Laser Remote Sensing

by Fujii; Takashi

• ISBN13: 9780824742560
• ISBN10: 0824742567
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781040066744
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-28
• Publisher: CRC Press
• More Book Details

Summary

Information on recent progress in laser remote sensor (LIDAR) technology can be found scattered throughout numerous journal articles and conference proceedings, but until now there has been no work that summarizes recent advancements and achievements in the field in a detailed format. Laser Remote Sensing provides an up-to-date, comprehensive review on LIDAR, focusing mainly on applications to current topics in atmospheric science. The scope of the book includes laser remote sensing of the atmosphere, including measurement of aerosols, water vapor, clouds, winds, trace constituents, and temperature. It also covers other interesting applications such as vegetation monitoring and altimetry. LIDAR systems described in this volume include ground-based (fixed or mobile), airborne, and spaceborne (satellite-based) systems. The book emphasizes instrumentation and measurement techniques to enable the reader to understand what kind of a LIDAR system is necessary for a certain application. The individual chapters are self-contained and written by authors who are outstanding experts in each field. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, and students who have interest in the atmospheric environment and wish to learn about the measurement capabilities of state-of-the-art LIDAR systems

Table of Contents

Lidar: Introduction	1	(36)
Claus Weitkamp
Introduction	2	(15)
From Visual Perception to Lidar	2	(1)
What This Book Does Not Consider	3	(2)
How It All Began	5	(1)
Lidar Literature and Information Dissemination	6	(1)
What a Lidar Is	7	(1)
The Lidar Return Signal and Lidar Equation	8	(4)
Atmospheric Parameters that Can be Measured	12	(1)
Interaction Processes Used	13	(3)
Lidar Systematics	16	(1)
Lidars Considered in This Book	17	(13)
Femtosecond White-Light Lidar	19	(2)
Elastic Lidar Measurement of the Troposphere	21	(1)
Trace Gas Species Detection in the Lower Atmosphere by Lidar	22	(1)
Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	23	(1)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of Lidar Targets	24	(2)
Wind Lidar	26	(2)
Airborne Lidar Systems	28	(1)
Space-Based Lidar	29	(1)
Lidar Guidelines	30	(7)
References	32	(5)
Femtosecond White-Light Lidar	37	(26)
J. Kasparian
R. Bourayou
S. Frey
J. C. Luderer
G. Mejean
M. Rodriguez
E. Salmon
H. Wille
J. Yu
J.-P. Wolf
L. Woste
Introduction	38	(2)
The Teramobile System	40	(2)
Nonlinear Propagation of TW Pulses	42	(7)
Kerr Self-Focusing	43	(2)
Multiphoton Ionization and Plasma Generation	45	(1)
Filamentation of High-Power Laser Beams	46	(2)
White-Light Generation and Self-Phase Modulation	48	(1)
Atmospheric Filamentation Experiments	49	(2)
Lidar Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Traces	51	(3)
Aerosols	54	(4)
Conclusion	58	(5)
Acknowledgments	59	(1)
References	59	(4)
Elastic Lidar Measurement of the Troposphere	63	(60)
Nobuo Takeuchi
Outline of the Troposphere by Lidar Monitoring	65	(2)
Lidar Equation and Analytical Solution	67	(5)
One-Component Case---Klett Method	67	(4)
Two-Component Case---Fernald Methods	71	(1)
Lidar System and Example of Monitoring	72	(20)
Characteristics of Performance	73	(1)
Single-Channel Lidar with Scanning Mechanism	73	(1)
Multiwavelength Lidar	74	(3)
Polarization Diversity Lidar	77	(1)
Monitoring of Mineral Dust	78	(3)
Cloud Measurement	81	(2)
Unattended Lidar	83	(1)
Micro-Pulse Lidar	83	(4)
Other Systems	87	(2)
