Cengage Advantage Books: Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877, Compact

by Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Gerstle, Gary; Rosenberg, Emily S.

• ISBN13: 9780495004653
• ISBN10: 0495004650
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Succeed in American history with CENGAGE ADVANTAGE BOOKS: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND POWER, VOLUME I TO 1877, COMPACT EDTION! This history text shows how the pursuit of liberty and equality has shaped the nation, and how power has been used and abused in every aspect of American life between men and women, whites and blacks, and rich and poor. Features such as History through Film, chapter focus questions, chapter chronologies, charts, and tables help you master difficult concepts. The Book Companion Website contains additional study aids such as flashcards, tutorial quizzes, internet exercises, and links to the past designed to save you time and enhance your understanding of the material.

Table of Contents

Maps	p. xxi
History Through Film	p. xxii
To the Student: Why Study History?	p. xxiii
Preface	p. xxv
When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe	p. 1
Peoples in Motion	p. 1
Chronology	p. 2
From Beringia to the Americas	p. 2
The Great Extinction and the Rise of Agriculture	p. 4
The Polynesians and Hawaii	p. 6
The Norsemen	p. 6
Europe and the World in the 15th Century	p. 7
China: The Rejection of Overseas Expansion	p. 7
Europe versus Islam	p. 8
The Legacy of the Crusades	p. 9
The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal	p. 9
Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade	p. 11
Portugal's Asian Empire	p. 13
Early Lessons	p. 13
Spain, Columbus, and the Americas	p. 14
Columbus	p. 14
Spain and the Caribbean	p. 16
The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Americas	p. 17
The Rise of Sedentary Cultures	p. 18
The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures	p. 19
Inca Civilization	p. 21
Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures	p. 22
The Aztecs and Tenochtitl&'an	p. 25
North American Mound Builders	p. 26
Urban Cultures of the Southwest	p. 28
Contact and Cultural Misunderstanding	p. 30
Religious Dilemmas	p. 30
War as Cultural Misunderstanding	p. 31
Gender and Cultural Misunderstanding	p. 32
Conquest and Catastrophe	p. 32
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru	p. 32
North American Conquistadores and Missionaries	p. 34
The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe	p. 36
Brazil	p. 37
Global Colossus, Global Economy	p. 37
Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance	p. 39
Conclusion	p. 40
Suggested Readings	p. 41
The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America	p. 42
The Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain	p. 43
Chronology	p. 43
New France	p. 45
Early French Explorers	p. 45
Missions and Furs	p. 46
History Through Film: Black Robe	p. 47
New France under Louis XIV	p. 49
The Dutch and Swedish Settlements	p. 50
The East and West India Companies	p. 51
New Netherland as a Pluralistic Society	p. 52
Swedish and English Encroachments	p. 53
The Challenge from Elizabethan England	p. 53
The English Reformation	p. 54
Hawkins and Drake	p. 54
Gilbert, Ireland, and America	p. 55
Ralegh, Roanoke, and War with Spain	p. 56
The Swarming of the English	p. 58
The Chesapeake and West Indian Colonies	p. 58
The Jamestown Disaster	p. 59
Reorganization, Reform, and Crisis	p. 60
Tobacco, Servants, and Survival	p. 62
Maryland	p. 64
Chesapeake Family Life	p. 65
The West Indies and the Transition to Slavery	p. 66
The Rise of Slavery in North America	p. 67
The New England Colonies	p. 69
The Pilgrims and Plymouth	p. 70
Covenant Theology	p. 70
Massachusetts Bay	p. 72
Puritan Family Life	p. 73
Conversion, Dissent, and Expansion	p. 73
