Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law

by Siegel, Larry J.; Welsh, Brandon C.; Senna, Joseph J.

• ISBN13: 9780534579302
• ISBN10: 0534579302
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-08-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Part One The Concept of Delinquency	1	(58)
Childhood and Delinquency	2	(28)
The Adolescent Dilemma	5	(4)
Adolescent Stress	5	(1)
Youth in Crisis	6	(2)
Risky Business	8	(1)
Are There Reasons for Hope?	8	(1)
The Study of Delinquency	9	(2)
The Development of Childhood	11	(5)
Custom and Practice in the Middle Ages	11	(2)
The Development of Concern for Children	13	(2)
Childhood in America	15	(1)
The Concept of Delinquency	16	(2)
Delinquency and Parens Patriae	16	(1)
The Legal Status of Delinquency	17	(1)
Legal Responsibility of Youth	17	(1)
Status Offenders	18	(8)
The Status Offender in the Juvenile Justice System	20	(2)
Keeping Truants in School	22	(1)
Reforming Status Offense Laws	22	(2)
Increasing Social Control over Juveniles	24	(1)
Increasing Social Control	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms	26	(1)
Questions for Discussion	26	(1)
Viewpoint	27	(1)
Notes	27	(3)
The Nature and Extent of Delinquency	30	(29)
Official Statistics	32	(1)
Crime Trends in the United States	33	(1)
Measuring Official Delinquency	33	(2)
What the Future Holds	35	(1)
Is the UCR Data Valid?	35	(1)
The Rise and Fall of Juvenile Crime Rates	36	(1)
Self-Reported Delinquency	36	(3)
Self-Report Data	38	(1)
Correlates of Delinquency	39	(6)
Gender and Delinquency	39	(1)
Racial Patterns in Delinquency	40	(2)
Social Class and Delinquency	42	(1)
Age and Delinquency	43	(2)
Chronic Offending: Careers in Delinquency	45	(3)
Landmark Study: Delinquency in a Birth Cohort	45	(1)
Who Becomes a Chronic Delinquent?	46	(1)
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal	46	(1)
Policy Implications	47	(1)
Juvenile Victimization	48	(5)
Victimization in the United States	48	(2)
Who Victimizes Youth?	50	(1)
Victimization Risk	50	(1)
Internet Victimization	51	(1)
The Youngest Victims	51	(1)
Delinquent and Victim: One and the Same?	52	(1)
Summary	53	(1)
Key Terms	53	(1)
Questions for Discussion	54	(1)
Viewpoint	54	(1)
Notes	54	(5)
Part Two Theories of Delinquency	59	(104)
Individual Views of Delinquency	60	(44)
Choice Theory and Classical Criminology	62	(7)
The Rational Delinquent	63	(1)
Delinquency as Problem Solving	64	(1)
Choosing Delinquent Acts	65	(1)
Routine Activities	66	(1)
Is Crime Seductive?	66	(3)
Preventing Delinquency	69	(3)
General Deterrence	69	(2)
Specific Deterrence	71	(1)
Situational Crime Prevention	71	(1)
Do Delinquents Choose Crime?	72	(1)
Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views	72	(2)
Origins of Trait Theory	74	(1)
Contemporary Biosocial Theory	74	(9)
Biochemical Factors	75	(1)
Diet and Delinquency	76	(1)
Neurological Dysfunction	77	(2)
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	79	(2)
Genetic Influences	81	(1)
Evolutionary Theory	82	(1)
Psychological Theories of Delinquency	83	(13)
Psychodynamic Theory	84	(2)
Behavioral Theory	86	(2)
Cognitive Theory	88	(2)
Personality and Delinquency	90	(2)
Intelligence and Delinquency	92	(2)
Critiquing Individual-Level Theories	94	(1)
Trait Theory and Delinquency Prevention	95	(1)
Summary	96	(1)
Key Terms	96	(1)
Questions for Discussion	97	(1)
Viewpoint	97	(1)
Notes	97	(7)
Sociological Views of Delinquency	104	(34)
Social Structure Theories	107	(11)
Social Structure/Social Problems	107	(2)
Structure, Culture, and Delinquency	109	(1)
Social Disorganization Theory	110	(4)
Anomie/Strain	114	(1)
Crime and the American Dream	115	(3)
Cultural Deviance Theory	118	(1)
