Laboratory Investigations in Anatomy & Physiology Main Version

by Sarikas, Stephen N.

• ISBN13: 9780805353211
• ISBN10: 0805353216
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2006-01-10
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This concise lab manual moves beyond "cookbook"-style lab instruction to help you develop the investigative skills required for a successful career in health care. Consistently emphasizing the relationship between structure and function, author Stephen Sarikas guides you in predicting outcomes and interpreting what you experience in the lab. Through the use of an engaging "connected learning" technique, each exercise step builds on the last to help you understand complex ideas and make connections between concepts. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Exercise 1 Body Organization and Terminology	1	(16)
Using Anatomical Terms to Describe Body Organization	2	(3)
Defining Anatomical Planes and Sections	5	(1)
Identifying Organs and Organ Systems	6	(3)
Identifying Anatomical Regions	9	(3)
Exploring the Body Cavities	12	(1)
Examining the General Organization of Serous Membranes	12	(5)
Review Sheet: Body Organization and Terminology	15	(2)
Exercise 2 Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope	17	(10)
Learning the Parts of a Light Microscope	18	(1)
Viewing a Specimen with the Compound Microscope	19	(1)
Viewing the Letter e	20	(1)
Perceiving Depth of Field	21	(1)
Using the Oil Immersion Lens	21	(1)
Determining the Diameter of the Field of View	22	(5)
Review Sheet: Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope	25	(2)
The Cell
Exercise 3 Cell Structure and Cell Division	27	(12)
Preparing a Wet Mount of Cheek Epithelial Cells	31	(2)
Light Microscopic Observations of Various Cell Types	33	(1)
Examining a Model of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell	33	(1)
Electron Microscopic Observations of Cells	34	(2)
Examining the Stages of Mitosis	36	(3)
Review Sheet: Cell Structure and Cell Division	37	(2)
Exercise 4 Membrane Transport	39	(10)
Demonstrating Simple Diffusion	42	(2)
Demonstrating Membrane Permeability	44	(1)
Observing Osmosis	45	(4)
Review Sheet: Membrane Transport	47	(2)
Tissues
Exercise 5 Epithelial and Connective Tissues	49	(18)
Microscopic Observations of Epithelial Tissue	50	(6)
Microscopic Observations of Connective Tissue	56	(11)
Review Sheet: Epithelial and Connective Tissues	63	(4)
The Integumentary System
Exercise 6 The Integumentary System	67	(10)
Examining Fingerprint Patterns	69	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin	69	(1)
Examining the Accessory Structures of Skin	70	(3)
Examining the Anatomical Model of Skin	73	(1)
Examining the Structure of Nails	73	(4)
Review Sheet: The Integumentary System	75	(2)
The Skeletal System
Exercise 7 Introduction to the Skeletal System and the Axial Skeleton	77	(28)
Classifying Bones According to Shape	77	(1)
Classifying Bones According to Location	78	(3)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Bone	81	(1)
Examining the Gross Anatomy and Arrangement of Compact and Spongy Bone	81	(2)
Identifying the Bones of the Skull	83	(4)
Identifying the Bony Landmarks and Openings of the Skull	87	(1)
Examining the Fetal Skull	87	(3)
Examining the General Features of the Vertebral Column	90	(2)
Examining the Unique Features of Specific Vertebrae	92	(3)
Examining the Structure of the Thoracic Cage	95	(10)
Review Sheet: Introduction to the Skeletal System and the Axial Skeleton	99	(6)
Exercise 8 The Appendicular Skeleton	105	(20)
Examination of the Upper Extremity	106	(4)
Examination of the Lower Extremity	110	(15)
Review Sheet: The Appendicular Skeleton	119	(6)
Exercise 9 Articulations	125	(22)
Examining the Structure of Fibrous Joints	126	(3)
Examining the Structure of Cartilaginous Joints	129	(2)
Understanding the Types of Movements at Synovial Joints	131	(1)
Examining the Structure and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints	131	(5)
Examining the Structure of Specific Synovial Joints	136	(11)
Review Sheet: Articulations	145	(2)
The Muscular System
Exercise 10 Histology of Muscle Tissue	147	(10)
Light Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle	147	(1)
Light Microscopic Structure of Cardiac Muscle	148	(1)
Light Microscopic Structure of Smooth Muscle	149	(1)
Examining Skeletal Muscle Cells in Three Dimensions	150	(1)
Examining the Neuromuscular Junction at a Skeletal Muscle Cell	151	(2)
Observing the Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	153	(4)
Review Sheet: Histology of Muscle Tissue	155	(2)
Exercise 11 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System	157	(60)