Congregations, Towns, and Colony Governments	p. 75
Infant Baptism and New Dissent	p. 76
The English Civil Wars	p. 78
The First Restoration Colonies	p. 78
Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal	p. 79
New York: An Experiment in Absolutism	p. 81
Brotherly Love: The Quakers and America	p. 84
Quaker Beliefs	p. 84
Quaker Families	p. 86
West New Jersey	p. 86
Pennsylvania	p. 87
Conclusion	p. 90
Suggested Readings	p. 91
England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty, and Expansion	p. 92
Chronology	p. 93
The Atlantic Prism and the Spectrum of Settlement	p. 94
Demographic Differences	p. 94
Race, Ethnicity, and Economy	p. 97
Religion and Education	p. 97
Local and Provincial Governments	p. 98
Unifying Trends: Language, War, Law, and Inheritance	p. 99
The Beginnings of Empire	p. 100
Upheaval in America: The Critical 1640s	p. 100
Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution	p. 101
The First Navigation Act	p. 102
Restoration Navigation Acts	p. 103
Indians, Settlers, Upheaval	p. 105
Indian Strategies of Survival	p. 105
Puritan Indian Missions	p. 106
Metacom's (or King Philip's) War	p. 107
Virginia's Indian War	p. 110
Bacon's Rebellion	p. 111
Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire	p. 113
The Popish Plot, the Exclusion Crisis, and the Rise of Party	p. 114
The Lords of Trade and Imperial Reform	p. 114
The Dominion of New England	p. 116
The Glorious Revolution	p. 116
The Glorious Revolution in America	p. 117
The English Response	p. 118
The Salem Witch Trials	p. 119
The Completion of Empire	p. 120
Imperial Federalism	p. 122
The Mixed and Balanced Constitution	p. 122
Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America	p. 124
The Pueblo Revolt	p. 124
New France and the Middle Ground	p. 125
French Louisiana and Spanish Texas	p. 127
An Empire of Settlement: The British Colonies	p. 128
The Engine of British Expansion: The Colonial Household	p. 128
The Voluntaristic Ethic and Public Life	p. 130
Three Warring Empires, 1689-1716	p. 130
Conclusion	p. 133
Suggested Readings	p. 134
Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent	p. 135
Expansion versus Anglicization	p. 135
Chronology	p. 136
Threats to Householder Autonomy	p. 137
Anglicizing the Role of Women	p. 138
Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differentiation	p. 139
Emergence of the Old South	p. 139
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The "Best Poor Man's Country"	p. 143
The Backcountry	p. 144
New England: A Faltering Economy and Paper Money	p. 145
Anglicizing Provincial America	p. 147
The World of Print	p. 148
The Enlightenment in America	p. 150
Lawyers and Doctors	p. 150
Georgia: The Failure of an Enlightenment Utopia	p. 151
The Great Awakening	p. 153
Origins of the Revivals	p. 153
Whitefield Launches the Transatlantic Revival	p. 155
Disruptions	p. 155
Long-Term Consequences of the Revivals	p. 156
New Colleges	p. 157
The Denominational Realignment	p. 158
Political Culture in the Colonies	p. 158
The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor	p. 159
"Country" Constitutions: The Southern Colonies	p. 160
"Court" Constitutions: The Northern Colonies	p. 161
The Renewal of Imperial Conflict	p. 162
Challenges to French Power	p. 162
The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain	p. 164
France versus Britain: King George's War	p. 167
The Impending Storm	p. 168
The War for North America	p. 171
The Albany Congress and the Onset of War	p. 171
Britain's Years of Defeat	p. 173
A World War	p. 176
Imperial Tensions: From Loudoun to Pitt	p. 177
The Years of British Victory	p. 179
The Cherokee War and Spanish Intervention	p. 182
The Peace of Paris	p. 182
Conclusion	p. 183
Suggested Readings	p. 184
Reform, Resistance, Revolution	p. 185
Imperial Reform	p. 186
Chronology	p. 186
From Pitt to Grenville	p. 187
The Grenville Ministry	p. 187