Social Process Theories	118	(6)
Socialization and Crime	119	(1)
Theories of Socialization	120	(1)
Learning Theories	120	(2)
Control Theories	122	(2)
Social Reaction Theories	124	(3)
The Labeling Process	124	(1)
The Effect of Labeling	124	(2)
The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling	126	(1)
Evaluating Labeling Theory	126	(1)
Social Conflict Theory	127	(2)
Law and Justice	127	(1)
The Conflict Concept of Delinquency	128	(1)
Sociological Theory and Social Policy	129	(2)
Social Structure Theories and Social Policy	129	(1)
Socialization and Social Policy	129	(1)
Social Reaction and Social Policy	130	(1)
Social Conflict and Social Policy	130	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Key Terms	131	(1)
Questions for Discussion	132	(1)
Viewpoint	132	(1)
Notes	132	(6)
Developmental Views of Delinquency	138	(25)
Origins of Developmental Theories	140	(1)
Contemporary Developmental Concepts	141	(5)
Age of Onset	141	(1)
Life Transitions	141	(1)
Problem Behavior Syndrome	142	(1)
Pathways to Crime and Delinquency	143	(2)
Delinquent Trajectories	145	(1)
Continuity of Crime and Delinquency	145	(1)
The Cambridge Youth Study	146	(1)
Theories of Delinquent Development	146	(8)
The Social Development Model (SDM)	147	(2)
Interactional Theory	149	(1)
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory	150	(3)
Five Hundred Delinquent Boys in the New Millennium	153	(1)
The Concept of Latent Traits	154	(3)
General Theory of Crime (GTC)	154	(3)
Commonalities and Distinctions	157	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Key Terms	158	(1)
Questions for Discussion	158	(1)
Viewpoint	159	(1)
Notes	159	(4)
Part Three Social. Community. and Environmental Influences on Delinquency	163	(196)
Gender and Delinquency	164	(28)
Gender Differences in Development	167	(2)
Socialization Differences	167	(1)
Cognitive Differences	167	(1)
Personality Differences	168	(1)
What Causes Gender Differences?	168	(1)
Gender Differences and Delinquency	169	(1)
Gender Patterns in Delinquency	170	(1)
Trait Views of Female Delinquency	170	(5)
Biological Explanations: The Female Offender	171	(1)
Psychological Explanations	172	(1)
Contemporary Trait Views	172	(1)
Precocious Sexuality	172	(1)
The Biosocial Study of Female Delinquency	173	(1)
Hormonal Differences	174	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	174	(1)
Aggression	175	(1)
Socialization Views	175	(5)
Socialization and Delinquency	176	(1)
Focus on Socialization	176	(2)
Contemporary Socialization Views	178	(1)
Girls on the Run	179	(1)
Liberal Feminist Views	180	(2)
Sisters in Crime	180	(1)
Support for Liberal Feminism	181	(1)
Critiques of Liberal Feminism	181	(1)
Is Convergence Possible?	182	(1)
Radical Feminist Views	182	(3)
Crime and Patriarchy	183	(1)
Power-Control Theory	183	(2)
Gender and the Juvenile Justice System	185	(2)
Are Standards Changing?	185	(1)
Guardians of Virtue	186	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Questions for Discussion	188	(1)
Viewpoint	188	(1)
Notes	188	(4)
The Family and Delinquency	192	(34)
The Changing American Family	194	(2)
Family Makeup	194	(1)
Childcare	195	(1)
Economic Stress	195	(1)
The Family's Influence on Delinquency	196	(7)
Family Breakup	196	(2)
Family Conflict	198	(1)
Does Divorce Matter? Two Opposing Views on Families in Crisis	199	(1)
Family Neglect/Support	200	(2)
Family Deviance	202	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	203	(13)
Do Families Matter?	204	(1)
A Historical Perspective	204	(1)
Defining Abuse and Neglect	205	(1)
Sexual Abuse	206	(1)
The Extent of Child Abuse	206	(1)
The Sexual Exploitation of Children	207	(2)
Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect	209	(2)
Relationship between Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment	211	(1)
The Child Protection System: Philosophy and Practice	212	(2)
The Abused Child in Court	214	(2)
Disposition of Abuse and Neglect Cases	216	(1)
Abuse, Neglect, and Delinquency	216	(3)
Case Studies of the Effects of Child Abuse	217	(1)
Cohort Studies of the Effects of Child Abuse	217	(1)
The Abuse-Delinquency Link	218	(1)
The Family and Delinquency Control Policy	219	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
Key Terms	220	(1)
Questions for Discussion	220	(1)
Viewpoint	221	(1)
Notes	221	(5)
Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups	226	(40)
Adolescent Peer Relations	228	(2)
Peer Relations and Delinquency	229	(1)
The Impact of Peer Relations	229	(1)
Youth Gangs	230	(6)
What Are Gangs?	231	(1)
The Study of Juvenile Gangs and Groups	231	(3)
Why Did Gang Activity Increase?	234	(2)
Contemporary Gangs	236	(16)
Gang Names	236	(1)
Gang Types	236	(1)
Location	237	(2)
Age	239	(1)
Gender	240	(1)
Formation	241	(1)
Girls in the Gang	242	(1)
Leadership	242	(1)
Communications	243	(2)
Criminality	245	(2)
Gang Boys and Guns	247	(1)
Ethnic and Racial Composition	248	(4)
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?	252	(3)
Anthropological View	252	(1)
Social Disorganization/Sociocultural View	253	(1)
Psychological View	254	(1)
Rational Choice View	254	(1)
Controlling Gang Activity	255	(5)
Law Enforcement Efforts	256	(1)
Boston's Youth Violence Strike Force (YVSF)	257	(1)
Community Control Efforts	258	(1)
Why Gang Control Is Difficult	259	(1)
Community-Based Anti-Gang Programs	259	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Key Terms	260	(1)
Questions for Discussion	261	(1)
Viewpoint	261	(1)
Notes	261	(5)
Schools and Delinquency	266	(34)
The School in Modern American Society	268	(2)
Socialization and Status	269	(1)
Education in Crisis	270	(1)
Academic Performance and Delinquency	270	(6)
School Failure and Delinquency	272	(1)
Causes of School Failure	272	(4)
Dropping Out	276	(1)
Delinquency within the School	276	(12)
The School Crime Victimization Survey	277	(2)
School Shootings	279	(2)
The School Substance Abuse Survey	281	(1)
The Community and School Crime	282	(2)
Reducing School Crime	284	(1)
Bullying In School	284	(4)
Legal Rights within the School	288	(5)
School Attendance	288	(1)
Free Speech	289	(1)
School Prayer	290	(1)
School Discipline	291	(1)
Privacy	292	(1)
The Role of the School in Delinquency Control Policy	293	(2)
Summary	295	(1)
Key Terms	295	(1)
Questions for Discussion	295	(1)
Viewpoint	296	(1)
Notes	296	(4)
Drug Use and Delinquency	300	(30)
Frequently Abused Drugs	302	(5)
Marijuana and Hashish	302	(1)
Cocaine and Crack	303	(1)
Heroin	303	(1)
Other Drug Categories	304	(1)
Club Drugs	305	(1)
Alcohol	306	(1)
Cigarettes	306	(1)
Trends in Teenage Drug Use	307	(2)
The Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey	307	(1)
The PRIDE Survey	308	(1)
The National Household Survey of Drug Abuse	308	(1)
Are the Survey Results Accurate?	309	(1)
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?	309	(3)
Social Disorganization	309	(1)
Peer Pressure	310	(1)
Family Factors	310	(1)
Genetic Factors	311	(1)
Emotional Problems	311	(1)
Problem Behavior Syndrome	311	(1)
Rational Choice	311	(1)
Problem Behaviors and Substance Abuse	312	(1)
Pathways to Drug Abuse	312	(4)
Adolescents Who Distribute Small Amounts of Drugs	314	(1)
Adolescents Who Frequently Sell Drugs	314	(1)
Teenage Drug Dealers Who Commit Other Delinquent Acts	315	(1)
Losers and Burnouts	315	(1)
Persistent Offenders	316	(1)
Drug Use and Delinquency	316	(3)
