Juvenile Justice

by Whitehead, John T.; Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9780870849046
• ISBN10: 0870849042
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-11-01
• Publisher: Anderson Pub Co

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
The Definition and Extent of Delinquency	1	(28)
Defining Delinquency	2	(5)
Criminal Law Definitions	2	(1)
Status Offense Definitions	3	(1)
Social/Criminological Definitions	4	(2)
What is a Juvenile?	6	(1)
Measuring the Extent of Delinquency	7	(20)
Official Measures of Delinquency	8	(11)
Self-Report Measures of Delinquency	19	(5)
Victimization Measures of Delinquency	24	(1)
The Escalation of Violence by Youths	25	(1)
Comparing the Delinquency Measures	26	(1)
Summary	27	(1)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
The History of Juvenile Justice	29	(18)
Property and Person	29	(4)
The Rise of Juvenile Institutions	33	(4)
Houses of Refuge	34	(1)
New Reformatories	35	(1)
Institutions for Females	36	(1)
The Establishment of the Juvenile Court	37	(5)
The Growth of the Juvenile Court	37	(2)
The Legal Philosophy of the Court	39	(2)
Problems of the Court	41	(1)
Benevolence or Self-Interest?	42	(2)
Juvenile Justice: 1920-1960s	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
Discussion Questions	46	(1)
Explaining Delinquency: Biological and Psychological Approaches	47	(30)
Theoretical Schools of Thought	48	(4)
The Classical School	48	(2)
The Positivistic School	50	(1)
Neoclassicism and a Summary	51	(1)
Biological and Sociobiological Theories	52	(11)
Physical Appearance	52	(3)
Genetic-Inheritance Studies	55	(4)
Biosocial Factors	59	(3)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	62	(1)
Psychological Explanations	63	(12)
Psychoanalytic Explanations	64	(2)
Developmental Approaches	66	(4)
Personality and Delinquency	70	(3)
Mental Deficiency and Delinquency	73	(1)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	74	(1)
Summary	75	(1)
Discussion Questions	76	(1)
Sociological Explanations for Delinquency	77	(36)
The Ecological Perspective	78	(5)
Concentric Zones	79	(1)
Shaw and McKay: Delinquency Areas	80	(2)
Social Areas	82	(1)
Critique of the Ecological Approach	83	(1)
Learning Theory	83	(3)
Sutherland: Differential Association	83	(2)
Modifications to Differential Association	85	(1)
Subcultural Theories	86	(6)
Cohen: Delinquent Boys	87	(1)
Miller: Lower-Class Focal Concerns	88	(1)
The Subculture of Violence	89	(1)
Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization	90	(1)
Critique of the Subcultural Approach	91	(1)
Routine Activities and Rational Choice	92	(1)
Social Control Theory	93	(4)
Hirschi: Control Theory	93	(2)
Reckless: Containment Theory	95	(2)
Self-Control Theory	97	(1)
Strain Theory	97	(5)
Anomie and the Form of Society	98	(1)
Merton: Modes of Adaptation	99	(1)
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity	100	(1)
General Strain Theory	101	(1)
Assessing Strain Theory	101	(1)
The Labeling Perspective	102	(4)
The Construction of Self-Image	102	(1)
Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance	103	(1)
Status Degradation	104	(1)
The Impact of Labeling on Juveniles	105	(1)
Conflict Theories	106	(2)
Pluralistic Conflict	106	(1)
Radical Conflict	107	(1)
Conflict Theory and Juvenile Justice	108	(1)
The Integration and Elaboration of Theories	108	(2)
The Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice	110	(1)
Summary	111	(1)
Discussion Questions	111	(2)
Gang Delinquency	113	(34)
Gangs Defined	115	(2)
Early Gang Research	117	(5)
Thrasher: Gangs	118	(2)
Bloch and Niederhoffer: Gangs as a Natural Response	120	(1)
Yablonsky: Near Groups	121	(1)
Characteristics of Gangs	122	(10)
The Extent of Gang Membership	122	(3)
Gang Migration	125	(1)
Age	125	(1)
Social Class	126	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	127	(1)
Females and Gangs	128	(1)
Organization and Size	129	(1)
Cohesion	130	(2)
The Variability of Gang Characteristics	132	(1)
Gang Behavior	132	(6)