Indian Policy and Pontiac's War	p. 188
The Sugar Act	p. 190
The Currency Act and the Quartering Act	p. 190
The Stamp Act	p. 191
The Stamp Act Crisis	p. 192
Nullification	p. 193
Repeal	p. 194
The Townshend Crisis	p. 196
The Townshend Program	p. 196
Resistance: The Politics of Escalation	p. 198
An Experiment in Military Coercion	p. 200
The Second Wilkes Crisis	p. 200
The Boston Massacre	p. 201
Partial Repeal	p. 203
Disaffection	p. 204
Internal Cleavages: The Contagion of Liberty	p. 206
The Feudal Revival and Rural Discontent	p. 206
The Regulator Movements in the Carolinas	p. 208
Slaves and Women	p. 210
The Last Imperial Crisis	p. 212
The Tea Crisis	p. 213
Britain's Response: The Coercive Acts	p. 214
The Radical Explosion	p. 215
The First Continental Congress	p. 217
Toward War	p. 218
The Improvised War	p. 219
The Second Continental Congress	p. 220
War and Legitimacy, 1775-1776	p. 221
Independence	p. 222
History Through Film: 1776	p. 223
Conclusion	p. 224
Suggested Readings	p. 225
The Revolutionary Republic	p. 226
Chronology	p. 227
Hearts and Minds: The Northern War, 1776-1777	p. 228
The British Offensive	p. 228
The Trenton-Princeton Campaign	p. 231
The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign Intervention	p. 231
The Loss of Philadelphia	p. 232
History Through Film: Mary Silliman's War	p. 233
Saratoga	p. 234
French Intervention	p. 234
Spanish Expansion and Intervention	p. 235
The Reconstitution of Authority	p. 236
John Adams and the Separation of Powers	p. 236
The Virginia Constitution	p. 237
The Pennsylvania Constitution	p. 238
Massachusetts Redefines Constitutionalism	p. 239
Confederation	p. 241
The Crisis of the Revolution, 1779-1783	p. 242
The Loyalists	p. 242
Loyalist Refugees, Black and White	p. 243
The Indian Struggle for Unity and Survival	p. 244
Attrition	p. 246
The British Offensive in the South	p. 248
The Partisan War	p. 251
Mutiny and Reform	p. 252
From the Ravaging of Virginia to Yorktown and Peace	p. 253
A Revolutionary Society	p. 256
Religious Transformations	p. 256
The First Emancipation	p. 258
The Challenge to Patriarchy	p. 259
Western Expansion, Discontent, and Conflict with Indians	p. 260
The Northwest Ordinance	p. 261
A More Perfect Union	p. 264
Commerce, Debt, and Shay's Rebellion	p. 264
Cosmopolitans versus Localists	p. 264
The Philadelphia Convention	p. 266
Ratification	p. 268
Conclusion	p. 269
Suggested Readings	p. 270
The Democratic Republic, 1790-1820	p. 271
Chronology	p. 272
The Farmer's Republic	p. 273
Households	p. 273
History Through Film: A Midwife's Tale	p. 274
Rural Industry	p. 276
Neighbors	p. 276
Inheritance	p. 278
Standards of Living	p. 278
From Backcountry to Frontier	p. 279
The Destruction of the Woodland Indians	p. 280
The Failure of Cultural Renewal	p. 281
The Backcountry, 1790-1815	p. 283
The Plantation South, 1790-1820	p. 284
Slavery and the Republic	p. 284
The Recommitment to Slavery	p. 286
Race, Gender, and Chesapeake Labor	p. 287
The Lowland Task System	p. 288
The Seaport Cities, 1790-1815	p. 289
Commerce	p. 289
Poverty	p. 290
The Status of Labor	p. 291
The Withering of Patriarchal Authority	p. 292
Paternal Power in Decline	p. 293
The Alcoholic Republic	p. 293
The Democratization of Print	p. 294
Citizenship	p. 295
Republican Religion	p. 297
The Decline of the Established Churches	p. 297
The Rise of the Democratic Sects	p. 298
The Christianization of the White South	p. 300
Evangelicals and Slavery	p. 301
The Beginnings of African American Christianity	p. 302
Black Republicanism: Gabriel's Rebellion	p. 303
Conclusion	p. 305
Suggested Readings	p. 306
Completing the Revolution, 1789-1815	p. 307
Establishing the Government	p. 308
Chronology	p. 308
The "Republican Court"	p. 309
The First Congress	p. 310
Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt	p. 311
Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise	p. 312