Drugs and Chronic Offending	318	(1)
Explaining Drug Use and Delinquency	318	(1)
Drug Control Strategies	319	(5)
Law Enforcement Efforts	319	(1)
Education Strategies	320	(1)
Community Strategies	320	(1)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)	321	(1)
Treatment Strategies	322	(2)
What Does the Future Hold?	324	(1)
Summary	325	(1)
Key Terms	325	(1)
Questions for Discussion	325	(1)
Viewpoint	326	(1)
Notes	326	(4)
Delinquency Prevention: Social and Developmental Perspectives	330	(29)
The Many Faces of Delinquency Prevention	332	(7)
Costs of Delinquency: A Justification for Prevention	333	(2)
A Brief History of Delinquency Prevention	335	(2)
Head Start	337	(1)
Classifying Delinquency Prevention	338	(1)
Early Prevention of Delinquency	339	(6)
Home-Based Programs	339	(1)
Improving Parenting Skills	340	(1)
Daycare Programs	341	(1)
Preschool	342	(1)
School Programs in the Primary Grades	343	(2)
Prevention of Delinquency in the Teenage Years	345	(8)
Mentoring	345	(2)
School Programs for Teens	347	(1)
After-School Programs	348	(2)
Job Training	350	(1)
Comprehensive Community-Based Programs	351	(2)
Blueprints for Violence Prevention	353	(1)
Future of Delinquency Prevention	353	(1)
Summary	354	(1)
Key Terms	354	(1)
Questions for Discussion	354	(1)
Viewpoint	355	(1)
Notes	355	(4)
Part Four The Juvenile Justice System	359	(160)
The History and Development of Juvenile Justice	360	(28)
Juvenile Justice in the Nineteenth Century	364	(5)
Urbanization	364	(1)
Child-Saving Movement	365	(1)
House of Refuge	365	(1)
Development of Juvenile Institutions	366	(1)
Children's Aid Society	366	(2)
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC)	368	(1)
Were They Really Child Savers?	368	(1)
A Century of Juvenile Justice	369	(4)
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act and Its Legacy	369	(2)
Reforming the System	371	(2)
Juvenile Justice Today	373	(6)
The Juvenile Justice Process	375	(2)
Conflicting Values in Juvenile Justice	377	(1)
Criminal Justice vs. Juvenile Justice	378	(1)
A Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Strategy	379	(6)
Prevention	380	(1)
Intervention	380	(1)
Graduated Sanctions	380	(1)
Institutional Programs	380	(1)
Alternative Courts	380	(1)
Teen Courts	381	(1)
Future of Juvenile Justice	382	(1)
Abolish the Juvenile Court?	383	(2)
Summary	385	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
Questions for Discussion	385	(1)
Viewpoint	386	(1)
Notes	386	(2)
Police Work with Juveniles	388	(28)
History of Juvenile Policing	390	(1)
Community Policing in the New Millennium	391	(2)
The Community Policing Model	392	(1)
The Police and Juvenile Offenders	393	(4)
Police Services	394	(1)
Police Roles	394	(2)
Police and Violent Juvenile Crime	396	(1)
Police and the Rule of Law	397	(2)
The Arrest Procedure	397	(1)
Search and Seizure	398	(1)
Custodial Interrogation	398	(1)
Discretionary Justice	399	(7)
Environmental Factors	401	(1)
Police Policy	401	(1)
Situational Factors	401	(1)
Bias and Police Discretion	402	(2)
Juvenile Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Police Decision Making	404	(1)
Limiting Police Discretion	405	(1)
Police Work and Delinquency Prevention	406	(5)
Aggressive Law Enforcement	406	(1)
Community-Based Policing Services	406	(1)
Police in Schools	407	(1)
Integrated Policing Models	408	(2)
The SHIELD Program	410	(1)
Summary	411	(1)
Key Terms	411	(1)
Questions for Discussion	411	(1)
Viewpoint	412	(1)
Notes	412	(4)
Juvenile Court Process: Pretrial. Trial. and Sentencing	416	(36)
The Juvenile Court and Its Jurisdiction	418	(4)
Court Case Flow	418	(1)
The Actors in the Juvenile Courtroom	419	(3)
Juvenile Court Process	422	(9)
Release or Detain?	422	(3)
