Juvenile Justice : An Introduction

by John T. Whitehead; Steven P. Lab

• ISBN13: 9781593453183
• ISBN10: 1593453183
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: ANDERSON PUB CO

Table of Contents

Introduction---The Definition and Extent of Delinquency	1	(26)
Introduction	1	(1)
Defining Delinquency	2	(8)
Criminal Law Definitions	2	(1)
Status Offense Definitions	3	(1)
Social/Criminological Definitions	4	(1)
What is a Juvenile?	5	(5)
The Extent of Delinquency	10	(15)
Official Measures of Delinquency	10	(1)
Uniform Crime Reports	10	(5)
Juvenile Court Statistics	15	(1)
Juvenile Corrections Statistics	16	(3)
Summary of Official Statistics	19	(1)
Self-Report Measures of Delinquency	19	(3)
Age Distribution	22	(1)
Race Distribution	23	(1)
Social Class Distribution	23	(1)
Sex Distribution	23	(1)
Critique of Self-Report Data	24	(1)
Comparing the Delinquency Measures	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Discussion Questions	26	(1)
The History of Juvenile Justice	27	(20)
Introduction	27	(1)
Property and Person	27	(4)
The Rise of Juvenile Institutions	31	(4)
Houses of Refuge	32	(1)
New Reformatories	33	(1)
Institutions for Females	34	(1)
The Establishment of the Juvenile Court	35	(6)
The Growth of the Juvenile Court	35	(2)
The Legal Philosophy of the Court	37	(3)
Problems of the Court	40	(1)
Benevolence or Self-Interest?	41	(2)
Juvenile Justice from 1920 to the 1960s	43	(1)
Changes Since the 1970s	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
Discussion Questions	45	(2)
Explaining Delinquency---Biological and Psychological Approaches	47	(28)
Introduction	47	(1)
Theoretical Schools of Thought	48	(4)
The Classical School	48	(2)
The Positivistic School	50	(1)
Neoclassicism and a Summary	51	(1)
Biological and Sociobiological Theories	52	(10)
Physical Appearance	52	(1)
Lombroso's Atavism	52	(1)
Somatotypes	53	(2)
Genetic-Inheritance Studies	55	(1)
Twin Studies	55	(1)
Adoption Studies	56	(1)
Biosocial Factors	57	(1)
Endocrine/Hormone Influences	58	(1)
Orthomolecular/Chemical Imbalances	59	(1)
The Central Nervous System	60	(1)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	61	(1)
Psychological Explanations	62	(10)
Psychoanalytic Explanations	62	(3)
Developmental Approaches	65	(1)
Interpersonal Maturity	65	(1)
Moral Development	66	(1)
Learning Theories	67	(1)
Personality and Delinquency	68	(2)
Mental Deficiency and Delinquency	70	(2)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	72	(1)
Summary	72	(1)
Discussion Questions	73	(2)
Sociological Explanations of Delinquency	75	(30)
Introduction	75	(1)
The Ecological Perspective	76	(5)
Concentric Zones	77	(1)
Shaw and McKay: Social Disorganization	78	(1)
Social Areas	79	(1)
Critique of the Ecological Approach	80	(1)
Learning Theory	81	(3)
Sutherland: Differential Association	81	(2)
Modifications in Differential Association	83	(1)
Subcultural Theories	84	(4)
The Work of Cohen and Miller	84	(2)
Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization	86	(1)
Critique of the Subcultural Approach	87	(1)
Routine Activities and Rational Choice	88	(2)
Anomie and Strain	90	(3)
The Form of Society and Anomie	90	(1)
Merton: Modes of Adaptation	91	(1)
General Strain Theory	92	(1)
Assessing Strain Theory	93	(1)
Social Control Theory	93	(4)
Hirschi: Control Theory	93	(2)
Reckless: Containment Theory	95	(1)
Self-Control Theory	96	(1)
The Labeling Perspective	97	(4)
The Construction of Self-Image	97	(1)
Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance	98	(1)
Status Degradation	99	(1)
The Impact of the Labeling Perspective	100	(1)
The Integration and Elaboration of Theories	101	(2)
The Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice	103	(1)
Summary	104	(1)
Discussion Questions	104	(1)
Gang Delinquency	105	(34)
Introduction	105	(1)
Gangs Defined	106	(2)
Early Gang Research	108	(2)
Thrasher's Gangs	108	(1)
Bloch and Neiderhoffer: Gangs as a Natural Response	109	(1)
Yablonsky: Near Groups	110	(1)
The Extent of Gang Membership	110	(4)
Characteristics of Gangs	114	(7)
Age	114	(1)
Social Class	115	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	116	(1)
Females and Gangs	117	(1)
Organization and Size	118	(1)
Gang Migration	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?	121	(2)
Gang Behavior	123	(6)