The Rise of Opposition	p. 313
Jefferson versus Hamilton	p. 313
The Republic in a World at War, 1793-1800	p. 314
Americans and the French Revolution	p. 315
Citizen Genet	p. 315
Western Troubles	p. 316
The Jay Treaty	p. 318
Washington's Farewell	p. 319
The Election of 1796	p. 319
Troubles with France, 1796-1800	p. 320
The Crisis at Home, 1798-1800	p. 322
The Politicians and the Army	p. 323
The Election of 1800	p. 324
The Jeffersonians in Power	p. 325
The Republican Program	p. 325
Cleansing the Government	p. 327
The Jeffersonians and the Courts	p. 328
The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase	p. 329
Justice Marshall's Court	p. 330
Louisiana	p. 331
The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804-1815	p. 333
The Dilemmas of Neutrality	p. 333
Trouble on the High Seas	p. 334
Embargo	p. 334
The Road to War	p. 336
The War Hawk Congress, 1811-1812	p. 337
War Hawks and the War of 1812	p. 338
The War with Canada, 1812-1813	p. 338
Tecumseh's Last Stand	p. 341
The British Offensive, 1814	p. 342
The Hartford Convention	p. 343
The Treaty of Ghent	p. 344
Conclusion	p. 344
Suggested Readings	p. 345
The Market Revolution, 1815-1860	p. 346
Government and Markets	p. 347
Chronology	p. 347
The American System: The Bank of the United States	p. 347
The American System: Tariffs and Internal Improvements	p. 348
Markets and the Law	p. 349
The Transportation Revolution	p. 351
Transportation in 1815	p. 351
Improvements: Roads and Rivers	p. 351
Improvements: Canals and Railroads	p. 353
Time and Money	p. 354
Markets and Regions	p. 356
From Yeoman to Businessman: The Rural North and West	p. 356
Shaping the Northern Landscape	p. 357
The Transformation of Rural Outwork	p. 358
Farmers as Consumers	p. 358
The Northwest: Southern Migrants	p. 359
The Northwest: Northern Migrants	p. 360
Households	p. 362
Neighborhoods: The Landscape of Privacy	p. 364
The Industrial Revolution	p. 365
Factory Towns: The Rhode Island System	p. 365
Factory Towns: The Waltham System	p. 367
Urban Businessmen	p. 369
Metropolitan Industrialization	p. 370
History Through Film: Gangs of New York	p. 372
The Market Revolution in the South	p. 373
The Organization of Slave Labor	p. 374
Paternalism	p. 375
Yeomen and Planters	p. 376
Yeomen and the Market	p. 377
A Balance Sheet: The Plantation and Southern Development	p. 378
Conclusion	p. 380
Suggested Readings	p. 381
Toward an American Culture	p. 382
The Northern Middle Class	p. 382
Chronology	p. 383
The Evangelical Base	p. 383
Domesticity	p. 385
Sentimentality	p. 386
Fine Arts	p. 388
Nature and Art	p. 389
Scenic Tourism: Niagara Falls	p. 390
The Plain People of the North	p. 391
Religion and the Common Folk	p. 391
Popular Millennialism	p. 392
Family and Society	p. 394
The Prophet Joseph Smith	p. 395
The Rise of Popular Culture	p. 396
Blood Sports	p. 396
Boxing	p. 396
An American Theater	p. 397
Minstrelsy	p. 399
Novels and the Penny Press	p. 400
Family, Church, and Neighborhood: The White South	p. 402
Southern Families	p. 402
Southern Entertainments	p. 403
The Camp Meeting Becomes Respectable	p. 404
Religious Conservatism	p. 405
Pro-slavery Christianity	p. 406
The Private Lives of Slaves	p. 407
The Slave Family	p. 407
White Missions	p. 409
Slave Christians	p. 410
Religion and Revolt	p. 411
Nat Turner	p. 412
Conclusion	p. 413
Suggested Readings	p. 414
Society, Culture, and Politics, 1820s-1840s	p. 415
Constituencies	p. 416
Chronology	p. 416
The North and West	p. 416
The South	p. 418
The Politics of Economic Development	p. 419
Government and Its Limits	p. 419
Banks	p. 421
Internal Improvements	p. 423
The Politics of Social Reform	p. 423
Public Schools	p. 424
Ethnicity, Religion, and the Schools	p. 425
Prisons	p. 426
Asylums	p. 427
The South and Social Reform	p. 428
Excursus: The Politics of Alcohol	p. 429
Ardent Spirits	p. 429
