Listening: Attitudes, Principles, And Skills

by Brownell, Judi

• ISBN13: 9780205453566
• ISBN10: 0205453562
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The new Third Edition of this text encourages students to view listening as a process involving six interrelated components. Each component is developed along the parallel dimensions of theory and skill building. Within the unifying theoretical framework of the HURIER model, students not only develop an understanding of the listening process, they also acquire specific, observable listening skills. This behavioral approach enables students to increase their listening effectiveness while developing an understanding of listening-related research and theory. The impact of culture, technology, and globalization is also explored. Ethical questions are raised through sidebars, and students are challenged to consider the responsibilities associated with listening behavior. Extensive self-assessment instruments, individual and group activities, and case studies further distinguish this engaging text. Students readily recognize the important role listening plays in their daily lives and acquire strategies to improve their listening behavior. New to the Third Edition bull; bull;The new edition has an increased emphasis on listening purpose and context as variables in determining which components of the HURIER model will be most important for listening effectiveness. The increased emphasis will move students from skill development to how skills are applied to achieve desired results. bull;A new section on Emotional Intelligence now appears in Chapter 6, showing its relevance to interpreting messages and explaining how emotional intelligence can improve listening skills. bull;A new section on appreciative listening appears in Chapter 3 to help students respond to todayrs"s stressful environment and the need for approaches to relaxation. bull;Because the rapid increase in technology has changed the way we listen, more coverage on listening and technology has been added throughout the text. bull;The new edition has been thoroughly updated with current research and new examples to provide the most recent information available. Praise for Listening: Attitudes, Principles, and Skills ";[This text] includes fabulous activities and application exercises, case studies, and concise chapters. . . . I have already adopted this book and, in the face of other listening texts reviewed, will remain with this text. . . ."; Lisa Abramson, Western Oregon University ";The HURIER model and organizing the book around it are major strengths of this book. . .[which are] especially important when teachers are increasingly required to measure course outcomes as part of program assessment."; Thomas Marshall, Robert Morris University

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Organization of the Text	xiv
Acknowledgements	xv
PART I: An Introduction to Listening	1	(68)
CHAPTER ONE Improving Listening Effectiveness	3	(34)
OUTLINE	4	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	4	(1)
THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING	5	(2)
THE WORLD OF LISTENING	7	(1)
REASONS TO LISTEN	8	(6)
Accomplish Tasks and Build Relationships: The China Affair	8	(3)
Make Wise Decisions: The Selection Process	11	(1)
Appreciate and Enjoy What You Hear: A Second Chance	12	(2)
THE HURTER APPROACH TO LISTENING	14	(5)
Components of the HURIER Model	14	(2)
Personal Listening Filters	16	(1)
Listening Purpose and Context	16	(2)
Applying the HURIER Model	18	(1)
UNDERSTAND YOURSELF AS A LISTENER	19	(5)
Self-monitoring	19	(2)
Howell's Dimensions	21	(1)
Constructive Feedback	22	(2)
Assessing Your Listening Behavior	24	(1)
SUMMARY	24	(1)
APPLICATIONS	25	(7)
APPLICATION 1: Understand the Importance and Benefits of Listening	25	(2)
APPLICATION 2: Understand the Components of the HURIER Model	27	(2)
