Juvenile Justice

by Mays, G. Larry; Winfree, L. Thomas, Jr.

• ISBN13: 9780070403000
• ISBN10: 0070403007
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-11-16
• Publisher: MCG

Summary

Written with the uniquely blended perspective of both a political scientist and a sociologist, Mays and Winfree offer a valued middle ground in exploring the contemporary juvenile justice system. Juvenile Justiceintegrates discussion of the theory and history of juvenile delinquency and the system'¬"s response to it, along with the practical, nuts-and-bolts of processing juvenile offenders, giving readers a complete picture of the system. With pedagogical aids including engaging boxed features, chapter-opening case studies, charts, graphs, and thought-provoking end-of-chapter questions, the authors clearly explain the administration of justice in the Juvenile Justice system, from local responses to state and federal involvement, addressing both where the system has lead us in the past, and exploring the future of juvenile justice.

Table of Contents

Introduction

CHAPTER 1 - Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice

Defining delinquency

What is delinquency?

Who is a juvenile?

Who is a delinquent?

Measuring delinquency: issues and insights

Crime, delinquency, and the media

Science and research designs

Reporting systems for delinquency

Uniform Crime Reports

National juvenile court statistics<

Other sources of information about delinquents and delinquency

Responding to delinquency and delinquents

Law enforcement

Courts

Corrections

Providing for juvenile justice: A national perspective

Governmental committees and commissions

Permanent governmental and quasi-governmental agencies

Professional organizations

Private foundations/interest groups

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 2: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Justice

Introduction

Historical status of children: The evolution of childhood

Children in Rome and the Middle Ages

The emergence of "childhood" in the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation

Between childhood and adulthood: Creating adolescence

Defining the "good child" in early American history: 1620-1870

Adolescents and delinquents: 1870-1900

The juvenile court: A new system for a new century

The Industrial Revolution

Immigration and urbanization

The Progressive Era

Explaining delinquency, Part I: Historical views

Spiritual and natural explanations: Precursors of modern crime theories

Crime and deterrence

Crime and biology

Explaining delinquency, Part II: Psychological and sociological theories

Delinquency and psychology

Delinquency, sociology and the control of delinquency

Delinquency, sociology and delinquency as a learned behavior

Delinquency, sociology and the role of power

Explaining delinquency, Part III: Theoretical eclecticism and pragmatism

Juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice: A modest proposal

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 3 - Juvenile Offenders and Police Processes

Introduction

A brief history of police work with juveniles

Police roles with juvenile offenders

Police styles

The police as gatekeepers

Police discretion

Police and juvenile contacts

Juvenile crime victims

The police response

Citizen-initiated encounters

Family-initiated encounters

School-initiated encounters

Police-initiated encounters

Arrest and restraint

Police use of force

Police identification procedures

Police record keeping

Investigation of juvenile offenses

The interrogation environment

Personal characteristics of the suspect

Traffic versus criminal offenses

Police-school interactions

School police departments

Police officers in the schools

Innovative Police-Juvenile Interaction Programs

Police operations programs

Emerging police roles

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 4 - Preadjudication Detention and Diversion Program

Introduction

Reasons for detention

Places of detention

Juvenile detention centers

Adult jails

Police lockups

Detention decision making

Detention hearings

Alternatives to detention

Alternatives to adjudication

Diversionary philosophy

Diversionary purposes

Diversionary programs

The creation of a "second system"

Why choose diversion?

Operational perspectives

Results of diversion efforts

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key Terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 5 - Juvenile Court Processes

Introduction

Age and the law

A new court is established

The Industrial Revolution

Immigration

The Progressive EraParens patriae

Jurisdiction of the juvenile court

Geographical jurisdiction

Age jurisdiction

Subject matter jurisdiction

The actors in the juvenile courts

Judges in juvenile courts

Juvenile court prosecutors

Defense Attorneys

Intake workers/probation officers

Detention staff

Types of hearing

Detention hearings

Transfer hearings

Adjudicatory hearings

Dispositional hearings

Organization and structure of juvenile courts

Issues facing the juvenile courts

Redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction

Elimination of the juvenile court

Status of the juvenile court

Qualifications of judges

Attorneys in the juvenile court

Transferring juveniles to adult court

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 6 - Nondelinquent Children in the Juvenile Justice System