The Origins of Prohibition	p. 431
The Democratization of Temperance	p. 432
Temperance Schisms	p. 433
Ethnicity and Alcohol	p. 434
The Politics of Race	p. 434
Free Blacks	p. 435
Discrimination	p. 435
Democratic Racism	p. 437
Conceptions of Racial Difference	p. 438
The Beginnings of Antislavery	p. 439
Abolitionists	p. 440
Agitation	p. 441
The Politics of Gender and Sex	p. 442
Appetites	p. 442
Moral Reform	p. 443
Women's Rights	p. 444
Conclusion	p. 446
Suggested Readings	p. 447
Jacksonian Democracy	p. 448
Prologue: 1819	p. 448
Chronology	p. 449
The West, 1803-1840s	p. 449
The Argument over Missouri	p. 450
The Missouri Compromise	p. 451
The Panic of 1819	p. 452
Republican Revival	p. 453
Martin Van Buren Leads the Way	p. 454
The Election of 1824	p. 454
"A Corrupt Bargain"	p. 456
Jacksonian Melodrama	p. 457
Adams versus Jackson	p. 458
Nationalism in an International Arena	p. 458
Nationalism at Home	p. 459
The Pirth of the Democratic Party	p. 460
The Election of 1828	p. 460
A People's Inauguration	p. 462
The Spoils System	p. 463
Jacksonian Democracy and the South	p. 464
Southerners and Indians	p. 464
Indian Removal	p. 465
History Through Film: Amistad	p. 466
Southerners and the Tariff	p. 467
Nullification	p. 468
The "Petticoat Wars"	p. 470
The Fall of Calhoun	p. 471
Petitions, the Gag Rule, and the Southern Mails	p. 472
Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution	p. 474
The Second Bank of the United States	p. 474
The Bank War	p. 475
The Beginnings of the Whig Party	p. 477
A Balanced Budget	p. 478
The Second American Party System	p. 479
"Martin Van Ruin"	p. 480
The Election of 1840	p. 481
Two Parties	p. 483
Conclusion	p. 483
Suggested Readings	p. 484
Manifest Destiny: An Empire for Liberty-or Slavery?	p. 485
Growth as the American Way	p. 485
Chronology	p. 486
Manifest Destiny and Slavery	p. 487
The Westering Impulse	p. 488
The Hispanic Southwest	p. 488
The Oregon and California Trails	p. 489
The Mormon Migration	p. 492
The Republic of Texas	p. 492
The Annexation Controversy	p. 493
Acquisition of Texas and Oregon	p. 495
The Mexican War	p. 495
Military Campaigns of 1846	p. 496
Military Campaigns of 1847	p. 497
Antiwar Sentiment	p. 498
The Wilmot Proviso	p. 500
The Election of 1848	p. 501
The Free Soil Party	p. 502
The Gold Rush and California Statehood	p. 503
The Compromise of 1850	p. 505
The Senate Debates	p. 505
Passage of the Compromise	p. 507
The Fugitive Slave Law	p. 508
The Slave-Catchers	p. 509
Uncle Tom's Cabin	p. 511
Filibustering	p. 512
The Gray-Eyed Man of Destiny	p. 513
Conclusion	p. 514
Suggested Readings	p. 515
The Gathering Tempest, 1853-1860	p. 516
Kansas and the Rise of the Republican Party	p. 516
Chronology	p. 517
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	p. 518
Death of the Whig Party	p. 519
Immigration and Nativism	p. 520
Immigrants in Politics	p. 522
The Rise of the Know-Nothings	p. 523
The Decline of Nativism	p. 524
Bleeding Kansas	p. 525
The Caning of Sumner	p. 527
The Election of 1856	p. 528
The Dred Scott Case	p. 531
The Lecompton Constitution	p. 532
The Economy in the 1850s	p. 533
"The American System of Manufactures"	p. 534
The Southern Economy	p. 536
The Sovereignty of King Cotton	p. 537
Labor Conditions in the North	p. 539
The Panic of 1857	p. 540
Sectionalism and the Panic	p. 541
The Free-Labor Ideology	p. 542
The Impending Crisis	p. 544
Southern Nonslaveholders	p. 544
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates	p. 546
The Freeport Doctrine	p. 547
John Brown at Harpers Ferry	p. 548
Conclusion	p. 550
Suggested Readings	p. 550
Secession and Civil War, 1860-1862	p. 552
The Election of 1860	p. 552
Chronology	p. 553
The Republicans Nominate Lincoln	p. 555
Southern Fears	p. 556
The Lower South Secedes	p. 557
Northerners Affirm the Union	p. 558
Compromise Proposals	p. 559
Establishment of the Confederacy	p. 560