APPLICATION 3: Understand Yourself as a Listener	29	(3)
YOUR HURIER LISTENING PROFILE	32	(3)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	35	(2)
CHAPTER TWO Listening Theory and Research	37	(32)
OUTLINE	38	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	38	(1)
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES	39	(10)
Early Perspectives on Communication	40	(2)
The Relational Perspective	42	(7)
Listening-Centered Communication	49	(1)
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT LISTENING BEHAVIOR	49	(2)
Challenges in Listening Research	51	(1)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LISTENING	51	(3)
RESEARCH ON LISTENING ASSESSMENT	54	(2)
Types of Assessment Instruments	54	(1)
Assessment Concerns	55	(1)
THE HURIER MODEL: A BEHAVIORAL APPROACH	56	(3)
DEVELOPING LISTENING STRATEGY	59	(1)
SUMMARY	60	(1)
APPLICATIONS	61	(5)
APPLICATION 1: Understand Relational Communication	61	(2)
APPLICATION 2: Understand Research in Listening	63	(1)
APPLICATION 3: Understand Listening Assessment	64	(1)
APPLICATION 4: Recognize How Situation and Purpose Influence Listening	65	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	66	(3)
PART II: Listening: Principles and Applications	69	(240)
CHAPTER THREE The Process of Hearing	71	(34)
OUTLINE	72	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	72	(2)
CASE: THE HOME FRONT	74	(2)
THE PROCESS OF HEARING: PRINCIPLES	76	(6)
The Mechanics of Hearing	77	(1)
Levels of Hearing	78	(1)
Characteristics of Sound	79	(1)
Auditory Discrimination	80	(2)
HEARING AND ATTENTION	82	(3)
Perceptual Readiness	82	(1)
Selective Attention	83	(2)
LEARN TO FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION	85	(6)
The Thought-Speech Differential	86	(1)
Listener Apprehension	87	(2)
Maintain an Appropriate Mental Attitude	89	(1)
Be Physically Prepared to Concentrate	89	(1)
Develop Your Appreciative Listening	90	(1)
SUMMARY	91	(1)
APPLICATIONS	92	(10)
APPLICATION 1: Focus on Your Hearing	92	(3)
APPLICATION 2: Identify and Reduce Distractions	95	(1)
APPLICATION 3: Adopt an Appropriate Listening Attitude	96	(2)
APPLICATION 4: Apply the Vocalized Listening Technique	98	(1)
APPLICATION 5: Overcome Listener Apprehension	99	(1)
APPLICATION 6: Behave Like a Good Listener	100	(2)
APPLICATION 7: Become an Appreciative Listener	102	(1)
HEARING MESSAGES: SHORT CASE	102	(1)
THE HOME FRONT: CASE QUESTIONS	103	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	104	(1)
CHAPTER FOUR The Process of Understanding	105	(36)
OUTLINE	106	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	106	(2)
CASE: FIRST-SEMESTER FRESHMAN: PART I	108	(1)
CASE: FIRST SEMESTER FRESHMAN: PART II	109	(3)
THE PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING: PRINCIPLES	112	(5)
Understanding What You Hear	113	(2)
Inner Speech	115	(1)
Semantic Reactions	116	(1)
COMPREHENSION IN TWO-WAY SETTINGS	117	(5)
Sharing and Building Vocabulary	117	(1)
Asking Appropriate Questions	118	(3)
Listening to the Entire Message	121	(1)
UNDERSTANDING IN ONE-WAY COMMUNICATION SETTINGS	122	(7)
Patterns of Organization	123	(1)
Note-Taking Systems	124	(3)
Using Notes Effectively	127	(2)
SUMMARY	129	(1)
APPLICATIONS	129	(9)
APPLICATION 1: Increase Your Vocabulary	130	(1)
APPLICATION 2: Keep in Touch with Your Inner Speech	131	(1)
APPLICATION 3: Listen to the Entire Message	132	(1)
APPLICATION 4: Ask Relevant Questions	133	(2)
APPLICATION 5: Listen for Main Ideas	135	(1)
APPLICATION 6: Use Appropriate Note-Taking Methods	136	(2)
UNDERSTANDING MESSAGES: SHORT CASE	138	(1)
FIRST-SEMESTER FRESHMAN: CASE QUESTIONS	139	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	140	(1)
CHAPTER FIVE The Process of Remembering	141	(34)
OUTLINE	142	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	142	(2)
CASE: RUNNING LATE	144	(2)
THE PROCESS OF REMEMBERING: PRINCIPLES	146	(1)
MEMORY SYSTEMS	147	(10)
Immediate Memory	148	(2)