Introduction

Dependent children

The police response

The juvenile court response

Changes in dependency status

Neglect and abused children

Definitions of neglect

Definitions of abuse

The scope of the child maltreatment problem

The responsibilities of investigating agencies

Families, friends, and neighbors

School officials

Law enforcement agencies

Health care agencies

Child protective services

Agency cooperation

Juvenile court jurisdiction over nondelinquent children

Juvenile court jurisdiction over parents and guardians

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 7 - Juvenile Probation

Introduction

Defining probation: The basics

A brief history of probation

Juvenile probation services

Intake and case screening

Social history ad other investigations

Client supervision

Service delivery

Delivering probation services

Formal versus informal probation

Informal probation

Formal probation

Probations conditions

The probation plan

Assessing the conditions of probation: How good must they be?

Probation revocation

Probation revocation: The legal issues

Probation revocation: Final observations

The scope of probation

The organization of juvenile probation agencies

The future of juvenile probation

Special and job differentiation

Increasing use of technology

Coordination of service delivery

Consolidation of youth-serving functions

The role of parents in juvenile probation

Reinventing juvenile probation

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 8 - Juvenile Institutional Corrections

Introduction

Historical developments in juvenile corrections

The pre-industrial era and family-centered punishments (1600s to 1820s)

The Jacksonian era and the houses of refuge (1820s to 1850s)

The Victorian-era child-savers and reform schools (1850s to 1890s)

The Progressive-era child-savers and training schools (1880s to 1920s)

Trends in juvenile corrections

Popular trends

Gender trends

Race and ethnicity trends

Public versus private facilities

The purposes of secure correctional placement

Organizational goals: Treatment versus custody

Juvenile institutional corrections: The inmates' perspective

Conditions of confinement in juvenile corrections

The Massachusetts "experiment" and beyond

Juvenile boot camps and getting tough on juvenile crime

Boot camp participants: Some shared characteristics

Assessing boot camps: Successes and failures

Unresolved issues and legal dilemmas

The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act

Disabled juveniles in custody

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 9 - Juvenile Parole and Aftercare

Introduction

The development of parole

Purposes of parole

The use of parole as a pre-release mechanism

The administration of juvenile parole

Granting juvenile parole

Service providers

State policies and parole duration

Parole officers and supervision

Juvenile parole systems and resource allocation

Parole conditions and revocations

Parole conditions

Parole revocations

Intensive supervision programs and technology

Discretion and parole decision making

Parole and public safety

Intensive supervision

Technology and parole

Special needs populations

Sex offenders

Chemically-dependent offenders

Mentally ill and mentally retarded offenders

Gang-involved youths

Managing special needs offenders

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 10 - Gangs: A Special Juvenile Justice Problem

Introduction

The golden era of gang studies

Gangs and evolving delinquency theory

Resurgence of gangs in the 1980s

Definitions of gangs

Age

Number

Activity

Organization

Outward identifiers

Hand signs

Turf or territoriality

Recruitment and initiation

Gang organization

Environmental factors

The demographics of gangs

Gender

Race/ethnicity

Gangs and drugs

Gang "migration"

Community reactions

Responding to gangs

Gang prevention

Gang suppression

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 11 - Delinquency Prevention

Introduction

Prevention, intervention and control: The central ideas

The language of prevention

Delinquency: Its prevention and control

The history of delinquency prevention

The Chicago Area Project

The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study

The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Act of 1961

Contemporary prevention exemplars

Locating prevention programs

Community-based delinquency prevention

School-based and education-related delinquency prevention

Family-based delinquency prevention

Assessing prevention

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes

CHAPTER 12 - The Future of the Juvenile Justice System

The search for a guiding philosophy

Past practices, future policies: The challenges ahead

New views of old ideas: Old wine in new casks?

The juvenile justice system: A look to the future

Juvenile justice personnel in the twenty-first century

Judges

Attorneys

Correctional custody personnel

Community supervision personnel

Beyond the best interests of the child: Forces shaping juvenile justice policy

Technology and juvenile justice policy

Public opinion and juvenile justice policy

Guns and youth crime

Drugs and juvenile crime

Evidence-based and theory-based juvenile justice

Career criminals and juvenile justice policy

Dealing with the "hyper-delinquent"

Juvenile justice: Are rumors of its demise premature?

Keep the juvenile justice system

One justice system, one system of justice

Summary

Critical review questions

Recommended readings

Key terms

References

Notes