Combination with Radar --- Cloud Measurement	89	(3)
Monitoring of Aerosol Optical Properties	92	(21)
Model of Aerosol Size Distribution	92	(1)
Log Normal Distribution	92	(1)
The Power Law Distribution	93	(1)
Modified Gamma Distribution	94	(1)
Optical Properties of Aerosol and Air Molecule	95	(2)
Monitoring by High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar	97	(3)
Derivation Using a Raman-Mie Lidar	100	(2)
Monitoring by Multiwavelength Lidar	102	(1)
Two-Wavelength Lidar Method	102	(4)
Four-Wavelength Lidar Method	106	(7)
Lidar Network Monitoring	113	(4)
Earlinet	113	(2)
MPL-Net	115	(1)
AD-Net	116	(1)
Conclusions and Future Trend	117	(6)
References	118	(5)
Trace Gas Species Detection in the Lower Atmosphere by Lidar: From Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Pollutants to Possible Air Pollution Abatement Strategies	123	(56)
Bertrand Calpini
Valentin Simeonov
Introduction	124	(1)
Differential Absorption Lidar Equation	125	(2)
The Detection of Trace Gas Species by Dial	127	(5)
Dial Measurements in the UV (200 to 450 nm)	132	(5)
Nitrogen Oxides	132	(2)
Sulfur Dioxide, SO2	134	(1)
Chlorine, Cl2	135	(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	136	(1)
Mercury, Hg	136	(1)
Dial Measurements in the Near-IR (1 to 5 μm)	137	(1)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)	137	(1)
Hydrogen Chloride, HCI	138	(1)
Dial Measurements in the Mid-IR (5 to 11 μm)	138	(2)
Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6	139	(1)
VOCs	139	(1)
Ammonia, NH3	140	(1)
Tropospheric Ozone as a Special Case Study	140	(15)
Comparison Between Lidar Measurements and Model Predictions	155	(11)
Grenoble 1999	157	(4)
Pump and Probe OH	161	(5)
Perspectives	166	(13)
Acknowledgments	167	(1)
References	168	(11)
Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	179	(254)
Xinzhao Chu
George C. Papen
Introduction	182	(8)
Lidar Study of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	182	(1)
Lidar Concepts and Classifications	183	(2)
Initial Developments of Resonance Fluorescence Lidar	185	(2)
New Developments of Resonance Fluorescence Lidar	187	(3)
Arrangement of this Chapter	190	(1)
Advanced Technology of Resonance Fluorescence Lidar	190	(131)
Lidar Equations for Resonance Fluorescence Lidar	191	(1)
General Form of the Lidar Equation	191	(3)
Scattering Form of the Lidar Equation	194	(2)
Fluorescence Form of the Lidar Equation	196	(10)
Solutions for the Resonance Fluorescence Lidar Equation	206	(2)
Na Wind/Temperature Lidar	208	(1)
Introduction	208	(2)
Measurement Principle (Doppler Technique)	210	(18)
Na Doppler Lidar Instrumentation	228	(19)
Daytime Measurements	247	(8)
Lidar Data and Error Analysis	255	(13)
Fe Boltzmann Temperature Lidar	268	(1)
Introduction	268	(1)
Measurement Principle (Boltzmann Technique)	269	(7)
Fe Boltzmann Lidar Instrumentation	276	(4)
Temperature and Error Analysis	280	(7)
Rayleigh Temperature Retrieval	287	(3)
Temperature Measurement over the North and South Poles	290	(3)
Polar Mesospheric Cloud Detection over Both Poles	293	(3)
Potassium Doppler Lidar	296	(1)
Introduction	296	(1)
Measurement Principle	297	(4)
K Doppler Lidar Instrumentation	301	(2)
Daytime Measurements	303	(4)
Temperature and Error Analysis	307	(4)
Solid-State Na Doppler Lidar	311	(1)
Introduction	311	(1)
All-Solid-State Na Temperature Lidar	311	(5)
Solid-State Na Wind/Temperature Lidar	316	(1)
Comparison of Na, Fe, K, and Rayleigh Lidar Techniques	317	(1)
Narrowband Na Doppler Lidar Technique	318	(1)
Fe Boltzmann Temperature Lidar Technique	319	(1)
Narrowband K Doppler Lidar Technique	320	(1)
The Rayleigh Lidar Technique	321	(1)
