Life Span, The: Human Development for Helping Professionals

by Broderick & Blewitt

• ISBN13: 9780131706842
• ISBN10: 0131706845
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-04-24
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The first developmental book written specifically for helping professionals,The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals, Second Edition,provides an in-depth look at developmental theories and how they apply to the fields of counseling, social work and psychology. Using counseling applications, case studies, special topics boxes, and journal questions, the text introduces developmental theories and research within the context of clinical practice. This edition features a new chapter on well-being in adulthood, expanded counseling applications sections, current research on developmental psychopathology and prevention science, and a book-specific companion website.

Table of Contents

Organizing Themes in Development	1	(32)
Reflection and Action	1	(2)
The Gap Between Science and Practice	2	(1)
The Big Picture: Models and Metaphors	3	(17)
Stage Models	3	(8)
Incremental Models	11	(2)
Multidimensional Models	13	(7)
Applying Models and Metaphors	20	(1)
Major Issues in Development	21	(6)
Nature and Nurture	22	(1)
Critical Periods and Plasticity	23	(1)
Continuity and Discontinuity	24	(1)
Universality and Specificity	24	(1)
Qualitative and Quantitative Change	25	(1)
Activity and Passivity	26	(1)
Applications	27	(2)
Some Rules of Thumb	28	(1)
Summary	29	(2)
Case Study	31	(1)
Journal Questions	32	(1)
Key Terms	32	(1)
Heredity, Environment, and the Beginnings of Human Life	33	(33)
The Nature-Nurture Illusion	33	(1)
Mechanisms of Genetic Influence: How Do Genes Work?	34	(9)
Biological Inheritance	34	(2)
How Genes Influence Traits	36	(3)
The Inheritance of Sex	39	(1)
Hereditary Diseases	40	(3)
Explaining Behavior: Focus on Genetics	43	(3)
Molecular Genetics	43	(1)
Behavior Genetics	44	(1)
Genetic Influences on Environments	45	(1)
Shifting Focus to the Coaction of Genes and Environment	46	(6)
Unexpected Sources of Environmental Effects	46	(1)
The Case for Coaction	47	(3)
The Epigenetic Model: A Multidimensional Perspective	50	(2)
Healthy Prenatal Development	52	(7)
Genetic Interventions	53	(1)
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development	53	(6)
Applications	59	(3)
Genetic Counseling	59	(1)
Healthy Baby Guidelines	60	(1)
Helping the Most Vulnerable: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight (LBW) Babies	60	(2)
Summary	62	(2)
Case Study	64	(1)
Journal Questions	64	(1)
Key Terms	64	(2)
Neural and Cognitive Development in the Early Years	66	(42)
The Brain	66	(8)
Early Prenatal Brain Development	66	(4)
Structure and Function of Neurons	70	(1)
Later Prenatal Brain Development	71	(1)
Postnatal Brain Development	72	(2)
Sensory and Motor Development	74	(1)
Cognitive Development	74	(25)
Piaget's Constructivist Theory	74	(5)
Infant Cognition: The Sensorimotor Stage	79	(6)
Preschoolers' Cognition: The Preoperational Stage	85	(10)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	95	(4)
Applications	99	(4)
Sharing the Wealth: Providing Knowledge About Child Development to Caregivers	100	(1)
Play Therapy: Helping the Youngest Clients	100	(2)
Lessons from Piaget and Vygotsky	102	(1)
Summary	103	(2)
Case Study	105	(1)
Journal Questions	106	(1)
Key Terms	106	(2)
Emotional Development in the Early Years	108	(36)
Theories of Emotions: The State of the Art	108	(3)
Functions of Emotions	109	(1)
Basic Emotions: Do They Exist?	110	(1)
Theories and Sequence of Emotional Development	111	(1)
Early Caregiver--Infant Interactions and Emotion Development	111	(6)
Emotional Regulation	112	(2)
Infants of Depressed Mothers	114	(1)
Neurobiology of Early Social Bonding	114	(3)
Attachment: Early Social Relationships	117	(20)
Attachment Quality	121	(2)
Maternal Care and Attachment Quality: Linking Mother's Sensitivity to Infant Security	123	(1)
Beyond Maternal Caregiving: Other Influences on Relationship Quality	124	(5)
Variations in Attachment Relationships	129	(3)
The Importance of Early Attachments	132	(3)
Working Models of Attachment	135	(1)
Parenting Practices Versus Relationship Quality in Infant Development	135	(2)
Applications	137	(3)
Infant Mental Health	137	(1)
The Day Care Dilemma	138	(2)
Summing Up	140	(1)
Summary	140	(2)
Case Study	142	(1)
Journal Questions	143	(1)
Key Terms	143	(1)
The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years	144	(30)
