Aqueous Solutions

6.2 Solution Properties

6.3 Net Ionic Reactions

6.4 Solubility

6.5 Mathematics of Solutions: Concentration Calculations

6.6 Acid Chemistry

6.7 Base Chemistry

6.8 Neutralization Reactions

6.9 The pH Scale and Buffers

6.10 Mathematics of Solutions: Calculating pH

6.11 Case Study Finale: An Aqueous Apocalypse

 

Chapter 7 Properties of Solutions II: Intermolecular Forces and Colligative Properties

Case Study: Something for the Pain

7.1 Intermolecular Forces and Surface Tension

7.2 Types of Intermolecular Forces

7.3 Mixed Intermolecular Forces

7.4 The Process of Dissolution

7.5 Rate of Dissolving Soluble Compounds

7.6 Colligative Properties: Boiling Point of Solutions

7.7 Mathematics of Boiling Point Elevation

7.8 Colligative Properties: Freezing Point of Solutions

7.9 Mathematics of Freezing Point Depression

7.10 Colligative Properties: Osmosis

Evidence Analysis: HPLC

7.11 Mathematics of Osmotic Pressure

7.12 Case Study Finale: Something for the Pain

 

Chapter 8 Drug Chemistry

Case Study: The Experts Agreed

8.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

8.2 Alkanes

8.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

8.4 Branched Isomers

8.5 Cyclic Compounds

8.6 Ethers, Ketones, and Esters

8.7 Amines

8.8 Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids

8.9 How to Extract Organic Compounds: Solubility and Acid–Base Properties

Evidence Analysis: Infrared Spectroscopy

8.10 Case Study Finale: The Experts Agreed

 

Chapter 9 Arson Investigation

Case Study: "False and Unreliable"

9.1 The Chemistry of Fire

9.2 Combustion Reactions

9.3 Redox Reactions

9.4 Thermochemistry of Fire

9.5 Heat Capacity and Phase Changes

9.6 Mathematics of Heat Capacity

9.7 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Calorimetry

9.8 Mathematics of Calorimetry

9.9 Petroleum Refinement

Evidence Analysis: Gas Chromatography

9.10 Case Study Finale: "False and Unreliable"

 

Chapter 10 Chemistry of Explosions

Case Study: Tracing Explosives

10.1 Explosives 101

10.2 Redox Chemistry of Explosives

10.3 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

10.4 Gas Laws

10.5 Mathematics of the Gas Laws

10.6 The Combined and Ideal Gas Laws

10.7 Mathematics of the Combined and Ideal Gas Laws

10.8 Mathematics of Advanced Ideal Gas Law Problems

10.9 Detection of Explosives: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Evidence Analysis: Mass Spectroscopy

10.10 Case Study Finale: Tracing Explosives

 

Chapter 11 Estimating the Time of Death

Case Study: Cold-Blooded Evidence

11.1 Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

11.2 Collision Theory

11.3 Kinetics and Temperature

11.4 Kinetics and Catalysts

11.5 Zero-Order Reactions

11.6 First-Order Reactions

11.7 Half-Life

11.8 Case Study Finale: Cold-Blooded Evidence

 

Chapter 12 The Nuclear Age: Energy, Medicine, Weapons, and Terrorism

Case Study: Elimination by Irradiation

12.1 The Discovery of Natural Radioactivity

12.2 Radiation Types and Hazards

12.3 Balancing Nuclear Equations

12.4 Half-Lives and Risk Assessment

12.5 Medical Applications of Nuclear Isotopes

12.6 Forensic Application of Carbon-14

12.7 Nuclear Power Plants

12.8 Military Uses of Nuclear Isotopes

12.9 Nuclear Transmutations

Evidence Analysis: Neutron Activation Analysis

12.10 Nuclear Terrorism

12.11 Case Study Finale: Elimination by Irradiation

 

Chapter 13 Poisons

Case Study: A Mother-in-Law’s Justice

13.1 Introduction to Poisons

13.2 Chemical Equilibrium and Poisons

13.3 Dynamic Equilibrium

13.4 Values of the Equilibrium Constant

13.5 Le Chatelier’s Principle

13.6 Solubility Equilibrium

13.7 Case Study Finale: A Mother-in-Law’s Justice

 

Chapter 14 Identification of Victims: DNA Analysis

Case Study: Remembering 9-11

14.1 Lipids: Fats, Waxes, and Oils

14.2 Carbohydrates

14.3 Proteins

14.4 DNA Basics

14.5 DNA Analysis

14.6 Mitochondrial DNA

14.7 Case Study Finale: Remembering 9-11

 

Appendix A

Appendix B

Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems

Index