Do Gangs Cause Delinquency?	124	(1)
Gang Behavior and Types of Gangs	125	(1)
Drug Activity	126	(1)
Gang Violence	126	(1)
Firearms and Gang/Delinquent Behavior	127	(1)
Explaining Gang Behavior	128	(1)
Intervention with Gangs	129	(7)
Detached Worker Programs	131	(1)
Legal/Law Enforcement Efforts	132	(1)
The G.R.E.A.T. Program	133	(2)
A Planned Comprehenvis Response to Gangs	135	(1)
Overview of Interventions	136	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
Discussion Questions	137	(2)
Drugs and Delinquency	139	(32)
Introduction	139	(1)
Gauging the Extent of Drug Use	140	(7)
Drug Use Among Adolescents	140	(5)
The Extent of Drug Use Among Offenders	145	(2)
A Summary of Youthful Drug Use	147	(1)
The Drugs-Delinquency Connection	147	(4)
Possible Relationships	147	(2)
Research on the Drugs--Delinquency Relationship	149	(1)
Delinquency Causes Drug Use	149	(1)
Drug Use Causes Delinquency	150	(1)
Reciprocity and Spuriousness	150	(1)
Summarizing the Relationship	151	(1)
Interventions	151	(18)
Treatment Approaches	152	(1)
Maintenance and Detoxification Programs	152	(2)
Therapeutic/Residential Communities and Outpatient Programs	154	(2)
Treatment Summary	156	(1)
Prevention Approaches	156	(2)
The ``Just Say No'' Campaign and Similar Programs	158	(1)
Knowledge/Education Programs	159	(1)
Affective Approaches	159	(1)
Life Skills Training Approaches	160	(1)
The D.A.R.E. Program	161	(3)
Prevention Summary	164	(1)
Alternative Responses to Drug Use	164	(1)
Increased Enforcement	164	(1)
Enforcement Coupled with Treatment	165	(3)
Ready Availability of Drugs	168	(1)
Summary: The Response of the Juvenile Justice System	169	(1)
Discussion Questions	170	(1)
Policing and Juveniles	171	(30)
Introduction	171	(1)
Statistics on Police Work with Juveniles	172	(1)
The Police Role	172	(11)
Community or Problem-Solving Policing	173	(4)
Concerns about Community or Problem-Solving Policing	177	(1)
``Broken Windows'' Policing	177	(1)
Questions about ``Broken Windows'' Theory and Policing	178	(2)
CompStat Policing	180	(3)
Citizen Attitudes Toward Police	183	(4)
Implications of the Attitudinal Research	186	(1)
Three Recent Issues in Policing Concerning Juveniles	187	(5)
Racial Profiling	187	(2)
Juvenile Curfew Laws	189	(2)
Assistance with Intensive Supervision of Probationers	191	(1)
Police Effectiveness	192	(1)
Police Use of Excessive Force (Brutality)	193	(4)
Deadly Force	196	(1)
Summary	197	(2)
Discussion Questions	199	(2)
The Juvenile Court Process	201	(40)
Introduction	201	(3)
Detention	204	(6)
Detention Options	205	(1)
Detention Decisionmaking	205	(1)
Detention Programming	206	(2)
Positive Programs	208	(2)
Detention Workers	210	(1)
Detention Alternatives	210	(2)
Home Detention	211	(1)
Bail	211	(1)
The Intake Decision	212	(8)
Informal Adjustment	212	(1)
Teen Courts	213	(1)
Drug Courts	213	(1)
Other Programs	214	(2)
The Prosecutor's Role	216	(2)
Research on Intake Decisionmaking	218	(2)
Processing Juveniles in Adult Criminal Court	220	(4)
The Effectiveness of Transfer and Other Methods of Adult Court Processing	221	(2)
Youth and Worker Attitudes	223	(1)
Adjudication and Disposition	224	(14)
Attorneys in Juvenile Court	225	(3)
Plea Bargaining	228	(1)
Attorney Effectiveness	228	(3)
Jury Trials for Juveniles	231	(1)
The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	232	(2)
Dispositional Decisionmaking	234	(4)
Summary	238	(1)
Discussion Questions	239	(2)
Due Process and Juveniles	241	(32)
Introduction	241	(1)
The Landmark Supreme Court Cases	241	(4)
Kent v. United States	242	(1)
In re Gault	243	(1)
In re Winship	244	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	244	(1)
Additional Supreme Court Rulings	245	(4)
Roper v. Simmons: A Ruling on the Death Penalty	245	(1)
Breed v. Jones: A Ruling on Waiver	246	(1)
Fare v. Michael C.: A Ruling on Interrogation	247	(1)
Schall v. Martin: A Ruling on Preventive Detention	248	(1)
Search and Seizure	249	(11)
Rights in School	260	(5)
Corporal Punishment	250	(3)
Freedom of Speech for Students	253	(9)
Student Searches	262	(3)
Rights at Home and in the Community	265	(5)
The Constitutionality of Curfews	265	(1)
The Legal Drinking Age	266	(4)
Summary	270	(1)
Discussion Questions	271	(2)
Institutional/Residential Interventions	273	(22)
Introduction	273	(1)
Institutional Corrections for Juveniles	273	(1)
