Langman Medical Embryology

by Sadler, Thomas W.

• ISBN13: 9781451113426
• ISBN10: 1451113420
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-11-11
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Reaching far beyond the 9 months of gestation and the first year of life, embryonic development has ramifications for health throughout the human lifespan. Improved reproductive outcomes and healthier babies-while the specific goals of obstetricians-are areas of clinical relevance for all healthcare professionals, hangman's Medical Embryology facilitates understanding of the molecular, cellular, and structural factors contributing to human development. With its trademark approach combining economy of text with exceptional artwork, the revised twelfth edition clearly and effectively presents embryology in a clinical context for students of medicine and the health professions.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. viii
Introduction / Embryology: Clinical Relevance and Historical Perspective	p. xii
General Embryology	p. 1
Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling	p. 3
Gene Transcription	p. 3
Other Regulators of Gene Expression	p. 5
Induction and Organ Formation	p. 5
Cell Signaling	p. 6
Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Male and Female Gametes	p. 10
Primordial Germ Cells	p. 10
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	p. 11
Morphological Changes During Maturation of the Gametes	p. 21
First Week of Development: Ovulation to Implantation	p. 29
Ovarian Cycle	p. 29
Fertilization	p. 32
Cleavage	p. 37
Blastocyst Formation	p. 37
Uterus at Time of Implantation	p. 39
Second Week of Development: Bilaminar Germ Disc	p. 43
Day 8	p. 43
Day 9	p. 43
Days 11 and 12	p. 44
Day 13	p. 46
Third Week of Development: Trilaminar Germ Disc	p. 51
Gastrulation: Formation of Embryonic Mesoderm and Endoderm	p. 51
Formation of the Notochord	p. 51
Establishment of the Body Axes	p. 52
Fate Map Established During Gastrulation	p. 57
Growth of the Embryonic Disc	p. 57
Further Development of the Trophoblast	p. 59
Third to Eighth Weeks: The Embryonic Period	p. 63
Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer	p. 63
Derivatives of the Mesodermal Germ Layer	p. 70
Derivatives of the Endodermal Germ Layer	p. 78
Patterning of the Anteroposterior Axis: Regulation by Homeobox Genes	p. 81
External Appearance During the Second Month	p. 81
The Gut Tube and the Body Cavities	p. 86
A Tube on Top of a Tube	p. 86
Formation of the Body Cavity	p. 87
Serous Membranes	p. 88
Diaphragm and Thoracic Cavity	p. 90
Formation of the Diaphragm	p. 92
Third Month to Birth: The Fetus and Placenta	p. 96
Development of the Fetus	p. 96
Fetal Membranes and Placenta	p. 100
Chorion Frondosum and Decidua Basalis	p. 102
Structure of the Placenta	p. 103
Amnion and Umbilical Cord	p. 107
Placental Changes at the End of Pregnancy	p. 108
Amniotic Fluid	p. 109
Fetal Membranes in Twins	p. 110
Parturition (Birth)	p. 115
Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis	p. 117
Birth Defects	p. 117
Prenatal Diagnosis	p. 125
Fetal Therapy	p. 128
Systems-Based Embryology	p. 131
The Axial Skeleton	p. 133
Skull	p. 133
Vertebrae and the Vertebral Column	p. 142
Ribs and Sternum	p. 144
Muscular System	p. 145
Striated Skeletal Musculature	p. 145
Innervation of Axial Skeletal Muscles	p. 146
Skeletal Muscle and Tendons	p. 148
Mclecular Regulation of Muscle Development	p. 148
Patterning of Muscles	p. 148
Head Musculature	p. 148
Limb Musculature	p. 148
Cardiac Muscle	p. 149
Smooth Muscle	p. 149
Limbs	p. 151
Limb Growth And Development	p. 151
Limb Musculature	p. 152
Cardiovascular System	p. 162
Establishment and Patterning of the Primary Heart Field	p. 162
Formation and Position of the Heart Tube	p. 164
Formation of the Cardiac Loop	p. 166
Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Development	p. 169
Development of the Sinus Venosus	p. 170
Formation of the Cardiac Septa	p. 171
Formation of the Conducting System of the Heart	p. 185
Vascular Development	p. 185
Circulation Before and After Birth	p. 195
Respiratory System	p. 201
Formation of the Lung Buds	p. 201
Larynx	p. 203
Trachea, Bronchi, And Lungs	p. 203
Maturation of the Lungs	p. 205
Digestive System	p. 208
Divisions of the Gut Tube	p. 208
Molecular Regulation of Gut Tube Development	p. 209
Mesenteries	p. 210
Foregut	p. 211
Molecular Regulation of Liver Induction	p. 219
Pancreas	p. 221
Midgut	p. 222
Hindgut	p. 229
Urogenital System	p. 232
Urinary System	p. 232
Genital System	p. 243
Head and Neck	p. 260
Pharyngeal Arches	p. 262
Pharyngeal Pouches	p. 266
Pharyngeal Clefts	p. 268
Molecular Regulation of Facial Development	p. 268
Tongue	p. 273
Thyroid Gland	p. 274
Face	p. 275
Intermaxillary Segment	p. 278
Secondary Palate	p. 278
Nasal Cavities	p. 282
Teeth	p. 283
Molecular Regulation of Tooth Development	p. 285
Central Nervous System	p. 287
Spinal Cord	p. 288
Brain	p. 297
Molecular Regulation of Brain Development	p. 308
Cranial Nerves	p. 313
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 315
Ear	p. 321
Internal Ear	p. 321
Middle Ear	p. 324
External Ear	p. 325
Eye	p. 329
Optic Cup and Lens Vesicle	p. 329
Retina, Iris, and Ciliary Body	p. 331
Lens	p. 333
Choroid, Sclera, and Cornea	p. 333
Vitreous Body	p. 333
Optic Nerve	p. 334
Molecular Regulation of Eye Development	p. 334
Integumentary System	p. 339
Skin	p. 339
Hair	p. 341
Sweat Glands	p. 342
Mammary Glands	p. 342
Appendix	p. 345
Answers to Problems	p. 347
Figure Credits	p. 357
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 361
Index	p. 371
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