The Self-System: Traditional Conceptions	144	(3)
The Early Development of the Self-System	147	(5)
The Beginnings of the ``I'' and the ``Me''	147	(4)
Roots of Self-Control and Self-Regulation	151	(1)
Early Socialization: Parenting and the Development of the Self-System	152	(11)
The Dimensions of Parenting Style	153	(1)
Four Parenting Styles	154	(2)
Parenting Style and Child Outcomes	156	(1)
Parenting Practices: Methods of Control	156	(3)
Moderators of Parenting and Parenting Effectiveness	159	(4)
Conscience: The Beginnings of a Moral Self	163	(3)
Applications	166	(4)
Building a Self Through the Attachment Relationship	166	(1)
The Emotionally Constricted Self	166	(1)
The Emotionally Volatile Self	167	(1)
Why Train Parents?	168	(1)
How Does Parent Training Work?	168	(1)
Forewarned Is Forearmed	169	(1)
The Flexible Work of Parenting	169	(1)
Summary	170	(2)
Case Study	172	(1)
Journal Questions	172	(1)
Key Terms	172	(2)
Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood	174	(36)
Physical and Brain-Related Changes	175	(1)
Cognitive Development	176	(18)
Piaget's Stage of Concrete Operations	176	(4)
An Alternative Perspective: The Information Processing Approach	180	(1)
Cognitive Achievements: Memory and Attention	180	(9)
Cognitive Achievements: Number and Math Skills	189	(3)
Cognitive Achievements: Problem-Solving Progress	192	(2)
Social Cognition	194	(7)
Perspective Taking and Social Relationships	196	(1)
Perspective Taking and Friendship Development	196	(2)
Selman's Stages of Friendship Development	198	(3)
Applications	201	(5)
Assessing and Teaching Metacognitive Skills	202	(1)
Paths to Healthy Development	203	(1)
Learning the Skills of Friendship	204	(2)
Summary	206	(1)
Case Study	207	(1)
Journal Questions	208	(1)
Key Terms	208	(2)
Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence	210	(32)
Self-Concept	211	(7)
The Development of Self-Concept	211	(1)
The Structure of Self-Concept	212	(2)
Influences on the Development of Self-Concept	214	(2)
Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences	216	(2)
The Moral Self	218	(18)
Elements of Morality	219	(1)
Some Classic Theories of Moral Development	220	(6)
Children's Prosocial Behavior	226	(4)
Children's Antisocial Behavior	230	(6)
Applications	236	(3)
Where Do We Start?	236	(1)
What Do Schemas Have to Do with It?	237	(1)
Self-Concept, Perceived Competence, and the Looking Glass	237	(1)
An ``Inside'' Job	238	(1)
Moral Development: Putting Flesh on the Bone	238	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Case Study	240	(1)
Journal Questions	241	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence	242	(36)
Sex Role Development	243	(17)
Gender Identity	244	(5)
Gender and Behavior	249	(11)
Peer Relationships	260	(11)
The Peer Group, Social Competence, and Social Skills	261	(1)
Analysis of the World of Peers	262	(1)
Measurement of Individuals Within the Peer Group	263	(1)
Individual Characteristics Related to Sociometric Status	264	(3)
Gender and Cultural Differences	267	(1)
Stability of Categories and Outcomes	267	(1)
Measurement of the Peer Group: Another Level of Analysis	268	(1)
Why Do Cliques Form?	269	(1)
Peer Groups' Influence on Behavior	269	(2)
Applications	271	(3)
Assess Carefully	271	(1)
Skills Are Not Enough	272	(1)
Include the Peer Group	272	(1)
Treat the System	273	(1)
Gender and Risk	273	(1)
Summary	274	(2)
Case Study	276	(1)
Journal Questions	276	(1)
Key Terms	277	(1)
Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence	278	(36)
Physical Development	279	(12)
Puberty: The Adolescent Metamorphosis	279	(1)
A Glandular Awakening	279	(9)
The Changing Brain	288	(3)
Cognitive Development	291	(6)
Formal Operational Thought	292	(1)
Scientific Problem Solving	293	(2)
Constructing Ideals	295	(1)
Advances in Metacognitive Skill: Thinking About Thought	296	(1)
Identity Development	297	(10)
Some Basic Considerations	297	(1)
Adolescent Identity Development	298	(1)
Identity Status	299	(1)
Assessment of Identity Domains	300	(1)
Developmental Sequence in Identity Formation	300	(1)
Identity Crisis: Truth or Fiction?	301	(1)
Identity Development and Diverse Groups	302	(5)
Applications	307	(3)
Growing Pains	307	(1)
Navigating Special Challenges	307	(1)
Stages: Pros and Cons	308	(1)
Sexuality in Adolescence	309	(1)
The Path Ahead	310	(1)
Summary	310	(2)
Case Study	312	(1)
Journal Questions	312	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
The Social World of Adolescence	314	(29)