Gang Violence	135	(1)
Drug Activity	136	(1)
Types of Gangs	137	(1)
Explaining Gang Behavior	137	(1)
Intervention with Gangs	138	(6)
Legal/Law Enforcement Changes	139	(1)
Detached Worker Programs	140	(1)
The GREAT Program	141	(2)
Aggression Replacement Training	143	(1)
Overview of Interventions	144	(1)
Summary	144	(1)
Discussion Questions	145	(2)
Drugs and Delinquency	147	(32)
Gauging the Extent of Drug Use	148	(11)
Drug Use Among Adolescents	148	(8)
The Extent of Drug Use Among Offenders	156	(3)
A Summary of Youthful Drug Use	159	(1)
The Drugs-Delinquency Connection	159	(4)
Possible Relationships	159	(1)
Research on the Drugs-Delinquency Relationship	160	(3)
Interventions	163	(12)
Treatment Approaches	163	(3)
Prevention Approaches	166	(5)
Alternative Responses to Drug Use	171	(4)
Summary: The Response of the Juvenile Justice System	175	(2)
Discussion Questions	177	(2)
The Police and Juveniles	179	(26)
The Police Role	179	(5)
Policing Juveniles	181	(3)
Administrative Tasks in Policing	184	(1)
Attitudes and the Police	184	(4)
Police Attitudes Toward the Public	184	(2)
Citizen Attitudes Toward the Police	186	(1)
Implications of the Attitudinal Research	187	(1)
Police Discretion	188	(6)
Defining Discretion	188	(1)
Is Discretion Appropriate?	189	(1)
Research on Police Discretion	190	(4)
Discretion: A Summary	194	(1)
Police Effectiveness	194	(2)
Curfew Laws	195	(1)
Women in Policing	196	(3)
Historical Background	196	(1)
Research on Women Police	197	(2)
The Question of Juvenile Bureaus	199	(1)
Police Brutality and Deadly Force	200	(2)
Police Brutality	200	(1)
Deadly Force	201	(1)
Summary	202	(1)
Discussion Questions	203	(2)
The Juvenile Court Process	205	(34)
Detention	207	(7)
Detention Options	208	(1)
Detention Decisionmaking	208	(1)
Preventive Detention	209	(1)
Detention Statistics	210	(1)
Detention Programming	210	(3)
Positive Programs	213	(1)
Detention Workers	214	(1)
Detention Alternatives	214	(2)
Home Detention	214	(1)
Bail	215	(1)
The Intake Decision	216	(5)
Informal Adjustment	216	(1)
The Prosecutor's Role	217	(1)
Research on Intake Decisionmaking	218	(3)
The Transfer (Waiver) Decision	221	(5)
The Effectiveness of Transfer	222	(2)
Factors Influencing Transfer	224	(1)
Alternatives to Transfer	225	(1)
Worker Attitudes	226	(1)
Adjudication and Disposition	226	(10)
Attorneys in Juvenile Court	227	(1)
Plea Bargaining	228	(1)
Attorney Effectiveness	228	(2)
Jury Trials for Juveniles	230	(1)
The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	231	(2)
Dispositional Decisionmaking	233	(3)
Summary	236	(1)
Discussion Questions	236	(3)
Due Process and Juveniles	239	(28)
The Landmark Supreme Court Cases	239	(4)
Kent v. United States	240	(1)
In Re Gault	241	(1)
In Re Winship	242	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	242	(1)
More Recent Supreme Court Rulings	243	(3)
Breed v. Jones A Ruling on Waiver	243	(1)
Fare v. Michael C. A Ruling on Interrogation	244	(2)
Schall v. Martin A Ruling on Preventive Detention	246	(1)
Search and Seizure	246	(1)
Rights in School	247	(12)
Corporal Punishment	248	(2)
Freedom of Speech for Students	250	(5)
Student Searches	255	(4)
Rights at Home and in the Community	259	(5)
The Constitutionality of Curfews	259	(1)
The Legal Drinking Age	260	(4)
Summary	264	(1)
Discussion Questions	264	(3)
Diversion	267	(20)
A History of Diversion	267	(8)
The Rationale for Diversion	269	(1)
Defining Diversion	270	(1)
Diversion Programming	271	(4)
The Impact of Diversion	275	(9)
Reduced Delinquency and Recidivism	275	(3)
Reducing the Number of Youths with System Contact	278	(1)
Reducing Stigma and Labeling	279	(1)
Reducing Coercion	280	(1)
Reducing the Costs of Intervention	281	(1)
Additional Considerations	281	(3)
Summary: The Future of Diversion in Juvenile Justice	284	(2)
Sources of Support for Diversion	284	(1)
Future Directions	285	(1)
Discussion Questions	286	(1)
Institutional/Residential Interventions	287	(28)
State Training Schools	288	(5)
