Juvenile Justice

by Whitehead, John T.; Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9780870849398
• ISBN10: 0870849395
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-01-01
• Publisher: Anderson Pub Co

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. v
The Definition and Extent of Delinquency	p. 1
Defining Delinquency	p. 2
Criminal Law Definitions	p. 2
Status Offense Definitions	p. 3
Social/Criminological Definitions	p. 4
What is a Juvenile?	p. 6
Measuring the Extent of Delinquency	p. 7
Official Measures of Delinquency	p. 8
Self-Report Measures of Delinquency	p. 19
Victimization Measures of Delinquency	p. 24
The Escalation of Violence by Youths	p. 25
Comparing the Delinquency Measures	p. 26
Summary	p. 27
Discussion Questions	p. 28
The History of Juvenile Justice	p. 29
Property and Person	p. 29
The Rise of Juvenile Institutions	p. 33
Houses of Refuge	p. 34
New Reformatories	p. 35
Institutions for Females	p. 36
The Establishment of the Juvenile Court	p. 37
The Growth of the Juvenile Court	p. 37
The Legal Philosophy of the Court	p. 39
Problems of the Court	p. 41
Benevolence or Self-Interest?	p. 42
Juvenile Justice: 1920-1960s	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
Discussion Questions	p. 46
Explaining Delinquency: Biological and Psychological Approaches	p. 47
Theoretical Schools of Thought	p. 48
The Classical School	p. 48
The Positivistic School	p. 50
Neoclassicism and a Summary	p. 51
Biological and Sociobiological Theories	p. 52
Physical Appearance	p. 52
Genetic-Inheritance Studies	p. 55
Biosocial Factors	p. 59
Implications for Juvenile Justice	p. 62
Psychological Explanations	p. 63
Psychoanalytic Explanations	p. 64
Developmental Approaches	p. 66
Personality and Delinquency	p. 70
Mental Deficiency and Delinquency	p. 73
Implications for Juvenile Justice	p. 74
Summary	p. 75
Discussion Questions	p. 76
Sociological Explanations for Delinquency	p. 77
The Ecological Perspective	p. 78
Concentric Zones	p. 79
Shaw and McKay: Delinquency Areas	p. 80
Social Areas	p. 82
Critique of the Ecological Approach	p. 83
Learning Theory	p. 83
Sutherland: Differential Association	p. 83
Modifications to Differential Association	p. 85
Subcultural Theories	p. 86
Cohen: Delinquent Boys	p. 87
Miller: Lower-Class Focal Concerns	p. 88
The Subculture of Violence	p. 89
Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization	p. 90
Critique of the Subcultural Approach	p. 91
Routine Activities and Rational Choice	p. 92
Social Control Theory	p. 93
Hirschi: Control Theory	p. 93
Reckless: Containment Theory	p. 95
Self-Control Theory	p. 97
Strain Theory	p. 97
Anomie and the Form of Society	p. 98
Merton: Modes of Adaptation	p. 99
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity	p. 100
General Strain Theory	p. 101
Assessing Strain Theory	p. 101
The Labeling Perspective	p. 102
The Construction of Self-Image	p. 102
Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance	p. 103
Status Degradation	p. 104
The Impact of Labeling on Juveniles	p. 105
Conflict Theories	p. 106
Pluralistic Conflict	p. 106
Radical Conflict	p. 107
Conflict Theory and Juvenile Justice	p. 108
The Integration and Elaboration of Theories	p. 108
The Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice	p. 110
Summary	p. 111
Discussion Questions	p. 111
Gang Delinquency	p. 113
Gangs Defined	p. 115
Early Gang Research	p. 117
Thrasher: Gangs	p. 118
Bloch and Niederhoffer: Gangs as a Natural Response	p. 120
Yablonsky: Near Groups	p. 121
Characteristics of Gangs	p. 122
The Extent of Gang Membership	p. 122
Gang Migration	p. 125
Age	p. 125
Social Class	p. 126
Race and Ethnicity	p. 127
Females and Gangs	p. 128
Organization and Size	p. 129
Cohesion	p. 130
The Variability of Gang Characteristics	p. 132
Gang Behavior	p. 132
Gang Violence	p. 135
Drug Activity	p. 136
Types of Gangs	p. 137
Explaining Gang Behavior	p. 137