Key Results of Lidar Measurements in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	321	(85)
Thermal Structure of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	322	(1)
Thermal Structure at Polar Latitudes	323	(11)
Thermal Structure at Mid-Latitudes	334	(10)
Thermal Structure at Low Latitudes	344	(6)
Dynamics of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere	350	(1)
Heat, Momentum, and Na Flux	350	(8)
Atmospheric Instability and Gravity Wave Directions	358	(3)
Tidal Study by Full-Diurnal-Cycle Lidar	361	(3)
Atmospheric Metallic Layers and Meteor Detection	364	(1)
Metal Layers and Mesospheric Chemistry	364	(16)
Meteor Trail Detection by Lidar	380	(6)
Polar Mesospheric Clouds (Noctilucent Clouds)	386	(1)
Historical Perspective	386	(3)
PMC Characteristics Measured by Lidar	389	(17)
Conclusions and Future Outlook	406	(27)
Acknowledgments	412	(1)
References	412	(21)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of Lidar Targets	433	(36)
Sune Svanberg
Introduction	434	(2)
Fluorescence	436	(4)
Remote Fluorescence Recording	440	(7)
General Considerations	440	(3)
Instrumentation	443	(1)
Transmitters	443	(2)
Optics	445	(1)
Detectors	446	(1)
Strategies for Fluorescence Imaging	446	(1)
Illustrations of Fluorescence Lidar Applications	447	(14)
Marine Monitoring	447	(3)
Vegetation Monitoring	450	(6)
Historical Monuments	456	(5)
Discussion	461	(8)
Acknowledgments	461	(1)
References	462	(7)
Wind Lidar	469	(254)
Sammy W. Henderson
Philip Gatt
David Rees
R. Milton Huffaker
Introduction	472	(2)
Background	474	(8)
Coherent Lidar Systems	475	(4)
Direct Detection Wind Lidar Systems	479	(3)
Doppler Wind Lidar Principle of Operation	482	(26)
Concept Overview	483	(2)
Lidar Equation	485	(2)
Quantum-Limited Optical Detection	487	(2)
Backscatter Coefficient	489	(3)
Atmospheric Extinction	492	(1)
Radial Velocity Precision	492	(4)
Vector Wind Velocity Estimation	496	(1)
Laser Speckle Effects	497	(6)
Background Light	503	(2)
Direct Detection	505	(2)
Coherent Detection	507	(1)
Doppler Wind Lidar Theory of Operation	508	(102)
Coherent Detection Doppler Wind Lidar Theory	509	(1)
Heterodyne Detection Concept Overview	509	(1)
Heterodyne Detection CNR and Related Concepts	510	(13)
Target-Plane Formalism---General CNR and Antenna Efficiency	523	(9)
Antenna Efficiency Calculations	532	(13)
Alignment Errors	545	(1)
Refractive Turbulence Effects	546	(4)
Pulsed Coherent Lidar Velocity Estimation Accuracy	550	(14)
Example System Performance Estimation	564	(3)
Coherent Detection Doppler Wind Lidar Theory Summary	567	(3)
Direct Detection Doppler Wind Lidar Theory	570	(2)
Direct Detection Concept Overview	572	(2)
Direct Detection SNR	574	(3)
The Fabry--Perot Etalon	577	(2)
Velocity Measurement Accuracy	579	(17)
Detector Truncation or Overlap and Alignment Efficiency	596	(1)
Refractive Turbulence Effects	597	(1)
Direct Detection Wind Lidar Theory Summary	598	(2)
Comparison of Coherent and Direct Detection Receivers	600	(3)
Coherent Detection Receiver	603	(2)
Direct Detection Receiver	605	(3)
Example Transmitter Requirement Comparison	608	(2)
System Architectures and Example Systems	610	(51)
Coherent Detection Lidar Systems	610	(1)
Coherent Lidar System Architecture	610	(7)
Representative CO2 Coherent Lidar Systems	617	(8)
Representative Solid-State Coherent Lidar Systems	625	(6)
Direct Detection Lidar	631	(1)
Direct Detection Lidar Architecture	632	(5)
Direct Detection Lidar Receiver Details	637	(9)
Detectors and Detection Efficiency for Direct Detection Doppler Lidar	646	(10)
A Representative Double-Edge Wind Lidar System	656	(3)
A Representative Fringe-Imaging Doppler Wind Lidar System	659	(2)