Programs for Training School Residents	290	(3)
Other Options for Housing Delinquents	293	(3)
Boot Camps	294	(2)
Program Effectiveness	296	(5)
The Provo Experiment	297	(1)
The Controversial Claims of Murray and Cox	298	(1)
Reviews of Multiple Studies	299	(1)
Conclusions About Program Effectiveness	300	(1)
The Target Issue	301	(2)
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	301	(2)
Reserving Training Schools for Chronic-Violent Delinquents	303	(1)
Institutional Life	303	(8)
Victimization	303	(2)
Racial Tension	305	(2)
The Inmate Code	307	(1)
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact	308	(1)
Effects on Workers	309	(2)
New Directions in Institutional Interventions	311	(2)
Deinstitutionalization	311	(1)
Blended Sentencing	312	(1)
Wilderness Programs	313	(1)
Summary	313	(1)
Discussion Questions	314	(1)
Community Interventions	315	(30)
Probation	316	(3)
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations	317	(2)
Probation Supervision	319	(1)
Aftercare	319	(1)
Supervision and Counseling	320	(4)
Reality Therapy	320	(1)
Person-Centered Therapy	321	(1)
Rational-Emotive Therapy	322	(1)
Behavior Modification	323	(1)
A Caution	324	(1)
Current Trends in Community Supervision	324	(6)
Attack (Tough) Probation	325	(1)
Budgetary Cutbacks	325	(2)
The New Penology	327	(1)
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenses	328	(1)
Privatization of Probation	328	(1)
Restorative Justice	328	(1)
Peacemaking	329	(1)
Current Trends: What Does the Future Hold?	330	(1)
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions	330	(2)
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders	332	(2)
Factors Related to Effectiveness	333	(1)
Continuing Controversies in Community Corrections	334	(5)
Goal Confusion	334	(2)
Line Officer Issues	336	(2)
The No-Fault Society	338	(1)
The Problem of Role Conflict	338	(1)
Continuing Concerns	339	(4)
Restitution	339	(2)
Community Service	341	(1)
Use of Volunteers in Probation	341	(2)
Summary	343	(1)
Discussion Questions	344	(1)
The Victimization of Juveniles	345	(24)
The Extent of Victimization	346	(7)
General Victimization	346	(2)
Victimization in Schools	348	(4)
Child Abuse and Neglect	352	(1)
Explaining Juvenile Victimization	353	(3)
From Victim-Blaming to a Lifestyle Approach	354	(1)
Explanations of Child Abuse and Neglect	355	(1)
Responses to Victimization	356	(6)
Immediate Responses	356	(1)
Fear of Crime as a Response	357	(1)
Avoidance	358	(1)
Resorting to Weapons	359	(1)
Grouping Together to Respond	360	(1)
Peer Mediation and Other Responses to Victimization	360	(2)
Summary of Victimization Responses	362	(1)
The Role of Formal Social Control Agencies	362	(5)
Child Protective Services	362	(1)
The Juvenile Court	363	(2)
The Criminal Court	365	(1)
Domestic Relations Court	366	(1)
Summary: The Need to Recognize the Victim	367	(1)
Discussion Questions	367	(2)
The Future of the Juvenile Justice System	369	(28)
Juvenile Court Reform Proposals	369	(8)
Calls for the Elimination of Juvenile Court	369	(1)
The Extension of the Juvenile Court	370	(1)
A Restitution-Reparation Model	371	(1)
Reinventing Juvenile Court	372	(1)
Miller's Call for an End to Racism	373	(1)
The Department of Justice Vision	374	(1)
A Call for a Reconsideration of Punishment	374	(2)
Summary: The Goals of the Juvenile Justice System	376	(1)
The Question of the Chronic-Violent Offender	377	(2)
The Suggestions of Tracy, Wolfgang and Figlio	377	(1)
Another View: Hamparian's Answer	378	(1)
The Privatization Issue	379	(3)
Arguments in Favor of Privatization	380	(1)
Arguments Against Privatization	381	(1)
Capital Punishment for Juveniles	382	(6)
Jurisdiction Over Status Offenses	388	(4)
Arguments for Ending Jurisdiction	388	(1)
Arguments for Continuing Jurisdiction	389	(3)
The Role of the Family	392	(2)
Summary	394	(1)
Discussion Questions	395	(2)
References	397	(50)
Glossary	447	(14)
Subject Index	461	(6)
Author Index	467	(9)
Index to Court Cases	476	(1)
About the Authors	477