Intervention with Gangs	p. 138
Legal/Law Enforcement Changes	p. 139
Detached Worker Programs	p. 140
The GREAT Program	p. 141
Aggression Replacement Training	p. 143
Overview of Interventions	p. 144
Summary	p. 144
Discussion Questions	p. 145
Drugs and Delinquency	p. 147
Gauging the Extent of Drug Use	p. 148
Drug Use Among Adolescents	p. 148
The Extent of Drug Use Among Offenders	p. 156
A Summary of Youthful Drug Use	p. 159
The Drugs-Delinquency Connection	p. 159
Possible Relationships	p. 159
Research on the Drugs-Delinquency Relationship	p. 160
Interventions	p. 163
Treatment Approaches	p. 163
Prevention Approaches	p. 166
Alternative Responses to Drug Use	p. 171
Summary: The Response of the Juvenile Justice System	p. 175
Discussion Questions	p. 177
The Police and Juveniles	p. 179
The Police Role	p. 179
Policing Juveniles	p. 181
Administrative Tasks in Policing	p. 184
Attitudes and the Police	p. 184
Police Attitudes Toward the Public	p. 184
Citizen Attitudes Toward the Police	p. 186
Implications of the Attitudinal Research	p. 187
Police Discretion	p. 188
Defining Discretion	p. 188
Is Discretion Appropriate?	p. 189
Research on Police Discretion	p. 190
Discretion: A Summary	p. 194
Police Effectiveness	p. 194
Curfew Laws	p. 195
Women in Policing	p. 196
Historical Background	p. 196
Research on Women Police	p. 197
The Question of Juvenile Bureaus	p. 199
Police Brutality and Deadly Force	p. 200
Police Brutality	p. 200
Deadly Force	p. 201
Summary	p. 202
Discussion Questions	p. 203
The Juvenile Court Process	p. 205
Detention	p. 207
Detention Options	p. 208
Detention Decisionmaking	p. 208
Preventive Detention	p. 209
Detention Statistics	p. 210
Detention Programming	p. 210
Positive Programs	p. 213
Detention Workers	p. 214
Detention Alternatives	p. 214
Home Detention	p. 214
Bail	p. 215
The Intake Decision	p. 216
Informal Adjustment	p. 216
The Prosecutor's Role	p. 217
Research on Intake Decisionmaking	p. 218
The Transfer (Waiver) Decision	p. 221
The Effectiveness of Transfer	p. 222
Factors Influencing Transfer	p. 224
Alternatives to Transfer	p. 225
Worker Attitudes	p. 226
Adjudication and Disposition	p. 226
Attorneys in Juvenile Court	p. 227
Plea Bargaining	p. 228
Attorney Effectiveness	p. 228
Jury Trials for Juveniles	p. 230
The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	p. 231
Dispositional Decisionmaking	p. 233
Summary	p. 236
Discussion Questions	p. 236
Due Process and Juveniles	p. 239
The Landmark Supreme Court Cases	p. 239
Kent v. United States	p. 240
In Re Gault	p. 241
In Re Winship	p. 242
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	p. 242
More Recent Supreme Court Rulings	p. 243
Breed v. Jones: A Ruling on Waiver	p. 243
Fare v. Michael C.: A Ruling on Interrogation	p. 244
Schall v. Martin: A Ruling on Preventive Detention	p. 246
Search and Seizure	p. 246
Rights in School	p. 247
Corporal Punishment	p. 248
Freedom of Speech for Students	p. 250
Student Searches	p. 255
Rights at Home and in the Community	p. 259
The Constitutionality of Curfews	p. 259
The Legal Drinking Age	p. 260
Summary	p. 264
Discussion Questions	p. 264
Diversion	p. 267
A History of Diversion	p. 267
The Rationale for Diversion	p. 269
Defining Diversion	p. 270
Diversion Programming	p. 271
The Impact of Diversion	p. 275
Reduced Delinquency and Recidivism	p. 275
Reducing the Number of Youths with System Contact	p. 278
Reducing Stigma and Labeling	p. 279
Reducing Coercion	p. 280
Reducing the Costs of Intervention	p. 281
Additional Considerations	p. 281
Summary: The Future of Diversion in Juvenile Justice	p. 284
Sources of Support for Diversion	p. 284
Future Directions	p. 285
Discussion Questions	p. 286
Institutional/Residential Interventions	p. 287
State Training Schools	p. 288
Programs for Training School Residents	p. 290
Other Options for Housing Delinquents	p. 293
Boot Camps	p. 294
