Labor Relations

by FOSSUM

• ISBN13: 9780072987133
• ISBN10: 0072987138
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-13
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Summary

Labor Relations: Development, Structure, Processes discusses the history and development of labor relations, the structure of union organizations, union organizing and union avoidance, bargaining issues, and the process of negotiations and contract administration. As a result of decreasing union membership over the last twenty years, more material in the book addresses employee relations in nonunion organizations including examples of both cooperative and adversarial relationships.

Table of Contents

About the Author	v
Preface	vii
Introduction	1	(23)
The Parties Involved	3	(1)
Contemporary Labor Relations	3	(1)
What Unions Do	4	(1)
Collective Behavior	5	(2)
Group Cohesiveness	6	(1)
Class Consciousness	6	(1)
External Threat	7	(1)
Why Workers Unionize	7	(5)
Catalyst for Organization	8	(1)
Individuals and Union Organizing	8	(4)
Beliefs about Unions	12	(2)
Willingness to Vote for Union Representation	12	(2)
The Local Community	14	(1)
Union Member Beliefs	14	(1)
Unions, Their Members, and Decision-Making	14	(1)
Labor Unions in the 2000s	15	(5)
Transformation in Industrial Relations Systems	17	(1)
What Should Unions Do?	18	(2)
Summary and Preview	20	(3)
Plan of the Book	20	(3)
Key Terms	23	(1)
Web Sites	23	(1)
The Evolution of American Labor	24	(31)
Union Philosophies and Types in the United States	24	(1)
Early Unions and the Conspiracy Doctrine	25	(3)
Philadelphia Cordwainers	26	(1)
Commonwealth v. Hunt	27	(1)
Pre-Civil War Unions	27	(1)
The Birth of National Unions	28	(3)
The National Labor Union	28	(1)
The Knights of Labor	28	(2)
The American Federation of Labor	30	(1)
Labor Unrest	31	(5)
The IWW and the Western Federation of Miners	32	(3)
The Boycott Cases	35	(1)
Early Legislation	35	(1)
Trade Union Success and Apathy	36	(2)
World War I	36	(1)
The American Plan	36	(1)
The End of an Era	37	(1)
Industrial Unions	38	(2)
The Industrial Union Leadership	38	(1)
Organizing the Industrial Workforce	39	(1)
Legislation	40	(1)
Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)	40	(1)
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)	40	(1)
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act, 1935)	41	(1)
Employer Intransigence	41	(2)
Constitutionality of the Wagner Act	42	(1)
Labor Power	43	(3)
World War II	45	(1)
Reconversion	46	(1)
Changing the Balance	46	(2)
Taft-Hartley Act	46	(1)
The New Production Paradigm	47	(1)
Retrenchment and Merger	48	(2)
Merger	48	(1)
Corruption	49	(1)
Landrum-Griffin Act	49	(1)
Public-Sector Union Growth	50	(1)
Federal Executive Orders	50	(1)
Civil Service Reform Act	50	(1)
Labor in Crisis and Transition	50	(2)
Rising Employer Militancy	51	(1)
Striker Replacements	52	(1)
New Union Leadership	52	(1)
Summary	52	(2)
Discussion Questions	54	(1)
Key Terms	54	(1)
Selected Web Sites with Labor History Information	54	(1)
Labor Law and Federal Agencies	55	(23)
Overview	55	(2)
Railway Labor Act (1926)	57	(2)
Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)	59	(1)
Wagner Act (1935) and Taft-Hartley Act (1947) (as Amended)	60	(6)
Definitions	61	(1)
National Labor Relations Board	62	(1)
Unfair Labor Practices	62	(2)
Representation Elections	64	(1)
Unfair Labor Practices Charges and NLRB Procedures	65	(1)
Right-to-Work Laws	65	(1)
Religious Objections to Union Membership in Health Care Organizations	65	(1)
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service	65	(1)
National Emergency Disputes	65	(1)
Suits, Political Action, and Financial Relationships	66	(1)
Summary and Overview	66	(1)
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)	66	(1)
Bill of Rights for Union Members	66	(1)
