Iron and Steel Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation

by Scott, David A.; Eggert, Gerhard

• ISBN13: 9781904982050
• ISBN10: 1904982050
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-08-16
• Publisher: Archetype Pubns

Summary

This book will be of interest to all who seek to further their understanding of iron artefacts, their corrosion, conservation and pigments based on iron compounds, which mankind has used for millennia. The authors take the reader through some of the latest observations on the occurrence and role of compounds of iron - from the hot water undersea vents where the presence of iron pyrites is thought to be vital to the emergence of life on Earth to the discovery of jarosite on the surface of Mars, possibly indicating the occurrence of water; from the pyrophoric surprises one can have when dealing with iron artefacts taken from beneath the sea to the use of a blue oxide of iron as a pigment in mediaeval wall paintings; from rusticles on the Titanic to the analysis of colouring matter on the Turin shroud.

Author Biography

David Scott is chair of the UCLA/Getty Program for Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation, California. Gerhard Eggert is Professor for Objects Conservation at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Kuumlet;nste, Stuttgart, Germany.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xi
Iron and steel: an introduction	p. 1
Extraction of iron	p. 1
Alloying elements	p. 2
Constituents of iron and steels	p. 3
Constituents of cast iron	p. 10
Iron and iron alloys	p. 12
Early steel	p. 19
Damascening and pattern welding	p. 21
Making cast iron	p. 25
Iron dowels in structures and buildings	p. 25
Making iron plate	p. 26
Patination, coloration and surface finish of iron	p. 26
Iron oxides and hydroxides	p. 35
Goethite	p. 35
Lepidocrocite	p. 37
Akaganéite and schwertmannite	p. 37
Feroxyhyte	p. 39
Ferrihydrite	p. 39
Bernalite	p. 39
Haematite	p. 40
Oxide-coated pottery	p. 46
Magnetite	p. 47
Maghemite	p. 49
Wüstite	p. 49
Use of ilmenite	p. 50
Use of iron zinc oxide	p. 50
Occurrence of iron oxides in blackened stone crusts	p. 50
An introduction to Potential-pH diagrams	p. 51
Iron carbonates	p. 53
Iron chlorides	p. 57
Ferrous and ferric chloride	p. 57
Iron oxychloride	p. 58
Green rusts	p. 59
Green rust on cast iron	p. 61
Ferrous hydroxychloride	p. 61
Iron sulphides and sulphates	p. 63
Origin of the iron sulphides	p. 65
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)	p. 66
Pyrite disease	p. 67
Iron sulphates	p. 69
Jarosites	p. 70
Iron arsenates	p. 71
Iron phosphates	p. 73
Vivianite	p. 73
Phosphates as corrosion inhibitors	p. 79
Iron silicates	p. 81
Green earths	p. 81
Aerinite	p. 82
Iron slag constituents	p. 83
Iron carboxylates and cyanides	p. 87
Iron gall inks	p. 88
Prussian blue	p. 92
Iron salts in historic photographic processes: cyanotypes	p. 93
Iron corrosion in the soil	p. 95
Deterioration in the soil	p. 96
Corrosion product determination in burial environments	p. 96
Understanding the corrosion process	p. 98
Sulphate-reducing bacteria	p. 102
Degradation of wood and other organic materials	p. 104
Petrification and replacement of organic material in burial environments	p. 104
Iron corrosion in the atmosphere	p. 107
Rate of atmospheric rusting	p. 109
Modelling atmospheric corrosion	p. 109
Atmospheric corrosion and sulphates	p. 116
Atmospheric corrosion and chlorides	p. 116
Other atmospheric corrosion factors	p. 117
Effects of copper and other alloying elements	p. 117
Corrosion of weathering steels	p. 117
Deterioration of historic iron structures	p. 120
The iron pillar of New Delhi	p. 120
Iron corrosion in cement and concrete structures	p. 121
Iron corrosion in freshwater and marine environments	p. 123
Introduction to the conservation of iron objects	p. 127
Morphological states	p. 128
Surface appearance	p. 128
Methods of protection	p. 130
Conservation of iron from the soil	p. 131
Historical and early conservation treatments	p. 131
Early impregnation techniques	p. 132
Examination techniques	p. 132
Mechanical and chemical cleaning	p. 134
Techniques based on reduction and heating	p. 135
Techniques based on aqueous extraction	p. 138
Measuring chloride ion concentration	p. 141
Composite iron objects	p. 141
Storage strategies	p. 142
Conservation of exposed ironwork	p. 145
Inorganic coatings for iron	p. 145
Organic coatings for iron	p. 146
Comparative studies of modern organic coatings	p. 147
Restoration of the Statue of Liberty	p. 148
Preservation of the SS Great Britain	p. 149
Historic iron railings, fences and building components	p. 149
Conservation of painted iron surfaces	p. 151
Corrosion inhibitors	p. 151
The behaviour of cast iron during a fire	p. 153
Iron staining and associated deterioration	p. 153
Conservation of iron from marine sites	p. 155
Electrochemistry and electrolytic reduction	p. 155
Iron and polyethylene glycol (PEG)	p. 157
Reconstruction of the form of totally corroded iron objects	p. 158
Submarines	p. 158
On-site packing	p. 159
In-situ monitoring	p. 159
Conservation and decision-making	p. 161
Assessing the efficacy of treatment	p. 161
Glossary of some technical terms and descriptions	p. 163
Bibliography	p. 167
Index	p. 189
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