Wind Measurement Applications	661	(29)
Wind Shear, Gust Front, and Turbulence Measurements	662	(1)
NOAA's 10.6 μm Coherent Lidar	662	(2)
Ecole Polytechnique 10.6 μm Transportable Wind Lidar	664	(1)
NOAA's 2.0 μm Coherent High-Resolution Doppler Lidar	664	(3)
Coherent Technologies' WindTracer	667	(1)
Ground Wind Profiling	668	(2)
Coherent Technologies' Flashlamp-Pumped 2.0 μm Coherent Lidar	670	(1)
ALOMAR DWTS 532 nm ``Fringe-Imaging'' Direct Detection Lidar	671	(1)
Goddard's ``Double-Edge'' Direct Detection Lidar	671	(2)
Michigan Aerospace's GroundWinds 532 nm ``Fringe-Imaging'' Direct Detection Lidar	673	(1)
Airborne Wind Profiling	673	(1)
DLR's 10.6 μm CW WIND Coherent Lidar	673	(2)
Coherent Technologies' 2 μm Coherent Lidar	675	(3)
Airborne Clear Air Turbulence Detection	678	(1)
QinetiQ's (formely DRA) LATAS 10.6 μm CW Coherent Lidar	678	(2)
Coherent Technologies' ACLAIM 2.012 μm Coherent Lidar	680	(1)
Aircraft Wake Vortex Detection and Tracking	680	(2)
QinetiQ's (formerly DRA) 10.6 μm CW Coherent Lidar	682	(2)
Coherent Technologies' 2.0 μm Coherent Lidar	684	(1)
DLR 2.0 μm Lidar	684	(4)
Aerosol Detection and Tracking	688	(2)
Summary and Future Prospects	690	(33)
Acknowledgments	693	(7)
References	700	(23)
Airborne Lidar Systems	723	(58)
Edward V. Browell
William B. Grant
Syed Ismail
Introduction	724	(1)
Specific Requirements for Airborne Lidar	725	(1)
Specific Airborne Lidar Application Areas	726	(10)
Aerosols	726	(5)
Clouds	731	(1)
Polar Stratospheric Clouds	732	(1)
Wind Fields	733	(3)
Differential Absorption Lidar	736	(13)
Global O3 Measurements	736	(10)
Global Water Vapor Measurements	746	(3)
Resonance Fluorescence Lidar	749	(5)
Raman Lidar	754	(1)
Atmospheric Temperature, Density	755	(1)
Hydrospheric Lidar	756	(2)
Laser Altimeters	758	(2)
Future Developments Expected	760	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	761	(20)
References	761	(20)
Space-Based Lidar	781	(78)
Upendra N. Singh
Syed Ismail
Michael J. Kavaya
David M. Winker
Farzin Amzajerdian
Introduction	783	(3)
Technology Development for Space-Based Lidar Missions	786	(17)
Introduction	786	(1)
The Laser Risk Reduction and Active Optical Remote Sensing Programs	787	(2)
Lidar Technologies for Space Missions	789	(1)
Lasers	789	(3)
Lidar Telescope	792	(3)
Detector	795	(1)
Direct Detection	796	(3)
Coherent Detection	799	(4)
Space-Based Lidar for Observation of Aerosols and Clouds	803	(12)
Introduction	803	(2)
CALIPSO and the CALIOP Instrument	805	(6)
Detection Sensitivity	811	(2)
Aerosol and Cloud Measurements	813	(2)
Lidar Altimetry	815	(9)
Introduction	815	(2)
Mission Overview	817	(1)
Instrument Description	818	(1)
Laser Design	819	(1)
Receiver Design	820	(1)
Laser Pointing Angle Determination	821	(1)
Surface Measurements	822	(1)
Atmospheric Measurements	823	(1)
Wind Measurement from Space	824	(21)
Introduction	824	(1)
Wind Measurement Requirements	825	(4)
Space-Based DWL Measurement Technique	829	(4)
DWL Scan Pattern	833	(2)
DWL Velocity Error	835	(5)
Types of DWL Systems	840	(4)
Planned Space Missions	844	(1)
Differential Absorption Lidar	845	(14)
Introduction	845	(1)
Space-Based O3 DIAL	846	(1)
Rationale	846	(1)
Measurement Objective	847	(1)
Measurement Simulations	848	(2)
Space-Based H2O DIAL	850	(1)
Rationale	850	(1)
Measurement Approach and Objective	851	(2)
Measurement Simulations	853	(2)
Space-Based CO2 DIAL	855	(1)
Rationale	855	(1)
Measurement Requirements	855	(1)
Measurement Approach and Technology Developments	856	(3)
Acknowledgments	859	(1)
Appendix A	860	(7)
Geometry of Space-Based Lidar Remote Sensing	860	(7)
Appendix B	867	(1)
List of Acronyms	867	(1)
References	868	(15)
Index	883