The Detention Diversion Advocacy Program	425	(1)
Bail for Children	426	(1)
The Intake Process	426	(1)
Juvenile Law in Review	427	(1)
Schall v. Martin
Diversion	428	(1)
The Petition	429	(1)
The Plea and Plea Bargaining	430	(1)
Transfer to the Adult Court	431	(5)
Waiver Procedures	431	(2)
Due Process in the Juvenile Waiver Procedure	433	(1)
Should Youths Be Transferred to Adult Court?	433	(1)
Juvenile Law in Review
Kent v. United States and Breed v. Jones	434	(2)
Juvenile Court Trial	436	(11)
Constitutional Rights at Trial	437	(1)
Juvenile Law in Review
In re Gault	438	(1)
Disposition	439	(3)
Juvenile Sentencing Structures	442	(1)
Sentencing Reform	443	(1)
The Death Penalty for Juveniles	444	(1)
The Child's Right to Appeal	444	(1)
Confidentiality in Juvenile Proceedings	445	(2)
Summary	447	(1)
Key Terms	448	(1)
Questions for Discussion	448	(1)
Viewpoint	448	(1)
Notes	449	(3)
Juvenile Corrections: Probation. Community Treatment. and Institutionalization	452	(38)
Juvenile Probation	455	(6)
Historical Development	455	(1)
Expanding Community Treatment	456	(1)
Contemporary Juvenile Probation	456	(3)
Organization and Administration	459	(1)
Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers	459	(2)
Probation Innovations	461	(8)
Intensive Supervision	461	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	462	(1)
Balanced Probation	463	(1)
Restitution	464	(2)
Residential Community Treatment	466	(1)
Nonresidential Community Treatment	467	(1)
Three Model Nonresidential Programs	468	(1)
Secure Corrections	469	(1)
History of Juvenile Institutions	469	(1)
Juvenile Institutions Today: Public and Private	470	(2)
Population Trends	471	(1)
Physical Conditions	471	(1)
The Institutionalized Juvenile	472	(2)
Male Inmates	472	(1)
Female Inmates	472	(2)
Correctional Treatment for Juveniles	474	(6)
Individual Treatment Techniques: Past and Present	475	(1)
Group Treatment Techniques	475	(1)
Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs	476	(1)
Wilderness Programs	477	(1)
Juvenile Boot Camps	478	(2)
The Legal Right to Treatment	480	(2)
The Struggle for Basic Civil Rights	481	(1)
Juvenile Aftercare	482	(8)
Supervision	482	(1)
Aftercare Revocation Procedures	483	(1)
Using the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) Model	484	(1)
Summary	485	(1)
Key Terms	485	(1)
Questions for Discussion	485	(1)
Viewpoint	486	(1)
Notes	486	(4)
Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Abroad	490	(29)
Delinquency around the World	493	(2)
Europe	493	(1)
The Americas	494	(1)
Australia and New Zealand	494	(1)
Asia	495	(1)
Africa	495	(1)
International Comparisons	495	(8)
Youth Violence on the Rise in Japan	496	(1)
Problems of Cross-National Research	497	(1)
Benefits of Cross-National Research	498	(1)
Juvenile Violence	499	(1)
Juvenile Property Crime	500	(1)
Juvenile Drug Use	501	(1)
Conclusion: What Do the Trends Tell Us?	501	(2)
Juvenile Justice Systems across Countries	503	(6)
Juvenile Policing	503	(2)
Age of Criminal Responsibility: Minimum and Maximum	505	(1)
Presence of Juvenile Court	505	(1)
Transfers to Adult Court	505	(2)
Precourt Diversion Programs around the World	507	(1)
Sentencing Policies	508	(1)
Incarcerated Juveniles	508	(1)
Aftercare	508	(1)
A Profile of Juvenile Justice in England	509	(5)
Apprehension and Charge	509	(2)
Bail	511	(1)
Precourt Diversion	511	(1)
Prosecution	512	(1)
Youth Court	512	(1)
Sentencing	513	(1)
Summary	514	(1)
Key Terms	514	(1)
Questions for Discussion	514	(1)
Viewpoint	515	(1)
Notes	515	(4)
Concluding Notes	519	(8)
Appendix	527	(2)
Glossary	529	(12)
Table of Cases	541	(2)
Name Index	543	(10)
Subject Index	553	(14)
Photograph Credits	567