Reports Required of Unions and Employers	67	(1)
Trusteeships	67	(1)
Other Federal Laws and Regulations	67	(2)
Byrnes Act (1936)	67	(1)
Copeland Anti-Kickback Act (1934)	68	(1)
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (1970)	68	(1)
Effects of Implementation of Laws	69	(1)
Federal Departments and Agencies	69	(6)
Department of Labor	69	(3)
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service	72	(1)
National Mediation Board	72	(1)
National Labor Relations Board	73	(2)
Labor Law Reform: a Continuing Controversy	75	(1)
Trade Treaties	76	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
Discussion Questions	77	(1)
Key Terms	77	(1)
Selected Web Sites of Federal Agencies	77	(1)
Union Structure and Government	78	(34)
The Local Union	78	(6)
Local Union Democracy	81	(1)
Functional Democracy	81	(2)
Independent Local Unions	83	(1)
National Unions	84	(17)
National Union Goals	84	(5)
National Union Jurisdictions	89	(1)
National Structure	90	(7)
National-Local Union Relationship	97	(1)
National Union Headquarters Operations	98	(1)
National Union Governance and Politics	99	(1)
National Unions and Public Policy	100	(1)
The AFL-CIO	101	(3)
State and Local Central Bodies	104	(1)
Overview of the Union Hierarchy	104	(1)
National Union Mergers	105	(1)
Union Finances	106	(4)
Organization Receipts and Disbursements	108	(1)
Financial Malfeasance	109	(1)
Pension Administration	110	(1)
Summary	110	(1)
Discussion Questions	111	(1)
Key Terms	111	(1)
Selected Union Web Sites	111	(1)
Websites with Links to Large Numbers of National and Local Unions	111	(1)
Unions: Member and Leader Attitudes, Behaviors, and Political Activities	112	(25)
The Individual and the Local Union	113	(9)
Joining and Socialization	113	(1)
Member Participation	114	(5)
Commitment to the Union	119	(3)
Local Union Effectiveness and Member Behavior	122	(1)
The Individual as a Union Officer	122	(4)
Stewards	122	(2)
Local Officers	124	(2)
National Unions and Their Environment	126	(9)
Employment Law and Administration	126	(1)
The Economy	127	(1)
Globalization and Organized Labor	128	(3)
Political Action	131	(3)
Lobbying	134	(1)
Use of Union Dues for Political Activity	135	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Discussion Questions	136	(1)
Key Terms	136	(1)
Selected Web Sites of Ongoing Political Action Groups	136	(1)
Union Organizing Campaigns	137	(35)
Organizing and Union Effectiveness	138	(1)
How Organizing Begins	138	(5)
The Framework for Organizing	139	(1)
Representation Elections	140	(3)
Bargaining Unit Determination	143	(7)
Legal Constraints	143	(2)
Jurisdiction of the Organizing Union	145	(1)
The Union's Desired Unit	146	(1)
The Employer's Desired Unit	146	(1)
NLRB Policy	147	(2)
Other Issues in Unit Determination	149	(1)
The Organizing Campaign	150	(12)
Employer Size and Elections	152	(1)
General Organizing Campaign Rules	153	(2)
Union Strategy and Tactics	155	(5)
Management Strategy and Tactics	160	(2)
The Role of the NLRB	162	(5)
Election Certifications	163	(1)
Setting Aside Elections	163	(1)
The Impact of Board Remedies	163	(1)
Election Outcomes	164	(1)
Other Types of Representation Changes	164	(1)
Contextual Characteristics Related to Election Results	165	(2)
First Contracts	167	(1)
Summary	168	(1)
Discussion Questions	169	(1)
Key Terms	169	(1)
Selected Web Sites	169	(1)
Case: GMFC Custom Conveyer Division	170	(2)
Union Organizing	170	(1)
Management	171	(1)
Problem	171	(1)
Union Avoidance: Rationale, Strategies, and Practices	172	(22)
Historical Overview	172	(3)
Capitalistic and Trade Union Philosophies	173	(1)
Employer Resistance before World War II	173	(1)
The Corporatist Period	174	(1)
Union-Free Employment	174	(1)
The Economic Rationale	175	(2)
Inflexible Rules	175	(1)
Profitability	175	(1)
Shareholder Value	176	(1)
Company Investment Decisions	176	(1)