Frameworklessness and Autonomy: A Model of Adolescent Social Identity	314	(3)
The Peer Arena	315	(2)
The Structure of the Peer Network	317	(1)
The Role of Parents	318	(5)
Parents, Peers, and Ethnicity	322	(1)
The Role of School	323	(2)
Leisure and Work	325	(2)
Media and the Consumer Culture	327	(2)
Risky Behavior and Social Deviance	329	(5)
Setting the Stage for Risk Taking	331	(2)
Society's Role in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Then and Now	333	(1)
Applications	334	(6)
The Personal Meaning of Risk	334	(2)
The Power of Parents and Peers	336	(1)
It Takes a Village	337	(3)
Summary	340	(1)
Case Study	341	(1)
Journal Questions	342	(1)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood	343	(26)
Physical Development in Young Adulthood	346	(2)
Reaching Peak Physical Status	346	(2)
The Changing Brain	348	(1)
Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood	348	(14)
Logical Thinking: Is There Qualitative Change?	349	(1)
Schaie's View of Adults Adjusting to Environmental Pressures	350	(2)
Postformal Thought	352	(10)
Applications	362	(4)
Putting Things Off	363	(1)
Painful Passages	364	(1)
Growth and Change in Professionals' Epistemology	365	(1)
Summary	366	(1)
Case Study	367	(1)
Journal Questions	367	(1)
Key Terms	368	(1)
Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood	369	(35)
``Lieben''---To Love	370	(13)
Adult Attachment Theory	370	(1)
Research Traditions in Adult Attachment	370	(4)
The Peer/Romantic Relationship Tradition	374	(9)
``Arbeiten''---To Work	383	(14)
Some Theories of the Career Development Process	383	(3)
The Realities of Career Development in Young Adulthood	386	(8)
Work and the Development of Self-Concept	394	(3)
Applications	397	(3)
Attachment in Counseling Contexts	397	(1)
Attachment Applied to Couples and Families	398	(1)
Caveats	398	(1)
The Counselor's Working Model	398	(1)
The Importance of Work	399	(1)
Building Self-Efficacy	399	(1)
Adjusting to the World of Work	400	(1)
Summary	400	(2)
Case Study	402	(1)
Journal Questions	403	(1)
Key Terms	403	(1)
Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development	404	(38)
Life Span Developmental Theory	405	(4)
Gains and Losses in Development: The Changing Architecture of Biology and Culture	405	(2)
Development as Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss	407	(1)
Defining Successful Development at Any Age	408	(1)
Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Stability	409	(2)
The Link to Temperament	410	(1)
Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Change	411	(10)
Age-Graded Changes	411	(8)
History-Graded Changes	419	(1)
Nonnormative Changes	420	(1)
Key Developmental Tasks of Midlife: The Continuing Pursuit of Intimacy and Generativity	421	(14)
Intimacy: Marriage and Other Primary Relationships	421	(8)
Generativity: Making a Mark at Midlife	429	(6)
Applications	435	(3)
Adult Commitments	435	(2)
Out of Work	437	(1)
Off-Time	438	(1)
Summary	438	(2)
Case Study	440	(1)
Journal Questions	441	(1)
Key Terms	441	(1)
Living Well: Stress, Coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood	442	(24)
Life Satisfaction: What Is a Well-Lived Life?	444	(7)
Worldly Goods and Well-Being	444	(2)
Personality and Well-Being	446	(1)
Relationships and Well-Being	446	(1)
Work, Achievement, Generativity, and Well-Being	447	(1)
Universal Needs and Values and Well-Being	448	(1)
The Importance of Meaning	448	(3)
Stress, Coping, and Well-Being in Midlife	451	(9)
Stress: A Review	453	(1)
Diathesis and Stress	454	(1)
Stressors and the Body-Mind	455	(1)
Stress Management	456	(2)
Wellness	458	(1)
The Affectivity Connection	458	(2)
Applications	460	(3)
Mindfulness	460	(2)
Forgiveness	462	(1)
Self-Compassion	462	(1)
Summary	463	(1)
Case Study	464	(1)
Journal Questions	464	(1)
Key Terms	465	(1)
Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood	466	(34)
Aging Well	467	(14)
Challenge and Loss in Late Adulthood	467	(6)
Maintaining Well-Being in the Face of Loss: Successful Aging	473	(8)
Experiencing Loss	481	(12)
Death and Dying	481	(5)
Bereavement	486	(7)
Applications	493	(4)
A Good Fit: Adaptations for Counselors	493	(1)
Healthy Aging and Prevention	493	(1)
When Losses Occur	494	(1)
Integrity: The Life Cycle Completed	495	(2)
Summary	497	(1)
Case Study	498
Journal Questions	497	(2)
Key Terms	499	(1)
Appendix: A Practitioner's Guide to Psychological Science	500
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Author Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1