The Fort Sumter Issue	p. 561
Choosing Sides	p. 563
The Border States	p. 564
The Creation of West Virginia	p. 565
Indian Territory and the Southwest	p. 566
The Balance Sheet of War	p. 566
Strategy and Morale	p. 567
History Through Film: The Red Badge of Courage	p. 568
Mobilizing for War	p. 569
Weapons and Tactics	p. 571
Logistics	p. 572
Financing the War	p. 573
Navies, the Blockade, and Foreign Relations	p. 574
King Cotton Diplomacy	p. 574
The Trent Affair	p. 575
The Confederate Navy	p. 576
The Monitor and the Virginia	p. 576
Campaigns and Battles, 1861-1862	p. 578
The Battle of Bull Run	p. 578
Naval Operations	p. 580
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson	p. 580
The Battle of Shiloh	p. 582
The Virginia Theater	p. 583
The Seven Days' Battles	p. 584
Confederate Counteroffensives	p. 585
The Second Battle of Bull Run	p. 585
Conclusion	p. 587
Suggested Readings	p. 588
A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865	p. 589
Slavery and the War	p. 589
Chronology	p. 590
The "Contrabands"	p. 591
The Border States	p. 591
The Decision for Emancipation	p. 592
New Calls for Troops	p. 593
The Battle of Antietam	p. 594
The Emancipation Proclamation	p. 596
A Winter of Discontent	p. 597
The Rise of the Copperheads	p. 598
Economic Problems in the South	p. 599
The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions	p. 600
A Poor Man's Fight?	p. 602
Blueprint for Modern America	p. 602
Women and the War	p. 603
The Confederate Tide Crests and Recedes	p. 604
The Battle of Chancellorsville	p. 604
The Gettysburg Campaign	p. 605
The Vicksburg Campaign	p. 607
Chickamauga and Chattanooga	p. 608
Black Men in Blue	p. 610
Black Soldiers in Combat	p. 610
Emancipation Confirmed	p. 612
The Year of Decision	p. 612
Out of the Wilderness	p. 613
Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor	p. 614
Stalemate in Virginia	p. 615
The Atlanta Campaign	p. 615
Peace Overtures	p. 616
The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy	p. 618
The Issue of Black Soldiers in the Confederate Army	p. 619
Lincoln's Reelection and the End of the Confederacy	p. 619
The Capture of Atlanta	p. 619
The Shenandoah Valley	p. 620
From Atlanta to the Sea	p. 620
The Battles of Franklin and Nashville	p. 621
Fort Fisher and Sherman's March through the Carolinas	p. 621
The Road to Appomattox	p. 623
The Assassination of Lincoln	p. 624
Conclusion	p. 625
Suggested Readings	p. 626
Reconstruction, 1863-1877	p. 627
Wartime Reconstruction	p. 627
Chronology	p. 628
Radical Republicans and Reconstruction	p. 629
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction	p. 630
Johnson's Policy	p. 631
Southern Defiance	p. 632
The Black Codes	p. 633
Land and Labor in the Postwar South	p. 633
The Freedmen's Bureau	p. 634
Land for the Landless	p. 634
Education	p. 636
The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction	p. 636
Schism between President and Congress	p. 636
The 14th Amendment	p. 637
The 1866 Elections	p. 637
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867	p. 638
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	p. 640
The Completion of Formal Reconstruction	p. 640
The 15th Amendment	p. 641
The Election of 1868	p. 642
The Grant Administration	p. 643
Civil Service Reform	p. 643
Foreign Policy Issues	p. 644
Reconstruction in the South	p. 645
Blacks in Office	p. 646
"Carpetbaggers"	p. 647
"Scalawags"	p. 647
The Ku Klux Klan	p. 647
History Through Film: The Birth of a Nation	p. 648
The Election of 1872	p. 651
The Panic of 1873	p. 651
The Retreat from Reconstruction	p. 652
The Mississippi Election of 1875	p. 652
The Supreme Court and Reconstruction	p. 654
The Election of 1876	p. 655
Disputed Results	p. 655
The Compromise of 1877	p. 657
The End of Reconstruction	p. 657
Conclusion	p. 658
Suggested Readings	p. 659
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