Program Effectiveness	p. 296
The Provo Experiment	p. 297
The Controversial Claims of Murray and Cox	p. 298
Reviews of Multiple Studies	p. 299
Conclusions About Program Effectiveness	p. 300
The Target Issue	p. 301
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	p. 301
Reserving Training Schools for Chronic-Violent Delinquents	p. 303
Institutional Life	p. 303
Victimization	p. 303
Racial Tension	p. 305
The Inmate Code	p. 307
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact	p. 308
Effects on Workers	p. 309
New Directions in Institutional Interventions	p. 311
Deinstitutionalization	p. 311
Blended Sentencing	p. 312
Wilderness Programs	p. 313
Summary	p. 313
Discussion Questions	p. 314
Community Interventions	p. 315
Probation	p. 316
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations	p. 317
Probation Supervision	p. 319
Aftercare	p. 319
Supervision and Counseling	p. 320
Reality Therapy	p. 320
Person-Centered Therapy	p. 321
Rational-Emotive Therapy	p. 322
Behavior Modification	p. 323
A Caution	p. 324
Current Trends in Community Supervision	p. 324
Attack (Tough) Probation	p. 325
Budgetary Cutbacks	p. 325
The New Penology	p. 327
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenses	p. 328
Privatization of Probation	p. 328
Restorative Justice	p. 328
Peacemaking	p. 329
Current Trends: What Does the Future Hold?	p. 330
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions	p. 330
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders	p. 332
Factors Related to Effectiveness	p. 333
Continuing Controversies in Community Corrections	p. 334
Goal Confusion	p. 334
Line Officer Issues	p. 336
The No-Fault Society	p. 338
The Problem of Role Conflict	p. 338
Continuing Concerns	p. 339
Restitution	p. 339
Community Service	p. 341
Use of Volunteers in Probation	p. 341
Summary	p. 343
Discussion Questions	p. 344
The Victimization of Juveniles	p. 345
The Extent of Victimization	p. 346
General Victimization	p. 346
Victimization in Schools	p. 348
Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 352
Explaining Juvenile Victimization	p. 353
From Victim-Blaming to a Lifestyle Approach	p. 354
Explanations of Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 355
Responses to Victimization	p. 356
Immediate Responses	p. 356
Fear of Crime as a Response	p. 357
Avoidance	p. 358
Resorting to Weapons	p. 359
Grouping Together to Respond	p. 360
Peer Mediation and Other Responses to Victimization	p. 360
Summary of Victimization Responses	p. 362
The Role of Formal Social Control Agencies	p. 362
Child Protective Services	p. 362
The Juvenile Court	p. 363
The Criminal Court	p. 365
Domestic Relations Court	p. 366
Summary: The Need to Recognize the Victim	p. 367
Discussion Questions	p. 367
The Future of the Juvenile Justice System	p. 369
Juvenile Court Reform Proposals	p. 369
Calls for the Elimination of Juvenile Court	p. 369
The Extension of the Juvenile Court	p. 370
A Restitution-Reparation Model	p. 371
Reinventing Juvenile Court	p. 372
Miller's Call for an End to Racism	p. 373
The Department of Justice Vision	p. 374
A Call for a Reconsideration of Punishment	p. 374
Summary: The Goals of the Juvenile Justice System	p. 376
The Question of the Chronic-Violent Offender	p. 377
The Suggestions of Tracy, Wolfgang and Figlio	p. 377
Another View: Hamparian's Answer	p. 378
The Privatization Issue	p. 379
Arguments in Favor of Privatization	p. 380
Arguments Against Privatization	p. 381
Capital Punishment for Juveniles	p. 382
Jurisdiction Over Status Offenses	p. 388
Arguments for Ending Jurisdiction	p. 388
Arguments for Continuing Jurisdiction	p. 389
The Role of the Family	p. 392
Summary	p. 394
Discussion Questions	p. 395
References	p. 397
Glossary	p. 447
Subject Index	p. 461
Author Index	p. 467
Index to Court Cases	p. 476
About the Authors	p. 477
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