Identifying Muscles of the Head	158	(7)
Identifying Muscles of the Neck	165	(4)
Identifying Respiratory Muscles of the Thorax	169	(3)
Identifying Abdominal Wall Muscles	172	(2)
Identifying Deep Back Muscles	174	(3)
Identifying Pelvic Floor Muscles	177	(1)
Identifying Anterior Shoulder Muscles	178	(2)
Identifying Posterior Shoulder Muscles	180	(4)
Identifying Anterior Arm Muscles	184	(3)
Identifying Triceps Brachii	187	(1)
Identifying Anterior Forearm Muscles	187	(5)
Identifying Posterior Forearm Muscles	192	(3)
Identifying Intrinsic Hand Muscles	195	(3)
Identifying Gluteal Muscles	198	(2)
Identifying Anterior Thigh Muscles	200	(3)
Identifying Medial Thigh Muscles	203	(1)
Identifying Posterior Thigh Muscles	204	(1)
Identifying Anterior Leg Muscles	205	(1)
Identifying Lateral Leg Muscles	206	(2)
Identifying Posterior Leg Muscles	208	(2)
Identifying Intrinsic Foot Muscles	210	(7)
Review Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System	213	(4)
Exercise 12 Physiology of the Muscular System	217	(14)
Demonstrating Isotonic and Isometric Contractions	219	(1)
Examining Resistance Versus Contraction Speed	220	(1)
Demonstrating Multiple Motor Unit Summation	220	(1)
Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue	221	(1)
Testing Muscle Flexibility	222	(2)
Recording EMG Using the BIOPAC System	224	(7)
Review Sheet: Physiology of the Muscular System	229	(2)
The Nervous System
Exercise 13 Histology of Nervous Tissue	231	(16)
Identifying Major Components of Multipolar Neurons	236	(1)
Examining the Synapse	237	(1)
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Cerebrum	238	(1)
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Cerebellum	239	(1)
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Spinal Cord	240	(2)
Examining Microscopic Structure of Spinal Nerve Roots	242	(1)
Examining Microscopic Structure of Peripheral Nerves	242	(2)
Demonstrating the Significance of the Myelin Sheath	244	(3)
Review Sheet: Histology of Nervous Tissue	245	(2)
Exercise 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves	247	(30)
Dissecting the Sheep Meninges	251	(5)
Dissecting Surface Structures on the Sheep Brain	256	(1)
Examining a Midsagittal Section of the Sheep Brain	257	(1)
Examining a Coronal Section of the Sheep Brain	258	(1)
Examining Brain Ventricles and CSF Flow	259	(1)
Electroencephalography Using the Biopac Student Lab System	260	(3)
Identifying the Origins of the Cranial Nerves	263	(2)
Identifying the Openings for the Cranial Nerves	265	(1)
Testing the Functions of Cranial Nerves	266	(11)
Review Sheet: The Brain and Cranial Nerves	273	(4)
Exercise 15 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	277	(10)
Identifying Spinal Meninges and Associated Structures	277	(3)
Examining the Gross Anatomy	280	(2)
Using a Two-Point Discrimination Test	282	(2)
Testing General Sensory Function in Dermatomes	284	(3)
Review Sheet: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	285	(2)
Exercise 16 Human Reflex Physiology	287	(10)
Assessing Coordination	288	(1)
Assessing Balance	288	(1)
Assessing Coordinated Movement and Balance	289	(3)
Reflex Tests for the Upper Extremity	292	(1)
Reflex Tests for the Lower Extremity	292	(5)
Review Sheet: Human Reflex Physiology	295	(2)
Exercise 17 Special Senses	297	(30)
Examining the Anatomy of Olfactory Structures	299	(1)
Testing Olfactory Adaptation	300	(2)
Examining the Anatomy of Gustatory Structures	302	(1)
Testing Gustatory Sensations	302	(4)
Examining the Anatomy of Vision Structures	306	(5)
Performing Visual Tests	311	(7)
Examining Ear Anatomy	318	(3)
Performing Hearing Tests	321	(6)
Review Sheet: Special Senses	323	(4)
The Endocrine System
Exercise 18 The Endocrine System	327	(16)
Examining Gross Anatomy of the Endocrine System	327	(9)
Examining Microscopic Anatomy of Endocrine Organs	336	(7)
Review Sheet: The Endocrine System	341	(2)
The Cardiovascular System
Exercise 19 Blood Cells	343	(12)
Identifying Blood Cells	344	(1)
Identifying White Blood Cell Types	345	(1)
Performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count	346	(3)
Determining Your Blood Type	349	(6)
Review Sheet: Blood Cells	353	(2)
Exercise 20 Gross Anatomy of the Heart	355	(16)
Examining the Organization of the Pericardium	355	(2)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart	357	(3)
Identifying the Blood Vessels of the Coronary Circulation	360	(2)
Tracing the Flow of Blood Through the Heart Chambers	362	(1)
Dissection of the Sheep Heart	363	(8)
Review Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the Heart	367	(4)