Short-Term Memory	150	(2)
Long-Term Memory	152	(5)
OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE MEMORY	157	(2)
Repression and Distortion	157	(1)
Retroactive Inhibition	158	(1)
Primacy and Recency Effects	158	(1)
Rigid Thinking	159	(1)
PATHS TO A BETTER MEMORY	159	(4)
Eat Right	159	(1)
Increase Creativity	160	(1)
Reduce Stress	161	(2)
SUMMARY	163	(1)
APPLICATIONS	163	(8)
APPLICATION 1: Improve Your Immediate and Short-Term Memory	164	(1)
APPLICATION 2: Improve Your Long-Term Memory	165	(2)
APPLICATION 3: Reduce Obstacles to Memory	167	(1)
APPLICATION 4: Increase Creative Thinking	168	(2)
APPLICATION 5: Reduce Stress	170	(1)
REMEMBERING MESSAGES: SHORT CASE	171	(1)
RUNNING LATE: CASE QUESTIONS	172	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	173	(2)
CHAPTER SIX The Process of Interpreting	175	(53)
OUTLINE	176	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	176	(2)
CASE: BURGERWORLD	178	(3)
THE PROCESS OF INTERPRETING: PRINCIPLES	181	(1)
THE NATURE OF EMPATHY	182	(9)
Types of Empathy	183	(2)
Individual Differences in Empathic Listening	185	(3)
Empathy Requires Reciprocity	188	(1)
Emotional Intelligence	189	(2)
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION	191	(11)
Basic Considerations in the Interpretation of Nonverbal Cues	192	(4)
Facial Expression	196	(1)
Eye Behavior	196	(2)
Body Movements, Posture, and Gesture	198	(2)
Touch	200	(1)
Appearance	200	(2)
VOCAL CUES	202	(4)
Characteristics of Voice	203	(2)
Silence	205	(1)
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL CUES INTERRELATE	206	(3)
Contradicting	207	(1)
Substituting	207	(1)
Complementing	207	(1)
Relating and Regulating	208	(1)
BECOMING AN EMPATHIC LISTENER	209	(1)
SUMMARY	210	(1)
APPLICATIONS	211	(12)
APPLICATION 1: Develop the Cognitive Aspects of Empathy	211	(3)
APPLICATION 2: Develop the Perceptive Aspects of Empathy	214	(1)
APPLICATION 3: Develop the Behavioral Aspects of Empathy	214	(4)
APPLICATION 4: Interpret Your Partner's Vocal Cues	218	(4)
APPLICATION 5: Identify the Ways in Which Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors Interrelate	222	(1)
SHORT CASES FOR ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION	223	(1)
BURGERWORLD: CASE QUESTIONS	224	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	225	(3)
CHAPTER SEVEN The Process of Evaluating	228	(42)
OUTLINE	229	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	229	(2)
CASE: TOUGH SELL	231	(4)
THE PROCESS OF EVALUATING: PRINCIPLES	235	(2)
THEORIES OF PERSUASION	237	(2)
Attitude Change Theory	237	(1)
Consistency Theories	237	(2)
Social Judgment Theories	239	(1)
PREPARE YOURSELF FOR CRITICAL LISTENING	239	(3)
There's Always More to Know	240	(1)
Be Ready to Modify Your Position	240	(1)
Consider Differences As Well As Similarities	240	(1)
Recognize Self-fulfilling Prophecies	240	(1)
Use Indexing to Focus on Individuals Rather Than Categories	241	(1)
Date Your Information and Constantly Reassess the Situation	241	(1)
There's a Lot of Gray between Black and White	241	(1)
ELEMENTS OF PERSUASION	242	(2)
Evaluate Speaker Credibility	242	(1)
Initial, Derived, and Terminal Credibility	243	(1)
EVALUATE RATIONAL APPEALS	244	(8)
Distinguish among Facts, Opinions, and Inferences	244	(2)
Types of Evidence and Support	246	(1)
Types of Reasoning	247	(4)
Identify Logical Fallacies	251	(1)
EVALUATE EMOTIONAL APPEALS	252	(4)
Propaganda Devices	255	(1)
SUMMARY	256	(1)
APPLICATIONS	257	(10)
APPLICATION 1: Mentally Prepare Yourself to Listen Objectively	258	(2)
APPLICATION 2: Analyze Source Credibility	260	(2)
APPLICATION 3: Analyze the Speaker's Evidence	262	(2)
APPLICATION 4: Analyze the Speaker's Reasoning	264	(1)
APPLICATION 5: Analyze the Speaker's Emotional Appeals	265	(2)
EVALUATING MESSAGES: SHORT CASE	267	(1)
TOUGH SELL: CASE QUESTIONS	268	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	268	(2)
CHAPTER EIGHT The Process of Responding	270	(39)