Industrial Structure	177	(1)
Union-Free Approaches	177	(10)
Environmental Factors Associated with Union Avoidance	177	(1)
A Philosophy-Laden Approach to Employee Relations	178	(1)
Wage Policies	179	(1)
Nonwage Policies	179	(2)
Employment Security	181	(1)
Employee ``Voice'' Systems	182	(3)
Other Innovative Techniques	185	(1)
Developing Practices in Nonunion Employee Relations	186	(1)
Preventive Programs	187	(1)
Management Campaign Tactics in Representation Elections	188	(2)
Decertifications	190	(1)
Job Structuring	191	(1)
Summary	191	(1)
Discussion Questions	192	(1)
Key Terms	192	(1)
Case: Locating the New Recreational Vehicle Plant	193	(1)
The Environment for Bargaining	194	(33)
The Legal and Political Structure	195	(4)
Regulation of Employment	196	(1)
Waxing and Waning of Corporatist Approaches in U.S. Labor Relations	197	(2)
Public Policy and Industrial Organization	199	(1)
Competition and Concentration in Markets	199	(1)
Regulation and Deregulation	200	(1)
Global Competition	201	(2)
Changes in Consumer Demand	203	(1)
Employer Interests	203	(6)
Labor as a Derived Demand	204	(1)
Labor-Capital Substitution	205	(3)
Labor Markets	208	(1)
Employee Interests	209	(1)
Union Interests	209	(1)
Bargaining Power	210	(3)
Ability to Continue Operations (or Take a Strike)	211	(1)
Union Bargaining Power	212	(1)
Bargaining Structures	213	(12)
Multiemployer Bargaining	214	(2)
Industrywide Bargaining	216	(1)
National/Local Bargaining	216	(1)
Wide-Area and Multicraft Bargaining	217	(1)
Pattern Bargaining	217	(1)
Conglomerates and Multinationals	218	(1)
Coordinated Bargaining	219	(1)
Craft Units within an Employer	219	(1)
Centralization and Decentralization in Bargaining	219	(1)
Changes in Industrial Bargaining Structures and Outcomes	220	(2)
Public Policy and Court Decisions	222	(1)
Influence of Bargaining Power and Structure	223	(2)
Summary	225	(1)
Discussion Questions	226	(1)
Key Terms	226	(1)
Case: Material Handling Equipment Association Bargaining Group	226	(1)
Wage and Benefit Issues in Bargaining	227	(35)
Union and Employer Interests	227	(1)
Components of Wage Demands	228	(2)
Equity	228	(1)
Ability to Pay	229	(1)
Standard of Living	229	(1)
Pay Programs	230	(19)
Pay Level	231	(3)
Pay Structure	234	(5)
Pay Form	239	(3)
Pay System	242	(7)
Union Effects on Pay	249	(7)
Union Effects on Pay Levels	250	(4)
Union Effects on Pay Structures and Inequality	254	(1)
Union Effects on Pay Form	255	(1)
Union Effects on Pay Systems	256	(1)
Union Effects on Firm Performance	256	(2)
Productivity	256	(1)
Organizational Investment and Growth Decisions	257	(1)
Profitability and Returns to Shareholders	258	(1)
Wage Clauses Found in Contracts	258	(2)
Summary	260	(1)
Discussion Questions	260	(1)
Key Terms	260	(1)
Selected Web Sites	260	(1)
Case: Health Care Costs and Employment Levels	261	(1)
Nonwage Issues in Bargaining	262	(23)
Nonwage Provisions of Current Contracts	262	(2)
Union and Management Goals for Nonwage Issues	264	(1)
Design of Work	264	(4)
Work Design History	264	(4)
Hours of Work	268	(3)
Federal Wage and Hour Laws	268	(1)
Collective Bargaining and Work Schedules	269	(1)
Entitlements to and Restrictions on Overtime	270	(1)
Shift Assignments and Differentials	270	(1)
Alternative Work Schedules	270	(1)
Paid Time Off	270	(1)
Length of Contracts	271	(1)
Union and Management Rights	271	(1)
Discipline and Discharge	272	(1)
Grievance and Arbitration	272	(1)
Strikes and Lockouts	273	(1)
Union Security	274	(1)
Working Conditions and Safety	275	(1)
Seniority and Job Security	276	(2)
Layoff Procedures	277	(1)
Promotions and Transfers	277	(1)
Time Away from Work	278	(1)
No Discrimination	278	(1)
Effects of Unions on Nonwage Outcomes	278	(5)
Union Influences on Hiring	278	(1)
Promotions, Transfers, and Turnover	279	(2)
Retirement Programs	281	(1)
Job Satisfaction	282	(1)