Exercise 21 Anatomy of Blood Vessels	371	(22)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels	373	(3)
Identifying the Major Blood Vessels in the Pulmonary Circuit	376	(1)
Identifying the Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation	377	(6)
Identifying the Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation	383	(6)
Identifying Collateral Pathways in the Systemic Circulation	389	(4)
Review Sheet: Anatomy of Blood Vessels	391	(2)
Exercise 22 Cardiovascular Physiology	393	(14)
Listening for Heart Sounds	394	(2)
Measuring Blood Pressure	396	(1)
Examining the Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure	397	(1)
Measuring the Pulse Rate	398	(1)
Examining the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate	398	(2)
Using the Biopac Student Lab System to Measure and Evaluate the Electrical Activity of the Heart	400	(7)
Review Sheet: Cardiovascular Physiology	405	(2)
The Lymphatic System
Exercise 23 The Lymphatic System	407	(14)
Examining the Gross Anatomical Structure of the Lymphatic System	407	(6)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Lymphatic Structures	413	(3)
Observing the Antigen-Antibody Reaction Using Immunodiffusion	416	(5)
Review Sheet: The Lymphatic System	419	(2)
The Respiratory System
Exercise 24 Anatomy of the Respiratory System	421	(18)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Nose and Nasal Cavity	421	(2)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Pharynx	423	(1)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Larynx	423	(2)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Trachea	425	(1)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Lungs	426	(2)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Bronchial Tree	428	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Respiratory Mucosa	429	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Trachea	430	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Lungs	431	(8)
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Respiratory System	435	(4)
Exercise 25 Respiratory Physiology	439	(14)
Examining Pulmonary Ventilation	441	(3)
Measuring Respiratory Volumes	444	(1)
Calculating Respiratory Volumes and Capacities	445	(2)
Predicting and Measuring Vital Capacity	447	(1)
Using the Biopac Student Lab System to Measure Depth of Ventilation and Breathing Rate	448	(5)
Review Sheet: Respiratory Physiology	451	(2)
The Digestive System
Exercise 26 Anatomy of the Digestive System	453	(30)
Examining the General Organization of the Peritoneum	456	(1)
Examining the Gross Anatomical Structure of the Alimentary Canal	456	(7)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Teeth, Salivary Glands, and Tongue	463	(3)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas	466	(3)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of the Alimentary Canal	469	(6)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Accessory Digestive Organs	475	(8)
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Digestive System	479	(4)
Exercise 27 Actions of a Digestive Enzyme	483	(8)
Conducting the Control Tests	484	(1)
Testing for the Presence of Starch and Disaccharides in Various Beverages	485	(1)
Testing the Effect of pH on Amylase Activity	486	(5)
Review Sheet: Actions of a Digestive Enzyme	489	(2)
The Urinary System
Exercise 28 Anatomy of the Urinary System	491	(14)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System	492	(2)
Examining the Nephron	494	(2)
Examining the Blood Supply of the Kidney	496	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Urinary System	496	(5)
Dissecting a Kidney	501	(4)
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Urinary System	503	(2)
Exercise 29 Urinary Physiology	505	(8)
Examining the Physical Characteristics of Urine	507	(1)
Measuring the Specific Gravity of Urine	508	(1)
Examining the Chemical Characteristics of Urine	509	(1)
Examining a Urine Sample Microscopically	510	(3)
Review Sheet: Urinary Physiology	511	(2)
The Reproductive Systems
Exercise 30 The Male Reproductive System	513	(10)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	515	(3)
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of Male Reproductive Organs	518	(5)
Review Sheet: The Male Reproductive System	521	(2)
Exercise 31 The Female Reproductive System	523	(20)
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	525	(4)
Identifying Homologous Reproductive Structures	529	(1)
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Female Reproductive Organs	529	(14)
Review Sheet: The Female Reproductive System	553
Appendix A: Writing a Laboratory Report	543	(2)
Appendix B: Weights and Measures	545	(2)
Photo Credits	547	(2)
Index	549