State Training Schools	274	(7)
Description	274	(1)
Training School Programs for Residents	275	(3)
Other Placements	278	(1)
Boot Camps	278	(3)
Program Effectiveness	281	(2)
Reviews of Multiple Studies	281	(1)
Conclusions about Program Effectiveness	282	(1)
Institutional Life	283	(7)
Victimization	283	(4)
Racial Tension	287	(1)
The Inmate Code	288	(1)
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact	288	(2)
New Directions in Institutional Interventions	290	(3)
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	290	(1)
Deinstitutionalization (Closing Training Schools)	290	(1)
Blended Sentencing	291	(1)
Wilderness Programs	292	(1)
Summary	293	(1)
Discussion Questions	294	(1)
Juvenile Probation/Community Corrections	295	(24)
Introduction	295	(1)
Probation	295	(3)
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations	296	(1)
Probation Supervision	297	(1)
Aftercare	298	(1)
Supervision and Counseling	298	(2)
Current Trends in Community Supervision	300	(8)
The Balanced Approach	300	(2)
The Punitive Model: Attack (Tough) Probation	302	(2)
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenses	304	(1)
Restorative Justice	304	(1)
Peacemaking	305	(1)
Community Justice	305	(2)
Current Trends: What Does the Future Hold?	307	(1)
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions	308	(1)
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders	309	(5)
Additional Factors Related to Effectiveness	312	(2)
Continuing Concerns in Community Corrections	314	(3)
Goal Confusion	314	(1)
Restitution	315	(1)
Community Service	316	(1)
Summary	317	(1)
Discussion Questions	318	(1)
Restorative Justice	319	(24)
Introduction	319	(1)
Background of Restorative Justice	320	(6)
Precursors to Restorative Justice	322	(1)
Dispute Resolution	323	(2)
The Theoretical Basis of Restorative Practices	325	(1)
Types of Restorative Justice	326	(9)
Victim--Offender Mediation	330	(1)
Family Group Conferencing	331	(2)
Neighborhood Reparative Boards	333	(1)
Peacemaking and Sentencing Circles	333	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
The Impact of Restorative Justice	335	(5)
Satisfaction, Fairness, and Compliance	335	(1)
Recidivism	336	(1)
Problems and Issues with Restorative Justice	337	(3)
Summary	340	(1)
Discussion Questions	341	(2)
The Victimization of Juveniles	343	(26)
Introduction	343	(1)
The Extent of Victimization	344	(7)
General Victimization	344	(5)
Child Abuse and Neglect	349	(2)
Explaining Juvenile Victimization	351	(3)
From Victim-Blaming to Lifestyle	351	(2)
Explanations of Child Abuse and Neglect	353	(1)
Responses to Victimization	354	(6)
Immediate Responses	355	(1)
Fear of Crime as a Response	355	(1)
Avoidance	356	(1)
Resorting to Weapons	357	(1)
Grouping Together to Respond	358	(1)
Peer Mediation and Other Responses to Victimization	358	(1)
Summary of Victimization Responses	359	(1)
The Role of Formal Social Control Agencies	360	(6)
Child Protective Services	360	(1)
The Juvenile Court	361	(3)
The Criminal Court	364	(1)
Domestic Relations Court	365	(1)
Restorative Justice	366	(1)
Summary: The Need to Recognize the Victim	366	(1)
Discussion Questions	367	(2)
Future Directions in Juvenile Justice	369	(36)
Introduction	369	(1)
Proposals for Reforming Juvenile Court	370	(10)
Rehabilitating the Rehabilitative Parens Patriae Court	370	(1)
A Critic of the Rehabilitative Juvenile Court	371	(1)
A Criminalized Juvenile Court	372	(1)
Abolishing Juvenile Court	373	(3)
Creating a New Juvenile Court	376	(1)
A ``Youth Justice System'' within Adult Criminal Court	377	(1)
A Restorative Justice Juvenile Court	378	(1)
Zimring's Caution	379	(1)
Summary	379	(1)
Broader Issues	380	(11)
Race and Juvenile Court	380	(1)
The Need to Rebuild Community	381	(2)
The Role of the Family	383	(1)
Character Education	384	(1)
Social Support for Families	385	(1)
The Political Economy and Juvenile Court	386	(2)
Reintroducing the Spiritual Dimension into Corrections	388	(3)
Capital Punishment for Juveniles	391	(5)
Jurisdiction over Status Offenses	396	(5)
Arguments for Ending Jurisdiction	397	(2)
Arguments for Continuing Jurisdiction	399	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	401	(2)
Discussion Questions	403	(2)
References	405	(52)
Glossary	457	(16)
Subject Index	473	(16)
Name Index	489