Summary	283	(1)
Discussion Questions	284	(1)
Key Terms	284	(1)
Case: GMFC Attitude Survey	284	(1)
Contract Negotiations	285	(67)
Management Preparation	287	(6)
Negotiation Objectives and the Bargaining Team	287	(1)
Reviewing the Expiring Contract	287	(1)
Preparing Data for Negotiations	287	(1)
Identification of Probable Union Demands	288	(1)
Costing the Contract	288	(4)
Bargaining Books	292	(1)
Strike Preparation	292	(1)
Strategy and Logistics	292	(1)
Union Preparation	293	(4)
National-Level Activities	293	(3)
Local-Level Preparations	296	(1)
Negotiation Requests	297	(1)
What Is Bargaining?	297	(2)
Behavioral Theories of Labor Negotiations	299	(5)
Distributive Bargaining	299	(3)
Integrative Bargaining	302	(1)
Attitudinal Structuring	302	(2)
Intraorganizational Bargaining	304	(1)
Bargainers and the Bargaining Environment	304	(6)
Attributes of the Parties	304	(2)
The Process of Negotiation	306	(2)
Perceptions of Bargainers	308	(1)
The Roles of the Actors in Negotiations	309	(1)
Contract Negotiations	310	(4)
Initial Presentations	310	(1)
Bargaining on Specific Issues	310	(1)
Tactics in Distributive Bargaining	311	(1)
Committing to a Position	311	(1)
Deadlines	312	(1)
Settlements and Ratifications	312	(2)
Nonagreement	314	(1)
Bargaining Outcomes	314	(2)
Summary	316	(1)
Discussion Questions	317	(1)
Key Terms	317	(1)
Mock Negotiating Exercise	317	(14)
Contract Costing	318	(6)
Approach	324	(1)
Demands	324	(1)
Organization for Negotiations	325	(1)
Negotiations	326	(1)
Additional Information	326	(5)
Agreement between General Manufacturing & Fabrication Company, Central City, Indiana, and Local 384, United Steelworkers of America AFL-CIO	331	(21)
Impasses and Their Resolution	352	(29)
Impasse Definition	352	(1)
Third-Party Involvement	353	(1)
Mediation	353	(5)
Mediator Behavior and Outcomes	354	(2)
Mediator Backgrounds and Training	356	(1)
Mediator Activity	357	(1)
Fact-Finding	358	(1)
Fact-Finding and the Issues	359	(1)
Interest Arbitration	359	(1)
Review of Third-Party Involvements	360	(1)
Strikes	361	(15)
Strike Votes and Going Out	361	(1)
Picketing	362	(2)
Slowdowns	364	(1)
Corporate Campaigns	365	(1)
Coordinated Campaigns	366	(1)
Employer Responses to Strikes	367	(3)
Rights of Economic Strikers	370	(1)
Evidence on the Incidence, Duration, and Effects of Strikes	370	(6)
Boycotts	376	(1)
Lockouts	377	(1)
Perishable Goods	377	(1)
Multiemployer Lockouts	378	(1)
Single-Employer Lockouts	378	(1)
Bankruptcies	378	(1)
Summary	379	(1)
Discussion Questions	380	(1)
Key Terms	380	(1)
Selected Web Sites	380	(1)
Case: GMFC Impasse	380	(1)
Union-Management Cooperation	381	(30)
Labor and Management Roles and the Changing Environment	381	(3)
Organizing and the Evolving Bargaining Relationship	382	(1)
Preferences of Management and Labor	382	(1)
Levels of Cooperation and Control	383	(1)
Integrative Bargaining	384	(5)
Mutual Gains Bargaining	385	(1)
FMCS Innovations	386	(3)
The Use and Effects of Interest-Based Bargaining	389	(1)
Creating and Sustaining Cooperation	389	(2)
Methods of Cooperation	391	(2)
Areawide Labor-Management Committees	392	(1)
Joint Labor-Management Committees	392	(1)
Workplace Interventions	393	(12)
Employee Involvement and Quality-of-Work Life Programs	395	(2)
Team-Based Approaches	397	(1)
Alternative Governance Forms	398	(1)
Union Political Processes and the Diffusion of Change	398	(2)
Management Strategy	400	(1)
Research on the Effects of Cooperation across Organizations	401	(2)
Research on the Long-Term Effects of Cooperation	403	(2)
High Performance Work Organizations	405	(1)
Workplace Restructuring	405	(1)
The Legality of Cooperation Plans	406	(1)
Employee Stock Ownership Plans	407	(1)
The Diffusion and Institutionalization of Change	407	(1)
Summary	408	(1)
Discussion Questions	409	(1)
Key Terms	409	(1)