OUTLINE	271	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	271	(2)
CASE: THE INTERVIEW	273	(2)
RESPONDING TO MESSAGES: PRINCIPLES	275	(3)
Developing Your Listening Response	277	(1)
Your Listening Response and Your Personal Style	277	(1)
THE TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK	278	(4)
Child Ego State	278	(1)
Parent Ego State	279	(2)
Adult Ego State	281	(1)
RESPONSE STYLES	282	(9)
The Assertive Response	282	(7)
Supportive Responses	289	(2)
NONVERBAL DIMENSIONS: CREATING LISTENING ENVIRONMENTS	291	(5)
Communication Settings	291	(1)
Space and Communication	292	(3)
Time as a Communication Variable	295	(1)
SUMMARY	296	(1)
APPLICATIONS	297	(10)
APPLICATION 1: Expand Your Comfort Zone	297	(1)
APPLICATION 2: Identify the Transactional Analysis Ego-States	298	(3)
APPLICATION 3: Develop Your Assertive Skills	301	(1)
APPLICATION 4: Practice Supportive Responses	302	(3)
APPLICATION 5: Create Supportive Listening Environments	305	(2)
THE INTERVIEW: CASE QUESTIONS	307	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	308	(1)
PART III: Listening: Relationships and Challenges	309	(86)
CHAPTER NINE Listening Relationships	311	(50)
OUTLINE	312	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	312	(1)
CASE: HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS	313	(3)
LISTENING RELATIONSHIPS	316	(1)
RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FAMILY	316	(7)
Listening to Your Partner or Spouse	317	(2)
Listening to Children	319	(3)
Listening to the Elderly	322	(1)
EDUCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS	323	(6)
Listening in the Classroom	324	(1)
Listening to Presentations	325	(2)
Listening to Feedback and Evaluation	327	(2)
HELPING RELATIONSHIPS	329	(5)
Listening in the Counseling Interview	329	(1)
Listening to a Friend in Trouble	330	(2)
Listening as a Patient	332	(2)
ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS	334	(11)
Listening to Employees	335	(3)
Listening to Supervisors	338	(1)
Listening in Small Groups and Teams	339	(4)
Listening to Rumor	343	(2)
SUMMARY	345	(1)
APPLICATIONS:	346	(11)
APPLICATION 1: Listen to Members of Your Family	346	(2)
APPLICATION 2: Listen in Educational Relationships	348	(1)
APPLICATION 3: Listen in Helping Relationships	349	(3)
APPLICATION 4: Listen in Organizational Contexts	352	(5)
LISTENING IN GROUPS: SHORT CASES	357	(1)
HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS: CASE QUESTIONS	358	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	359	(2)
CHAPTER TEN Listening Challenges	361	(34)
OUTLINE	362	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	362	(1)
CASE: GENDER AND COMMUNICATION AT THE FORTUNE	363	(2)
THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING TO THE MEDIA	365	(3)
Suggestions for Listening to the Media	367	(1)
THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTS	368	(3)
Suggestions for Listening in High-Technology Environments	371	(1)
THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL LISTENING	371	(5)
Suggestions for Effective Global Listening	375	(1)
THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING BETWEEN GENDERS	376	(5)
Verbal Differences in Gender Communication	378	(1)
Nonverbal Differences in Gender Communication	379	(1)
Suggestions for Effective Cross-Gender Listening	380	(1)
THE CHALLENGE OF ETHICAL LISTENING	381	(2)
Suggestions for Ethical Listening	383	(1)
SUMMARY	383	(1)
APPLICATIONS	384	(7)
APPLICATION 1: Meet the Challenge of Listening to the Media and Listening in High-Technology Environments	384	(2)
APPLICATION 2: Meet the Challenge of Global Listening	386	(2)
APPLICATION 3: Meet the Challenges of Listening across Gender	388	(2)
APPLICATION 4: Meet the Challenge of Ethical Listening	390	(1)
GENDER AND COMMUNICATION AT THE FORTUNE: CASE QUESTIONS	391	(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	392	(3)
Name Index	395	(3)
Subject Index	398