Case: Continuing or Abandoning the Special-Order Fabrication Business	409	(2)
Directions	410	(1)
Contract Administration	411	(26)
The Duty to Bargain	411	(1)
Conventional Contract Administration	412	(1)
Empowered Work Environments	412	(1)
Issues in Contract Administration	412	(4)
Discipline	412	(1)
Incentives	413	(1)
Work Assignments	414	(1)
Individual Personnel Assignments	414	(1)
Hours of Work	414	(1)
Supervisors Doing Production Work	414	(1)
Production Standards	414	(1)
Working Conditions	414	(1)
Subcontracting	415	(1)
Past Practice	415	(1)
Rules	415	(1)
Prevalence of Issues	416	(1)
Grievance Procedures	416	(6)
Steps in the Grievance Procedure	416	(5)
Time Involved	421	(1)
Methods of Dispute Resolution	422	(3)
Project Labor Agreements	423	(1)
Wildcat Strikes	423	(1)
Discipline for Wildcat Strikes	423	(1)
Grievance Mediation	424	(1)
Employee and Union Rights in Grievance Processing	425	(3)
To What Is the Employee Entitled?	425	(1)
Fair Representation	425	(3)
Grievances and Bargaining	428	(5)
Union Responses to Management Action	428	(1)
Fractional Bargaining	428	(1)
Union Initiatives in Grievances	429	(2)
Individual Union Members and Grievances	431	(2)
Effects of Grievances on Employers and Employees	433	(2)
Summary	435	(1)
Discussion Questions	435	(1)
Key Terms	435	(1)
Case: New Production Equipment: Greater Efficiency with Less Effort or a Speedup?	436	(1)
Directions	436	(1)
Grievance Arbitration	437	(28)
What Is Arbitration?	437	(1)
Development of Arbitration	438	(5)
Steelworkers' Trilogy	438	(1)
The 1962 Trilogy	439	(1)
Additional Supreme Court Decisions on Arbitration in Unionized Firms	440	(1)
NLRB Deferral to Arbitration	440	(1)
Exceptions to Deferral	441	(2)
Arbitration Procedures	443	(9)
Prearbitration Matters	443	(1)
Selection of an Arbitrator	443	(1)
Sources and Qualifications of Arbitrators	444	(4)
Prehearing	448	(1)
Hearing Processes	449	(1)
Representatives of the Parties	449	(1)
Presentation of the Case	449	(1)
Posthearing	450	(1)
Evidentiary Rules	450	(1)
Arbitral Remedies	451	(1)
Preparation of the Award	452	(1)
Procedural Difficulties and Their Resolutions	452	(3)
Expedited Arbitration	454	(1)
Inadequate Representation	454	(1)
Arbitration of Discipline Cases	455	(3)
Role of Discipline	455	(1)
Evidence	455	(1)
Uses of Punishment	456	(1)
Substance Abuse Cases	457	(1)
Sexual Harassment Violations	458	(1)
Fighting	458	(1)
Arbitration of Past Practice Disputes	458	(1)
Arbitral Decisions and the Role of Arbitration	459	(2)
Summary	461	(1)
Discussion Questions	461	(1)
Key Terms	461	(1)
Cases	461	(4)
Case 1	461	(1)
Case 2	462	(1)
Case 3	463	(1)
Case 4	463	(2)
Public-Sector Labor Relations	465	(30)
Public-Sector Labor Law	465	(10)
Federal Labor Relations Law	466	(1)
State Labor Laws	467	(8)
Public Employee Unions	475	(2)
Bargaining Rights and Organizing	477	(1)
Public-Sector Bargaining Processes	477	(6)
Bargaining Structures	477	(1)
Management Organization for Bargaining	478	(1)
Multilateral Bargaining	478	(1)
Bargaining Outcomes	479	(4)
Union-Management Cooperation	483	(1)
Impasse Procedures	483	(10)
Fact-Finding	484	(1)
Arbitration	485	(6)
Strikes	491	(2)
Summary	493	(1)
Discussion Questions	493	(1)
Case: Teacher Bargaining at Pleasant Ridge	493	(2)
Questions	494	(1)
A Survey of Labor Relations in Market Economies	495	(26)
The Development of Labor Movements	496	(2)
The Structure of Labor Movements	498	(6)
Works Councils	499	(1)
Globalization	500	(4)
Organizing and Representation	504	(4)
Bargaining Issues	508	(1)
Bargaining Structures	509	(3)
Impasses	512	(1)
Union-Management Cooperation	513	(2)
Contract Administration	515	(1)
Public-Sector Unionization	515	(3)
Comparative Effects of Unionization	518	(1)
Summary	519	(1)
Discussion Questions	520	(1)
Key Term	520	(1)
Glossary	521	(11)
Author Index	532	(12)
Subject Index	544